Aip Physics Desk Reference

by Cohen, E. Richard; Lide, David R.; Trigg, George L.; Trigg, George L.

• ISBN13: 9780387989730
• ISBN10: 0387989730
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-02-01
• Publisher: Amer Inst of Physics

Summary

This new edition of the AIP Physics Desk Reference has been thoroughly updated and modernized to reflect new developments in the decade since the publication of the second edition. Data, references, and bibliographies have been updated completely, and new chapters have been added on environmental physics, electricity and magnetism, elementary particle physics, fluid dynamics, nonlinear physics, particle accelerators, polymer physics, and quantum theory, as well as a concluding chapter on practical laboratory data. An indispensable tool for the researcher, professional, and student, the AIP Physics Desk Reference provides concise compilation of the most frequently used data and formulae in physics, astrophysics, and related fields. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition	v
Preface to the First Edition	vii
Contributors	xxxi
Table of Fundamental Physical Constants	xxxv
Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature	1	(21)
E. Richard Cohen
Physical Quantities	2	(1)
Symbols for quantities	2	(1)
Symbols for units	2	(1)
Physical Units	3	(1)
Base units	3	(1)
Dimension	3	(1)
The International System of Units (Systeme International, SI)	4	(4)
Base units	4	(2)
Conversion factors to SI units	6	(2)
Recommended Symbols for Physical Quantities	8	(12)
General physics	8	(10)
Quantum mechanics	18	(1)
Crystallography	18	(1)
Nuclear and fundamental particles	19	(1)
Nomenclature Conventions in Nuclear Physics	20	(1)
Nuclide	20	(1)
Characterization of interactions	20	(1)
References	21	(1)
Mathematical Basics	22	(38)
E. Richard Cohen
Factorials	24	(1)
Progression and Series	24	(1)
Means	24	(1)
Summation Formulas	25	(1)
Binomial Theorem	25	(1)
Quadratic Equation	25	(1)
Differentiation	26	(1)
Taylor series	26	(1)
Integration	27	(1)
Logarithmic functions	28	(1)
Series	28	(1)
Exponential Functions	28	(1)
Derivatives	28	(1)
Integrals	29	(1)
Trigonometric Functions	29	(3)
Series expansions	30	(1)
Derivatives	30	(1)
Integrals	30	(1)
Plane triangles	31	(1)
Spherical triangles	31	(1)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions	32	(1)
Series expansions	32	(1)
Derivatives	32	(1)
Integrals	32	(1)
Hyperbolic Functions	33	(2)
Series expansions	34	(1)
Derivatives	34	(1)
Integrals	34	(1)
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions	35	(1)
Series expansions	35	(1)
Derivatives	35	(1)
Integrals	36	(1)
Gamma Function	36	(2)
Definite integrals	37	(1)
Delta Function	38	(1)
Vector Algebra	39	(4)
Notation	39	(1)
Dot product (scalar product or inner product)	39	(1)
Cross product (vector product or outer product)	39	(1)
Vector identities	39	(1)
Vector linear equations	40	(1)
Differential operators	40	(3)
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems	43	(4)
Gradient of f, f	43	(1)
Divergence of A, A	43	(1)
Curl of A, x A	43	(1)
Projected derivative, components of A B	44	(1)
Divergence of a tensor T	45	(1)
Scalar Laplacian 2 f	46	(1)
Vector Laplacian 2 A	46	(1)
Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms	47	(1)
Orthogonality condition	47	(1)
Completeness	48	(1)
Convolution	48	(1)
Laplace Transforms	48	(8)
General properties	48	(1)
Linearity	48	(1)
Differentiation	48	(1)
Bessel functions	49	(4)
Spherical harmonics	53	(1)
Potential at r1 due to a unit source at r2	53	(2)
Clebsch-Gordan (Wigner) coefficients	55	(1)
