AIDS Update 2010

by Stine, Gerald

• ISBN13: 9780073527611
• ISBN10: 0073527610
• Edition: 19th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-12-15
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin

Summary

AIDS UPDATE 2010 presents a balanced review of current research and information on HIV infection, HIV disease, and AIDS. AIDS UPDATE 2010 places discussion within a biological, medical, and social framework, helping readers more fully understand this devastating pandemic.

Table of Contents

About the Author	p. iii
A Quarter Century of AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisis	p. x
AIDS UPDATE 2010	p. xix
Preface	p. xxi
Introduction: Histories of Global -Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International AIDS Conferences and Means of Remembering-the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight Memorial, and World AIDS Day	p. 1
Three Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens!	p. 1
History of Global Pandemics and Epidemics	p. 1
Fear, Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame?	p. 2
Imagine a World without AIDS	p. 2
Overview of HIV/AIDS	p. 4
AIDS: A Unique Disease	p. 5
AIDS: A Cause of Death	p. 5
Another Anniversary	p. 6
Other Anniversaries	p. 6
International AIDS Conferences	p. 6
Means of Remembering	p. 7
The 26th Candlelight Memorial	p. 9
Walking to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States	p. 10
Bicycle Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States	p. 12
World AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A Time to Recharge and Reconnect	p. 12
The World Health and UNAIDS Organizations	p. 13
The Future	p. 13
National AIDS Hotlines	p. 15
Useful Internet Addresses	p. 15
AIDS: Defining the Disease and Finding Its Cause	p. 18
The New Millennium	p. 18
AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome?	p. 19
First Reaction to AIDS: Denial	p. 20
What Causes AIDS?	p. 20
How Do CD4+ Cells Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS?	p. 22
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports	p. 24
Discovery of the AIDS Virus	p. 24
Defining the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance	p. 26
Summary	p. 28
Review Questions	p. 28
What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus	p. 29
The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	p. 29
Dissidents (AIDS Doesn't Exist or HIV Isn't the Cause)	p. 33
Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS	p. 33
Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus	p. 37
Summary on the Origin of HIV	p. 43
Summary	p. 44
Review Questions	p. 44
Biological Characteristics of the AIDS Virus	p. 45
Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Reproduce	p. 45
Viruses Are Parasites	p. 45
Viruses Specific to Cell Type	p. 46
Retroviruses	p. 46
Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell	p. 46
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Its Life Cycle	p. 49
The HIV Life Cycle	p. 49
How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell	p. 53
Basic Genetic Structure of Retroviral Genomes	p. 53
Genetic Revolution	p. 58
Formation of Genetic Recombination in HIV	p. 58
Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins	p. 59
Summary	p. 62
Review Questions	p. 62
Anti-HIV Therapy	p. 64
Exciting Times for Antiretroviral Therapy	p. 65
Anti-HIV Therapy	p. 65
HIV Eradication Update-Is a Cure Possible?	p. 69
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval	p. 69
The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval	p. 72
FDA-Approved Nucleoside/Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors	p. 73
Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	p. 75
FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors	p. 75
Entry Inhibitors and Problems	p. 78
Integrase Inhibitors	p. 79
Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants	p. 80
Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors	p. 81
How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance	p. 84
HIV Treatment Regimen Failure	p. 86
Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS	p. 91
Medical Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART)	p. 91
Update 2010	p. 96
Novel Drugs	p. 99
Summary	p. 102
Disclaimer	p. 104
Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines	p. 105
Review Questions	p. 105
The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS	p. 107
The Immune System	p. 107
Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells	p. 109
Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection-What It Means	p. 114
The CD4+ Cell Count-Why It Matters	p. 114
Antibodies and HIV Disease	p. 118
Cellular Micro-RNAs Contribute to HIV Latency in Resting Primary CD4+ T Cells	p. 120
Immune System Dysfunction	p. 121
Original Antigenic Sin	p. 121
The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4)	p. 124
CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor	p. 124
Emergence of HIV Strains That Vary in Their Lethal Abilities	p. 124
In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection	p. 125
T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression	p. 127
Impact of T4 Cell Depletion	p. 129
Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection	p. 129
Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected?	p. 130
Summary	p. 133
Review Questions	p. 133
Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS	p. 134
What Is an Opportunistic Disease?	p. 134
The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases	p. 135
Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People	p. 135
TB: The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide	p. 146
Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients	p. 146
Disclaimer	p. 151
Summary	p. 151
Review Questions	p. 151
A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS	p. 152
What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS	p. 152
HIV Disease Defined	p. 153
Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy)	p. 157
HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS	p. 162
Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies	p. 163
Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression	p. 165
HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS)	p. 174
Neuropathies in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients	p. 175
Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms	p. 175
Summary	p. 177
Review Questions	p. 177
Epidemiology andTransmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus	p. 178
We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now!	p. 180
Epidemiology of HIV Infection	p. 180
Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2)	p. 181
Is HIV Transmitted by Insects?	p. 181
HIV Transmission	p. 183
HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings	p. 184
Noncasual Transmission	p. 184
Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection	p. 194
Problem	p. 200
Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission	p. 206
United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU)	p. 206
Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries	p. 209
Other Means of HIV Transmission	p. 215
Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases on HIV Transmission and Vice-Versa	p. 215
Pediatric Transmission	p. 221
Conclusion	p. 224
National AIDS Resources	p. 224
Summary	p. 225
Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected	p. 225
Review Questions	p. 225
Preventing the Transmission of HIV	p. 227
The AIDS Generation: "I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!"	p. 228
Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Stop the Spread of HIV/AIDS	p. 228
Global Prevention	p. 229
Antiretroviral Drugs Having an Impact on Prevention, but We Can't Treat Our Way out of This Pandemic	p. 230
Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic	p. 234
Preventing the Transmission of HIV	p. 236
Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity	p. 239
New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex-Nobody Has a Body to Die For!	p. 241
The Male Condom	p. 244
The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch)	p. 250
An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (MI-CRO-BA-CIDES)	p. 254
Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics	p. 254
HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users	p. 255
Lifting the Ban on the Use of Federal Funding to Support Needle Exchange Programs	p. 257
Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission	p. 258
Infection Control Procedures	p. 258
Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure	p. 260
The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV	p. 261
The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases	p. 264
HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention	p. 264
Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines	p. 268
DNA Vaccine	p. 270
Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine	p. 270
Update 2009, September-Breaking News: HIV Vaccine Is Safe, Partly Effective	p. 271
Summary	p. 272
Review Questions	p. 273
Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in the United States and in Other Countries	p. 274
A Word about HIV/AIDS Data	p. 275
The Millennium: Year 2010	p. 279
Formula for Estimating HIV Infections	p. 282
Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation	p. 282
September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day	p. 293
Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection	p. 294
Newly Infected	p. 295
Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States	p. 295
Shape of AIDS Pandemic: United States	p. 300
Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States	p. 302
Different Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality	p. 302
Canada's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 33,310,000	p. 303
Mexico's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 110 Million	p. 303
United Kingdom's (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 61 Million	p. 303
Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS (See Table 10-7)	p. 305
Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries Similar Questions but Different Answers, Different Epidemics	p. 307
Workforce-South Africa: Some Examples	p. 310
Education: Teachers and Students-South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa	p. 310
Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia	p. 311
Summary	p. 315
Review Questions	p. 316
Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases among Women and Children 317
HIV/AIDS Is Defining the Lives of Millions of Women	p. 318
Female Vulnerability	p. 318
Every Day a Tragedy	p. 318
Triple Jeopardy	p. 318
Annual International Women's Day-March 8	p. 319
Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide	p. 319
Asia-Pacific Region, Over 5 Million HIV Positive: 2009	p. 320
Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States	p. 320
Childbearing Women	p. 335
Internet	p. 336
Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States: A Fight We Can Win!	p. 336
Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS	p. 337
The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans	p. 339
Summary	p. 344
Review Questions	p. 345
Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS among Young Adults, Ages 13 to 24	p. 346
Global HIV Infections in Young Adults	p. 346
Addressing the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults	p. 347
How Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States?	p. 349
HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us!	p. 350
Estimate of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the United States, Globally	p. 350
Summary	p. 358
Internet	p. 358
Other Useful Sources	p. 358
Review Questions	p. 358
Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus	p. 359
Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present	p. 360
Requests for HIV Testing	p. 360
Reasons for HIV Testing	p. 361
Laboratory Methods for Detecting HIV	p. 362
ELISA HIV Antibody Test	p. 363
Western Blot Assay	p. 369
New ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection	p. 373
Rapid HIV Testing	p. 375
FDA Approves Two Home HIV Antibody Test Kits	p. 378
Some Screening and Confirmatory Tests for HIV	p. 380
Deciding Who Should Get an HIV Test and When	p. 382
Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary?	p. 384
Immigration and Travel Ban into the United States Is Lifted	p. 384
Testing, Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent	p. 385
Summary	p. 393
Review Questions	p. 394
AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior	p. 395
HIV/AIDS Is a Story in Our Lifetime	p. 396
The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS	p. 397
HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease	p. 397
Discrimination vs. Compassion and Support	p. 397
HIV/AIDS Is Here to Stay	p. 398
AIDS Comes to the United States	p. 399
Blame Someone, Dzj¿ Vu	p. 399
Fear: Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States	p. 400
Whom Is the General Public to Believe?	p. 402
AIDS Education and Behavior:Dissipating Fear with Education	p. 406
The Character of Society	p. 413
Dealing with Discrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act	p. 418
Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry	p. 420
U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security	p. 424
Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations	p. 428
Forms of U.S. Monetary Assistance for HIV/AIDS	p. 431
Summary	p. 438
Review Questions	p. 439
Answers to Review Questions	p. 440
Glossary	p. 446
References	p. 454
Index	p. 476
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