AIDS Update : An Annual Overview of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

by Stine, Gerald J.

• ISBN13: 9780073375281
• ISBN10: 0073375284
• Edition: 17th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-01-10
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin

Summary

During the past twenty-six years, more money and other resources have been spent on HIV and AIDS research, care, and prevention than on any other disease in history. Despite hopes that global efforts would lead to the eradication of the disease, HIV/AIDS remains one of the central medical and human challenges of our time.

Table of Contents

About the Author	p. iii
A Quarter Century of AIDS and Counting	p. ix
AIDS UPDATE 2008	p. xiv
Preface	p. xvi
Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International AIDS Conferences and Means of Remembering-the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight Memorial, and World AIDS Day	p. 1
AIDS: Defining the Disease and Finding Its Cause	p. 17
The New Millennium	p. 17
AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome?	p. 18
First Reaction to AIDS: Denial	p. 18
What Causes AIDS?	p. 19
How Does HIV Cause AIDS?	p. 20
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports	p. 22
Discovery of the AIDS Virus	p. 23
Defining the Illness: AIDS Surveillance	p. 25
Summary	p. 27
Review Questions	p. 27
What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus	p. 28
The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	p. 28
Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS	p. 33
Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus	p. 35
Summary on the Origin of HIV	p. 41
Summary	p. 42
Review Questions	p. 42
Biological Characteristics of the AIDS Virus	p. 44
Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Reproduce	p. 44
Viruses Are Parasites	p. 44
Viruses Specific to Cell Type	p. 45
Retroviruses	p. 45
Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell	p. 45
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Its Life Cycle	p. 48
The HIV Life Cycle	p. 48
How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell	p. 52
Basic Genetic Structure of Retroviral Genomes	p. 52
Genetic Revolution	p. 57
Formation of Genetic Recombination in HIV	p. 58
Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins	p. 59
Summary	p. 62
Review Questions	p. 62
Anti-HIV Therapy	p. 64
Anti-HIV Therapy	p. 65
Eradication Update-2007	p. 65
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA-Approval	p. 66
The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval	p. 66
FDA-Approved Nucleoside/Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors	p. 69
Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	p. 71
FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors	p. 72
Protease Inhibitors	p. 73
Entry Inhibitors and Problems	p. 75
Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants	p. 75
Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors	p. 76
How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance	p. 79
HIV Treatment Regimen Failure	p. 82
Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS	p. 84
Medical Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART)	p. 85
The Smart Trial was Cancelled on January 11, 2006	p. 95
Disclaimer	p. 98
Summary	p. 98
Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines	p. 99
Review Questions	p. 99
The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS	p. 101
The Immune System	p. 101
Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells	p. 103
Antibodies and HIV Disease	p. 110
Immune System Dysfunction	p. 112
Original Antigenic Sin	p. 113
The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: FUSIN or CXCKR-4 (R-4)	p. 115
CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor	p. 115
Emergence of HIV Strains that Vary in Their Lethal Abilities	p. 115
In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection	p. 116
T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression	p. 118
Impact of T4 Cell Depletion	p. 120
Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection	p. 120
Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected?	p. 121
Summary	p. 124
Review Questions	p. 124
Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS	p. 126
What Is an Opportunistic Disease?	p. 126
The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases	p. 127
Prophylaxis Against Opportunistic Infections	p. 127
Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People	p. 127
TB and HIV	p. 139
Cancer or Malignancy in AIDS Patients	p. 140
Disclaimer	p. 145
Summary	p. 145
Review Questions	p. 145
A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS	p. 146
HIV Disease Defined	p. 146
Stages of HIV Disease (Without Drug Therapy)	p. 150
HIV Disease Without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS	p. 157
Aspects of HIV Infection	p. 157
Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies	p. 157
Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression	p. 163
HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS)	p. 167
Neuropathies in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients	p. 171
Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms	p. 171
Summary	p. 171
Review Questions	p. 172
Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus	p. 173
We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now!	p. 175
Epidemiology of HIV Infection	p. 175
Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2)	p. 176
Is HIV Transmitted by Insects?	p. 176
HIV Transmission	p. 177
HIV Transmissioin in Family/Household Settings	p. 178
Noncasual Transmission	p. 179
Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection	p. 188
Problem	p. 194
Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission	p. 205
United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU)	p. 205
Cesarean Section	p. 217
Conclusion	p. 219
National AIDS Resources	p. 219
Summary	p. 219
Review Questions	p. 220
Preventing the Transmission of HIV	p. 222
The AIDS Generation: "I Knew Everything About It, and I Still Got It!"	p. 223
Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Stop the Spread of HIV/AIDS	p. 223
Global Prevention	p. 224
Antiretroviral Drugs Having an Impact on Prevention, but We Can't Treat Our Way Out of This Pandemic	p. 224
Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic	p. 227
Preventing the Transmission of HIV	p. 228
Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity	p. 232
New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex	p. 235
The Male Condom	p. 239
The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch)	p. 246
An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides	p. 248
Injection-Drug Use and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics	p. 249
HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users	p. 251
Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission	p. 253
Infection Control Procedures	p. 254
Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure	p. 259
The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV	p. 259
Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention	p. 263
Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines	p. 268
DNA Vaccine	p. 268
Coverage, or Who Gets the Vaccine	p. 269
Impact Summary of an HIV Vaccine	p. 269
Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine	p. 271
Summary	p. 272
Review Questions	p. 274
Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths Among Select Groups in the United States and in Other Countries	p. 275
A Word About HIV/AIDS Data	p. 276
The Millennium: Year 2008	p. 280
Formula for Estimating HIV Infections	p. 282
Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation	p. 284
Estimates of HIV Infection and Future AIDS Cases	p. 294
Newly Infected	p. 296
Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States	p. 296
Shape of AIDS Pandemic: United States	p. 297
Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States	p. 300
Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS	p. 302
Connected But Separate	p. 302
Workforce - South Africa: Some Examples	p. 306
Education: Teachers and Students - South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa	p. 307
Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs: Asia, India, China, and Russia	p. 308
Summary	p. 312
Review Questions	p. 313
Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Among Women and Children	p. 314
AIDS is Defining the Lives of Millions of Women	p. 315
Every Day a Tragedy	p. 315
Triple Jeopardy	p. 315
Annual International Women's Day-March 8	p. 315
Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide	p. 316
Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States	p. 317
Childbearing Women	p. 332
Internet	p. 333
Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases-United States	p. 333
Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS	p. 334
The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans	p. 335
Summary	p. 341
Review Questions	p. 342
Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Among Young Adults, Ages 13 to 24	p. 343
Global HIV Infections in Young Adults	p. 343
Addressing the AIDS Pandemic Among Young Adults	p. 344
How Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States?	p. 345
HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us!	p. 346
Estimate of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases Among Young Adults in the United States	p. 347
Summary	p. 355
Internet	p. 355
Other Useful Sources	p. 355
Review Questions	p. 355
Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus	p. 356
Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present	p. 357
Requests for HIV Testing	p. 357
Reasons for HIV Testing	p. 357
Laboratory Methods for Detecting HIV	p. 359
ELISA HIV Antibody Test	p. 360
Western Blot Assay	p. 366
New ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection	p. 369
Rapid HIV Testing	p. 371
FDA Approves Two Home HIV Antibody Test Kits	p. 375
Some Screening and Confirmatory Tests for HIV	p. 376
Deciding Who and When to Get an HIV Test	p. 379
Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary?	p. 380
Immigration into the United States	p. 381
Testing, Competency, and Informed Consent	p. 384
Summary	p. 390
Review Questions	p. 391
AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior	p. 392
HIV/AIDS is a Story in Our Lifetime	p. 392
The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS	p. 393
HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease	p. 395
AIDS Is Here to Stay	p. 395
AIDS	p. 395
Blame Someone, Deja Vu	p. 396
Fear: Panic and Hysteria Over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States	p. 397
Whom Is the General Public to Believe?	p. 398
AIDS Education and Behavior	p. 402
The Character of Society	p. 410
Dealing with Discrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act	p. 414
Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry	p. 417
U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security	p. 420
Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations	p. 421
Forms of U.S. Monetary Assistance for HIV/AIDS	p. 427
Summary	p. 430
Review Questions	p. 431
Answers to Review Questions	p. 433
Glossary	p. 439
References	p. 447
Index	p. 468
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.