References	56	(4)
Acoustics	60	(33)
Robert T. Beyer
Important Acoustical Units	62	(1)
Oscillations of a Linear System	63	(2)
Analogies	65	(1)
General Linear Acoustics; Wave Propagation in Fluids	65	(7)
Plane waves	65	(1)
Spherical waves	66	(1)
Reflection and transmission	67	(1)
Velocity and attenuation of sound	67	(5)
High-Intensity Sound; Nonlinear Acoustics	72	(3)
Lagrangian form of wave equation	72	(1)
Solutions of Eulerian wave equation	73	(1)
Burgers' equation and other approximations	74	(1)
Radiation pressure	74	(1)
Atmospheric Acoustics	75	(1)
Velocity of sound in air	75	(1)
Refraction in a fluid medium	75	(1)
Attenuation in atmosphere	75	(1)
Doppler effect	75	(1)
Underwater Sound	76	(1)
Acoustic Transmission in Solids	77	(1)
Velocity in an extended polycrystalline solid	77	(1)
Configurational dispersion in a solid rod	77	(1)
Attenuation of sound in solids	77	(1)
Molecular Acoustics; Relaxation Processes	78	(2)
Propagation of sound	78	(1)
Excess sound attenuation in liquids	79	(1)
Ultrasonic propagation at very low temperatures	79	(1)
Bubbles, Cavitation, Sonoluminescence	80	(1)
Cavitation	80	(1)
Sonoluminescence	81	(1)
Nondestructive Testing, Ultrasonic Imaging	81	(1)
Nondestructive testing	81	(1)
Ultrasonic imaging	81	(1)
Noise and Its Control	81	(2)
Active suppression of noise	82	(1)
Room and Architectural Acoustics	83	(2)
Sabine's formula	83	(1)
Practical architectural acoustics	83	(2)
Physiological and Psychological Acoustics	85	(3)
Loudness and loudness level	85	(1)
Auditory sensation area	86	(1)
Masking	86	(1)
Temporary threshold shift (TTS)	86	(1)
Pitch	87	(1)
Binaural hearing	87	(1)
Audiogram	87	(1)
Speech Communication	88	(1)
Bioacoustics	88	(1)
Musical Acoustics	89	(1)
Resonance frequencies for an organ pipe	89	(1)
Resonance frequencies for a rectangular membrane	89	(1)
Resonance frequencies for a circular membrane	89	(1)
Acoustical Measurements and Instruments	89	(2)
Absolute measurement of sound intensity	90	(1)
Calibration of microphones	90	(1)
Frequency measurement	90	(1)
Acoustic filter	91	(1)
References	91	(2)
Astronomy	93	(26)
Jay M. Pasachoff
Basic Data	94	(1)
Solar Systems	95	(5)
Stars and the Milky Way	100	(12)
Time and Planetary Positions	112	(7)
Astrophysics and Cosmology	119	(26)
Virginia Trimble
Stellar Astronomy	120	(7)
Stellar structure and evolution	120	(1)
Stellar atmospheres	121	(2)
Nuclear reactions, energy generation, and nucleosynthesis	123	(4)
Binary Stars	127	(1)
Significance	127	(1)
Evolution of binary stars	128	(1)
Star Clusters, Interstellar Medium, and The Milky Way	128	(3)
Star clusters	128	(2)
The galactic center	130	(1)
The Milky Way: General properties	130	(1)
Backgrounds	130	(1)
Galaxies	131	(5)
Types and their properties	131	(2)
Dark matter	133	(1)
Formation and evolution of galaxies	134	(1)
Collective properties, clustering, and large-scale structure	135	(1)
High-Energy Astrophysics	136	(5)
Basic physical mechanisms	136	(1)
Neutron stars and black holes as endpoints of stellar evolution	137	(1)
Pulsars and x-ray binaries	137	(1)
Supernovae	138	(1)
Quasars and other active galaxies	139	(1)
Gamma ray bursters	140	(1)
Cosmology	141	(3)
Evidence that the universe is expanding and experienced a Big Bang	141	(1)
The Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric	141	(1)
Big-Bang nucleosynthesis	142	(1)
``Best values'' of the parameters for a relativistic universe	143	(1)
Connections with particle physics	144	(1)
References	144	(1)
Atomic and Molecular Collision Processes	145	(97)
M. R. Flannery
Introduction	147	(1)
