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The Aims of Argument is a process-oriented introduction to argumentation with unique coverage of the aims, or purposes, of argument: to inquire, to convince, to persuade, and to mediate. In contrast to other approaches, the focus on aims provides rhetorical context that helps students write, as well as read, arguments.

*Indicates that the reading selection is new to this edition

PART ONE, Resources for Reading and Writing Arguments

Chapter One, Understanding Argument

What Is Argument?

What Is Rhetoric?

An Example of Argument

Discussion of “You Have a Right…”

Four Criteria of Mature Reasoning

What Are the Aims of Argument?

Where are the Aims of Argument Used?

A Good Tool for Understanding and Writing Arguments: The Writer’s Notebook

Why Keep a Notebook?

Notebook Options

Keeping a Print Notebook

Keeping an Electronic Notebook

Ways of Using a Notebook

Chapter Two, Reading An Argument

The First Encounter: Seeing the Whole Text in Context

The Second Encounter: Reading and Analyzing the Text

Wrestling With Difficult Passages

Using Paraphrase to Aid Comprehension

Analyzing the Reasoning of an Argument

The Third Encounter: Responding Critically to an Argument

Chapter Three, Analyzing Arguments: A Simplified Toulmin Method

A Preliminary Critical Reading

A Step-by-Step Demonstration of the Toulmin Method

Find the Exceptions

Analyzing the Reasons

List the Reasons

Examine the Reasons

Analyzing Evidence

Noting Refutations

Summarizing Your Analysis

A Final Note about Logical Analysis

Chapter Four, Reading and Writing about Visual ArgumentsUnderstanding Visual Arguments

“Reading” Images

Analysis: Five Common Types of Visual Arguments

FOUR-COLOR INSERT (images 1 – 7)

Chapter Five, Writing Research-Based Arguments

Finding an Issue

Understand That an Issue Is More Than Just a Topic

Keep Abreast of Current Events

Research the News

Research Your Library’s Periodicals Indexes

Inquire into the Issue

Finding Sources

Field Research

Library and Online Research

Internet Research

Evaluating Sources

Eliminate Inappropriate Sources

Carefully Record Complete Bibliographic Information

Read the Source Critically

Inquire into the Source

Consider How You Might Use the Source

Using Sources

Taking Notes

Suggestions for Taking Notes

Paraphrasing

Summarizing

Creating an Annotated Bibliography

Incorporating and Documenting Source Material in the Text of Your Argument

Different Styles of Documentation

Instructions for Using MLA and APA Style

Direct Quotations

Indirect Quotations

Creating a Works-Cited or Reference List

PART TWO, The Aims of Argument

Chapter Six, Looking for Some Truth: Arguing to Inquire

Inquiry and Interpretation in Academic Writing

The Writing Project: Exploratory Essay, Part One

Conversations and Dialogue in Inquiry

Inquiry Again: Digging Deeper

The Writing Project: Part Two

The Writing Project: Part Three

After Drafting Your Essay

Inquiry: Summing Up the Aim

Chapter Seven, Making Your Case: Arguing to Convince

The Nature of Convincing: Structure and Strategy

Case Structure

Case Strategy

Thinking about Audience

Formulating the Thesis

Choosing Reasons

Arranging Reasons

Using Evidence

Introducing and Concluding the Argument

The Process of Writing a Convincing Argument

Chapter Eight, Motivating Action: Arguing to Persuade

When to Convince and When to Persuade: A Matter of Emphasis: Reading a Persuasive Essay

Principles

Using the Forms of Appeal

The Process of Writing a Persuasive Essay

Chapter Nine, Resolving Conflict: Arguing to Negotiate and Mediate

Resolving Conflict and the Other Aims of Argument

The Process of Negotiation and Mediation

Understanding the Spirit of Negotiation and Mediation

Understanding the Opposing Positions

Defining the Problem in Terms of the Real Interests

Inventing Creative Options

Gathering More Data

Reaching a Solution Based on Agreed-upon Principles

The Mediatory Essay

Analyzing a Mediatory Essay

The Process of Writing a Mediatory Essay

Appendix, A Short Guide to Editing and Proofreading

Glossary of Terms

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