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Preliminary Table of Contents
AIDS UPDATE 2013: An Annual Overview Irnrnune Deficiency of Acquired Syndrotne
About the Author
Thirty One Years of HIV/AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisis
AIDS UPDATE 2012
Preface
Three Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens!
History of Global Pandemics and Epidemics
Fear, Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame?
Imagine a World without AIDS
Overview of HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS: A Unique Disease
HIV/AIDS: A Cause of Death
Another Anniversary
Other Anniversaries
International AIDS Conferences
Means of Remembering
The 28th Candlelight Memorial
Walking to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic—United States
Bicycle Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic—United States
The AIDS Olympics
World AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A Time to Recharge and Reconnect
Dame Elizabeth Taylor, AIDS activist.
The Future
National AIDS Hotlines
Useful Internet Addresses
The New Millennium
AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome?
First Reaction to AIDS: Denial
What Causes AIDS?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports
Discovery of What Causes AIDS
Defining the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance
Summary
Review Questions
The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV Does Not Cause AIDS: Dissidents and Their Cults: A Minority Point of View
News Flash 2010—Leading HIV/AIDS Dissident Cleared of Misconduct Following Complaints Made After He and Others Published a 2009 Paper Arguing that There Is "As Yet No Proof that HIV Causes AIDS"
Dissidents' Websites (AIDS Doesn't Exist or HIV Isn't the Cause)
Summary of HIV/AIDS Dissidents' Viewpoints
Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS
Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus
Summary on the Origin of HIV
Summary
Review Questions
Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Replicate
Viruses Are Parasites
Viruses Specific to Cell Type
How Do Human T4 or CD4+ Lymphocytes Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS?
Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell
HIV Fitness
The HIV Life Cycle
Understanding How HIV Works
How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell
Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins
Summary
Review Questions
Better Drugs, Better Technologies, and Lingering Problems
Antiretroviral Therapy or ART
The Good News About Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
Where is the Cure
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval
The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval
FDA-Approved Nucleoside/ Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors, Entry Inhibitors, and Maturation Inhibitors
Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors
Entry Inhibitors and Problems
Integrase Inhibitors
Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants
Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors
How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance
Drugs Prevent HIV Infection
Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS
Medical Complications Associated with Antiretroviral Therapies (ART)
Update 2011
Global Availability of HIV Drug Therapy
Summary
Disclaimer
Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines
Review Questions
The Immune System
Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells
Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection—What It Means
The CD4+ Cell Count—Why It Matters
Antibodies and HIV Disease
HIV Eradication Currently Not Possible Because of Infection of Latent Resting CD4+ Cells and Immunologic Memory Cells
Immune System Dysfunction
Original Antigenic Sin
The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4)
CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor
Emergence of HIV Strains that Vary in Their Lethal Abilities
In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection
T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression
Impact of T4 Cell Depletion
Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection
Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected?
Summary
Review Questions
What Is an Opportunistic Disease?
The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases
Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People
TB: The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide
Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients
Disclaimer
Summary
Review Questions
The Prediction
What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS: The New Crisis
HIV Disease Defined
Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy)
HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS
Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies
Prognostic Biological Markers (Biomarkers) Related to AIDS Progression
HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Neuropathies (Nerve Tissue Damage) in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients
Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Finally, Hope, a Renewed Hope for the Future of Those Who Are HIV Infected
Summary
Review Questions
Epidemic/Epidemiology
We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now!
Epidemiology of HIV Infection
Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2)
Is HIV Transmitted by Insects?
HIV Transmission
HIV Transmission in Family/ Household Settings
Noncasual Transmission
Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection
The Biological Factor
Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission
United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU)
Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries
Other Means of HIV Transmission
Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) on HIV Transmission and Vice Versa
Pediatric Transmission
Conclusion
National AIDS Resources
Summary
Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected
Review Questions
The AIDS Generation: "I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!"
Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Reduce the Spread of HIV/AIDS
Global Prevention
Antiretroviral Drugs Have an Impact on Prevention, But We Can't Treat Our Way Out of This Pandemic
Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic
Preventing the Transmission of HIV
Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity
New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex—Nobody Has a Body to Die For!
The Male Condom
The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch)
An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (Mi-cro-ba-cides) and Circumcision (Cir-cum-ci-sion)
Update 2010—The CAPRISA 004 Study Results
Circumcision and the Prevention of HIV Transmission
Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics
HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users
Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission
Infection Control Procedures
Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure
The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV
The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases
The Journey Toward an HIV/AIDS Vaccine Now in Its 31st Year
HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention
How These Two Neutralizing Antibodies Work
Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines
DNA Vaccine
Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine
September 2009—News Broken That a Partially Effective HIV Vaccine Was Found!
Summary
Finally, Five Ways You Can Help Prevent HIV/AIDS
Review Questions
A Word about HIV/AIDS Data
Year 2012
Formula for Estimating HIV Infections
Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation
Aging With HIV/AIDS: The Hidden Side of This Crisis in the United States
September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day
Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection
Newly Infected
Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States
Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States
Selected Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality
Canada's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 33,310,000
Mexico's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 110 Million
United Kingdom's (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Data through 2010: Population 61 Million
Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS
Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries, Similar Questions, but Different Answers, Different Epidemics
Workforce—South Africa: Some Examples
Education: Teachers and Students—South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa
Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia
Summary
Review Questions
HIV/AIDS Is Defining the Lives of Many Millions of Women
Female Vulnerability to HIV
Every Day a Tragedy
Triple Jeopardy
Annual International Women's Day—March 8
Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide
Asia-Pacific Region, Over Five Million HIV Positive:2010
Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases—United States
Childbearing Women: Worldwide
Internet Resources
Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases—United States: A Fight We Can Win!
Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS
The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans
Summary
Review Questions
Global HIV Infections in Young Adults
Addressing the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults: Know-Protect-Talk
How Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States?
HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us!
Estimate of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the United States, Globally
Summary
Internet
Other Useful Sources
Review Questions
Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present
Requests for HIV Testing
Reasons for HIV Testing: I Know, I Took the Test
Laboratory Methods for Detecting HIV
ELISA HIV Antibody Test
Western Blot Assay
New ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection
Rapid Result HIV Testing
Update
FDA Approves Home-Collection HIV Antibody Test Kit
Some Screening and Confirmatory Antigen-Detection Tests for HIV
Deciding Who Should Get an HIV Test and When
Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary?
Immigration and Travel Ban into the United States Is Lifted
Testing, Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent
Summary
Review Questions
HIV/AIDS Is a Story in Our Lifetime
The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease
Discrimination vs. Compassion and Support
HIV/AIDS Is Here to Stay
AIDS Comes to the United States
Blame Someone, Déjà Vu
Fear: Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States
Whom Is the General Public to Believe?
AIDS Education and Behavior: Dissipating Fear with Education
The Character of Society
Dealing with Discrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act
Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry
U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security
Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations
Forms of U.S. Monetary Assistance for HIV/AIDS
Summary
Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions
Glossary
References
Index
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