Collisions	148	(5)
Differential and integral cross sections	148	(1)
Collision rates, collision frequency, and path length	149	(1)
Energy and angular momentum: Center of mass and relative	150	(1)
Elastic scattering	151	(1)
Inelastic scattering	151	(1)
Reactive scattering	151	(1)
Center-of-mass to laboratory cross-section conversion	151	(2)
General Collision Properties	153	(10)
Momentum transfer	153	(1)
Momentum transfer cross section	153	(1)
Energy transfer	154	(2)
Energy transfer cross sections	156	(3)
Atomic units	159	(1)
Energy conversion factors	159	(1)
Rydberg properties	160	(3)
Equilibrium Distributions	163	(12)
Maxwell velocity distribution for free particles	163	(1)
Two temperature Maxwell distributions	164	(1)
Boltzmann distribution	165	(2)
Classical statistical weights	167	(4)
Association/dissociation equation	171	(1)
Saha's ionization equations	171	(2)
Macroscopic detailed balance	173	(1)
Planck's equilibrium distribution	174	(1)
Boltzmann equation	175	(1)
Macroscopic Rate Coefficients	175	(3)
Scattering rate	175	(1)
Energy transfer rate	176	(1)
Transport cross sections and collision integrals	177	(1)
Quantal Transition Rates and Cross Sections	178	(8)
Microscopic rate of transitions	178	(1)
Detailed balance between rates	179	(1)
Energy density of continuum states	180	(1)
Inelastic cross sections	181	(1)
Detailed balance between cross sections	182	(1)
Examples of detailed balance	182	(1)
Four useful expressions for the cross section	183	(3)
Born Cross Sections	186	(8)
Fermi golden rules	187	(1)
Ion (electron)-atom collisions	188	(1)
Atom-atom collisions	189	(1)
Quantal and classical impulse cross sections	189	(1)
Atomic form factor and generalized oscillator strength	190	(1)
Form factors for atomic hydrogen	191	(1)
Rotational excitation	192	(1)
List of Born cross sections for model potentials	193	(1)
Quantal Potential Scattering	194	(8)
Partial wave expansion	195	(1)
Scattering amplitudes	196	(1)
Integral cross sections	197	(1)
Differential cross sections	197	(2)
Optical theorem	199	(1)
Levinson's theorem	200	(1)
Partial wave expansion for transport cross sections	200	(1)
Born phase shifts	201	(1)
Coulomb scattering	202	(1)
Collisions between Identical Particles	202	(4)
Fermion and Boson scattering	203	(1)
Coulomb scattering of two identical particles	204	(1)
Scattering of identical atoms	205	(1)
Classical Potential Scattering	206	(5)
Deflection functions	206	(1)
Classical cross sections	207	(2)
Orbiting cross sections	209	(2)
Quantal Inelastic Heavy-Particle Collisions	211	(8)
Adiabatic formulation (kinetic coupling scheme)	211	(1)
Diabatic formulation (potential coupling scheme)	212	(1)
Inelastic scattering by a central field	213	(1)
Two-state treatment	214	(1)
Exact resonance	215	(2)
Partial wave analysis	217	(1)
Close coupling equations for electron-atom (ion) collisions	217	(2)
Semiclassical Inelastic Scattering	219	(5)
Classical path theory	220	(1)
Landau-Zener cross section	221	(1)
Eikonal theories	221	(3)
Long-Range Interactions	224	(1)
Polarization, electrostatic, and dispersion interactions	224	(1)
Radiative Processes	225	(13)
Photon scattering by free and bound electrons	225	(3)
Radiative emission rate	228	(5)
Cross section for radiative recombination	233	(1)
Radiative recombination rate	234	(2)
Dielectronic recombination cross section	236	(1)
Bremsstrahlung	236	(1)
Bremsstrahlung cross section	237	(1)
Dipole transition matrix elements	237	(1)
Atomic and Molecular Databases	238	(1)
General References	239	(1)
References	240	(2)
Atomic Spectroscopy	242	(23)
Wolfgang L. Wiese
Introduction	243	(1)
Photon Energies, Frequencies, and Wavelengths	243	(2)
Photon energy	243	(1)
Frequency, wavelength, wavenumber	244	(1)
Spectral wavelength ranges	244	(1)
Wavelengths in air	244	(1)
Wavelength standards	244	(1)
Energy conversion factors	245	(1)
Atomic States, Atomic Shell Structure	245	(1)
Quantum numbers	245	(1)
Pauli exclusion principle, atomic shells	245	(1)
The Hydrogen Spectrum	246	(1)
Alkali Spectra	246	(1)
Atomic States and Spectra for Many-Electron Atoms	247	(3)
Typical features, general quantum designations	247	(1)
Russell-Saunders or LS-coupling	247	(1)
Customary notation, sample case	248	(1)
Other coupling schemes	248	(2)
Atomic Structure Hierarchies, Selection Rules for Discrete Transitions	250	(2)
Atomic structure hierarchies	250	(1)
Selection rules for discrete transitions	251	(1)
Spectral Line Intensities, Atomic Transition Probabilities, f-Values, and Line Strengths	252	(5)
Emission intensities	252	(1)
Absorption intensities	252	(1)
Line strengths	252	(1)
Relationships among A, f, and S	253	(1)
Relationships between spectral line and multiplet values	254	(1)
Tabulations	254	(3)
Atomic (Radiative) Lifetimes	257	(1)
Scaling, Systematic Trends (Regularities), and Important Characteristics of Spectra	258	(2)
Hydrogenic (one-electron) species	258	(1)
Atoms and ions with two or more electrons	259	(1)
Important characteristics of complex spectra	259	(1)
Spectral Line Shapes, Widths, and Shifts	260	(2)
Doppler broadening	260	(1)
Pressure broadening	261	(1)
Spectral Continuum Radiation	262	(1)
Hydrogenic species	262	(1)
Many-electron systems	263	(1)
Sources of Spectroscopic Data	263	(1)
References	263	(2)
Biological Physics	265	(41)
Elias Greenbaum
Victor Bloomfield
Introduction	267	(1)
Intermolecular Forces	267	(2)
Elementary electrostatic and dispersion interactions	267	(1)
Force fields	268	(1)
Interactions in water	268	(1)
Ionic solutions and polyelectrolytes	269	(1)
Nucleic Acids	269	(3)
Structures of nucleic acid bases and nucleotides	269	(2)
Energetics of bending and twisting	271	(1)
Supercoiled DNA	271	(1)
Proteins and Amino Acids	272	(2)
Peptide bond and polypeptide conformations	273	(1)
Helix-coil transition and protein folding	274	(1)
Binding Thermodynamics	274	(1)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	275	(3)
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance	278	(2)
Thermodynamics, Mitochrondria, and Chloroplasts	280	(4)
Free-energy change of a chemical reaction	280	(1)
Electrical and chemical work	281	(1)
Ion gradients, active transport, and ATP synthesis	282	(1)
Mitochondria	283	(1)
Chloroplasts	284	(1)
Signaling and Transport Across Cell Membranes	284	(5)
Receptors	287	(1)
Transporters	288	(1)
Channels and pumps	288	(1)
Electrophysiology	289	(4)
Impulses in nerve and muscle cells	289	(1)
Properties of nerve and muscle cells	289	(2)
Axons: The cable model	291	(1)
Models for membrane current density	291	(2)
Photobiophysics	293	(2)
Muscle and Contractility	295	(2)
Characterizing Biopolymers in Solution	297	(3)
Sedimentation and diffusion	297	(1)
Sedimentation equilibrium	298	(1)
Rotational motion	298	(1)
Frictional coefficients	298	(1)
Electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis	298	(1)
Scattering	298	(2)
Dynamic light scattering	300	(1)
Biophysics, the Health Sciences, and Emerging Technology	300	(4)
References	304	(2)
General references	304	(1)
On-line resources	304	(1)
Specific references	304	(2)
Crystallography	306	(43)
George A. Jeffrey
Vicky Lynn Karen
Historical Sketch	307	(2)
Crystal Data and Symmetry	309	(7)
Crystal system, space group, lattice constants, and structure type	309	(6)
Reduced cells	315	(1)
Physical properties of crystals	316	(1)
Crystal Diffraction	316	(10)
Conditions for diffraction	316	(3)
Single-crystal diffractometer	319	(2)
Absorption	321	(1)
X-ray absorption corrections	321	(2)
Extinction	323	(1)
Multiple reflections	323	(1)
Diffraction by perfect crystals	324	(1)
``Borrmann'' or ``anomalous transmission'' effect	324	(1)
Kossel and Kikuchi lines	324	(1)
Powder diffractometry	325	(1)
Powder diffraction profile refinement: Rietveld method	326	(1)
Structure Factor	326	(6)
Atomic scattering factors fi (s)	326	(2)
Dispersion corrections for x-ray atomic scattering factors	328	(3)
Geometrical structure factor	331	(1)
Unitary and normalized structure factors	332	(1)
Thermal Motion	332	(3)
Diffracting Density Function	335	(1)
Phase Problem	336	(1)
Phase-solving methods	336	(1)
Patterson synthesis	337	(1)
Direct methods	337	(1)
Crystal Structure Refinement: Method of Least Squares	337	(2)
References	339	(4)
Appendix: Crystallographic Data Sources	343	(6)
Introduction	343	(1)
Categories, quality, and description	343	(1)
Major sources of crystallographic data	344	(5)
Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Physics	349	(27)
Ferris Webster
Introduction	350	(1)
Properties of Planet Earth	350	(3)
Planetary dimensions and constants	350	(1)
Ocean areas, volumes, and depths	351	(2)
Ocean	353	(10)
Seawater properties	353	(6)
Air-sea interaction	359	(1)
Tides	360	(1)
Waves	361	(1)
Geophysical fluid dynamics	362	(1)
Atmosphere	363	(7)
Principal atmospheric constituents	363	(1)
Properties of moist air	363	(1)
Properties of dry air	364	(1)
U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)	365	(5)
Global Climate	370	(5)
Earth's radiation balance	370	(1)
Global temperature trends	371	(3)
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations	374	(1)
References	375	(1)
Electricity and Magnetism	376	(26)
David J. Griffiths
Introduction	377	(1)
Electrostatics	377	(3)
Magnetostatics	380	(2)
Electrodynamics	382	(4)
Conservation Laws	386	(1)
Electromagnetic Waves	387	(3)
Radiation	390	(3)
Relativistic Formulation	393	(2)
Circuits	395	(3)
Units	398	(2)
References	400	(2)
Elementary Particles	402	(23)
H. Schellman
The Standard Model	403	(5)
Fundamental fermions	403	(1)
Electroweak couplings	404	(1)
Electroweak Lagrangian	404	(1)
Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing matrix	405	(1)
CP violation in the kaon system	406	(1)
Neutrino masses and mixing	407	(1)
Strong interactions	408	(1)
Selected Particle Properties	408	(2)
Kinematics	410	(4)
Relativistic kinematics of reactions and decays	410	(1)
Boost of a four-vector	411	(1)
Decay length distribution	411	(1)
Two-body decays	411	(1)
Three-body decays	411	(1)
Two-body reactions	412	(1)
Mandelstam variables	412	(1)
Transformations between the laboratory and the center of mass frames	413	(1)
In specific frames	413	(1)
Lepton scattering	413	(1)
Inclusive particle production	414	(1)
Decays and Cross Sections	414	(4)
Lepton scattering	414	(2)
e+e-- scattering	416	(1)
Resonance production	416	(1)
Hadron scattering	417	(1)
Fragmentation	417	(1)
Typical interaction cross sections	417	(1)
Particle Detectors	418	(6)
Cherenkov radiation	418	(1)
Ionization energy loss	418	(1)
Multiple scattering through small angles	419	(1)
Charged particle trajectories	419	(5)
Calorimetry	424	(1)
References	424	(1)
Fluid Dynamics	425	(19)
Stavros Tavoularis
Introduction	426	(1)
Properties of Common Fluids	427	(2)
Mathematical Description	429	(5)
Equations of motion	429	(2)
Dimensionless parameters	431	(2)
Some laminar solutions	433	(1)
Instability, Transition, and Turbulence	434	(1)
Hydrodynamic stability	434	(1)
Transition	434	(1)
Turbulence	435	(1)
Friction and Drag	435	(2)
Gas Dynamics	437	(2)
Wave propagation in fluids	437	(1)
One-dimensional, isentropic, compressible flow	437	(1)
Shock waves	438	(1)
Measurement in Fluids	439	(2)
Bulk flow measurement	439	(1)
Flow visualization	439	(1)
Pressure measurement	439	(1)
Velocity measurement	440	(1)
Temperature measurement	440	(1)
The fluid mechanics laboratory	441	(1)
References	441	(3)
Mechanics	444	(23)
Florian Scheck
Introduction	445	(1)
Newtonian Mechanics	445	(5)
Newton's laws and inertial frames	445	(2)
Kepler's laws for planetary motion	447	(1)
Phase space and determinism	448	(2)
Canonical Mechanics	450	(5)
Lagrangian functions and Euler-Lagrange equations	450	(1)
Hamiltonian systems	451	(1)
Canonical transformations and Hamilton-Jacobi equation	452	(2)
Action-angle variables, manifolds of motion	454	(1)
Rigid Bodies	455	(3)
The inertia tensor	455	(2)
Euler's equations	457	(1)
Spinning tops	458	(1)
Relativistic Kinematics	458	(6)
Lorentz transformations and decomposition theorem	459	(1)
Causal orbits, energy, and momentum	460	(1)
Time dilatation and scale contraction	461	(1)
Motion of free particles in SRT and GRT	462	(2)
Hamiltonian Dynamical Systems	464	(1)
Long-term behavior of mechanical systems	464	(1)
Deterministic chaos in Hamiltonian systems	465	(1)
References	465	(2)
Medical Physics	467	(25)
William R. Hendee
Michael Yester
Introduction	469	(1)
Imaging	469	(1)
Ionizing Radiation: X- and γ-Rays	470	(8)
Interaction of x- and γ-rays with tissue	470	(2)
X-ray dosage	472	(6)
X-ray image contrast	478	(1)
Ionizing Radiation: Electrons	478	(2)
Health Risks	480	(1)
Ultrasound	480	(1)
Magnetic Resonance	480	(3)
Brachytherapy	483	(4)
Nuclear Medicine	487	(2)
References	489	(3)
Molecular Spectroscopy and Structure	492	(30)
Peter F. Bernath
Introduction	493	(1)
Rotational Spectroscopy	493	(9)
Diatomics	494	(4)
Linear Molecules	498	(1)
Symmetric tops	498	(1)
Asymmetric tops	499	(3)
Spherical tops	502	(1)
Vibrational Spectroscopy	502	(11)
Diatomics	503	(4)
Linear molecules	507	(2)
Symmetric tops	509	(2)
Asymmetric tops	511	(1)
Spherical tops	511	(1)
Raman Spectroscopy	512	(1)
Electronic Spectra	513	(4)
Diatomics	514	(3)
Polyatomics	517	(1)
Structure Determination	517	(3)
References	520	(2)
Nonlinear Physics and Complexity	522	(22)
Paul Manneville
Dynamical Systems and Bifurcations	523	(6)
Preliminaries	523	(2)
Tangent dynamics and center-manifold reduction	525	(2)
Bifurcations	527	(2)
Chaos and Fractals	529	(7)
The nature of chaos	531	(1)
Fractal properties and dimensions	532	(2)
Routes to chaos	534	(1)
Applied nonlinear dynamics	535	(1)
Space-Time Dynamical Systems	536	(6)
Classification of instabilities and the modeling issue	536	(1)
Continuous approach to space-time behavior	537	(2)
Discrete approach to space-time behavior	539	(3)
References	542	(2)
Nuclear Physics	544	(24)
Kenneth S. Krane
Nuclear Properties	545	(4)
Size and shape of nuclei	545	(1)
Mass and binding energy	546	(1)
Electromagnetic moments	546	(2)
Isospin in nuclei	548	(1)
Radioactive Decay	549	(6)
Radioactive decay laws	549	(1)
Alpha decay	550	(1)
Beta decay	551	(1)
Gamma decay	552	(1)
Internal conversion	553	(1)
Units for radioactivity	554	(1)
Nuclear Models	555	(4)
The shell model	555	(1)
The deformed shell model	556	(1)
The collective model	556	(3)
Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with Matter	559	(4)
Heavy charged particles	559	(1)
Electrons	560	(1)
Electromagnetic radiation	561	(1)
Neutrons	562	(1)
Nuclear Reactions	563	(2)
Nonrelativistic kinematics	563	(1)
Cross sections	564	(1)
Compilations of nuclear data	565	(1)
References	566	(2)
Optics	568	(29)
Joseph Reader
Reflection and Refraction	570	(7)
Reflection	570	(1)
Index of refraction	570	(2)
Refraction at a plane surface	572	(1)
Coefficients of reflectance and transmittance	572	(1)
Reflectance and transmittance at normal incidence	573	(1)
Brewster's angle of reflection	573	(1)
Total internal reflection	574	(1)
Beam displacement by a plane parallel plate	575	(1)
Prisms	575	(1)
Refraction at a spherical surface	576	(1)
Absorption	577	(1)
Internal transmittance and total transmittance	577	(1)
Optical density	577	(1)
Lenses	578	(3)
Imaging by lenses	578	(2)
Minimum focal distance	580	(1)
Lens power and F-number	580	(1)
Lens maker's formula	580	(1)
Thin lenses in combination	580	(1)
Ray tracing for lenses	581	(1)
Mirrors	581	(2)
Imaging by mirrors	581	(2)
Ray tracing for mirrors	583	(1)
Diffraction	583	(3)
Diffraction by a single slit	583	(1)
Diffraction at a circular aperture	584	(1)
Resolving power of a telescope	584	(1)
Resolving power of a microscope	585	(1)
Interference	586	(7)
Double slit intensity distribution	586	(1)
Diffraction gratings	587	(1)
Dispersion of a diffraction grating	588	(1)
Resolving power of a diffraction grating	588	(1)
Free spectral range	589	(1)
Optimum slit width	589	(1)
Grating blaze	589	(1)
Rowland circle	589	(1)
Michelson interferometer	589	(1)
Fabry-Perot interferometer	590	(3)
Spectra	593	(3)
Important spectral lines	593	(3)
Common laser wavelengths	596	(1)
References	596	(1)
Particle Accelerators and Storage Rings	597	(28)
Kai Desler
Donald A. Edwards
Introduction	598	(1)
Single-Particle Motion	598	(17)
Linear transverse motion	599	(5)
Longitudinal motion	604	(2)
Transverse coupling	606	(2)
Nonlinear effects	608	(3)
Synchrotron radiation	611	(4)
Multiparticle Dynamics	615	(8)
Space charge	615	(2)
Collective instabilities	617	(2)
Beam cooling	619	(3)
Luminosity	622	(1)
References	623	(2)
Plasma Physics	625	(31)
David L. Book
Fundamental Plasma Parameters	626	(3)
Frequencies	626	(1)
Lengths	627	(1)
Velocities	628	(1)
Dimensionless	628	(1)
Miscellaneous	628	(1)
Plasma Dispersion Function	629	(3)
Definition	629	(2)
Differential equation	631	(1)
Series expansions	631	(1)
Symmetry properties	631	(1)
Two-pole approximations	631	(1)
Collisions and Transport	632	(8)
Relaxation rates	632	(2)
Temperature isotropization	634	(1)
Thermal equilibration	634	(1)
Coulomb logarithm	635	(1)
Fokker--Planck equation	635	(1)
B-G-K collision operator	636	(1)
Transport coefficients	637	(2)
Weakly ionized plasmas	639	(1)
Solar and Ionospheric Physics	640	(2)
Thermonuclear Fusion	642	(2)
Basic data and relationships	642	(1)
Fusion reactions	642	(2)
Electron and Ion Beams	644	(4)
Laser-Plasma Interactions	648	(1)
System parameters	648	(1)
Formulas	648	(1)
Atomic Physics and Radiation	649	(5)
Excitation and decay	650	(1)
Ionization and recombination	650	(1)
Ionization equilibrium models	651	(1)
Radiation	652	(2)
References	654	(2)
Polymer Physics	656	(37)
Stephen Z. D. Cheng
Introduction	658	(1)
Polymer Molecules	658	(1)
Molecular-Mass Averages	658	(1)
kth moment of a molecular-mass distribution P(M)	658	(1)
Molecular-mass averages	658	(1)
Single-Chain Dimensions	659	(1)
θ Solvents and Temperatures	660	(2)
Molecular-Weight Characterization	662	(2)
Solution viscosity	662	(1)
Osmotic pressure π	662	(1)
Ultracentrifugation	663	(1)
Static light scattering	663	(1)
Dynamic (quasielastic) light scattering	663	(1)
Characterization by Spectroscopic Techniques	664	(1)
Nuclear magnetic resonance	664	(1)
Vibrational spectroscopy	664	(1)
Crystal Structures	664	(3)
Bond Lengths and Angles of Polymers	667	(2)
Melting and Crystallization	669	(1)
Variation of melting point of thin crystals with thickness	669	(1)
Spherulitic growth rate controlled by secondary (surface) nucleation	669	(1)
Avrami equation to describe overall kinetics of phase changes	670	(1)
Liquid Crystalline Transitions	670	(1)
Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Functions	671	(2)
Heat capacity in solid and liquid states of semicrystalline polymers	671	(1)
General features of the heat capacity	672	(1)
Residual entropies at absolute zero for glass polymers and other properties	673	(1)
Glass Transition	673	(2)
Thermal Expansion	675	(1)
Optical Properties of Polymers	676	(1)
Orientation birefringence Δn in amorphous polymers	676	(1)
Stress optical coefficient C	676	(1)
Form birefringence Δnf in two-phase systems	676	(1)
Birefringence Δn of oriented crystalline polymers	676	(1)
Birefringence of spherulites Δnsph	676	(1)
Stress σij and Displacement uj at Crack Tips	677	(1)
Internal Friction Peaks in Semicrystalline Polymers	678	(1)
Representative Mechanical Properties of Some Common Structural Polymers	679	(1)
Rheology	680	(4)
Introduction	680	(1)
Linear viscoelasticity	680	(4)
Electrical Properties	684	(1)
Dipole moments	684	(1)
Typical electrical properties	684	(1)
Diffusion and Permeation	685	(1)
Diffusion into plane sheet	685	(1)
Diffusion data	686	(1)
Gas transmission	686	(1)
Nonlinear Optical Properties	686	(4)
References	690	(3)
Quantum Theory	693	(32)
M. P. Silverman
R. L. Mallett
Part I. Quantum Mechanics	694	(1)
Basic Formalisms	694	(1)
Operator Representations and Relationships	695	(8)
Operator algebra	695	(1)
Coordinate and linear momentum operators	695	(2)
Angular momentum	697	(4)
Hamiltonian	701	(1)
Commutation and uncertainty relations	701	(2)
Quantum Dynamics	703	(3)
Time-displacement operator	703	(1)
Single-particle wave equations	703	(2)
Operator equations of motion	705	(1)
Approximate Methods: Stationary States	706	(5)
Perturbation theory (bound states)	706	(2)
Variational Method	708	(1)
Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) theory	708	(2)
Scattering theory (stationary state)	710	(1)
Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory	711	(1)
First-order transitions	711	(1)
Second-order transitions	711	(1)
Fermi Golden Rule	711	(1)
Density of states	712	(1)
Exponential decay	712	(1)
Radiation Theory	712	(3)
Interaction Hamiltonian	712	(1)
Absorption and emission	713	(1)
Multipole transitions	713	(1)
Sum rules	714	(1)
Additional Links to Quantum Systems in other Chapters	715	(1)
Coulomb potential	715	(1)
Quantum rotator	715	(1)
Anharmonic oscillator	715	(1)
Part II. Quantum Field Theory	715	(1)
Brief History	715	(1)
Feynman Rules for Gauge Theories	715	(6)
The S matrix	715	(1)
Cross sections	716	(1)
Decay rates	716	(1)
Diagrammatic construction of amplitudes	716	(4)
Fermion spin sums	720	(1)
Polarization sums	721	(1)
Contraction and trace relations	721	(1)
Quantum Chromodynamics	721	(1)
Standard Electroweak Model	722	(2)
Coupling constants and fields	722	(1)
Example: Elastic neutrino-electron scattering	723	(1)
References	724	(1)
Solid State Physics	725	(31)
Costas M. Soukoulis
Eleftherios N. Economou
Introduction	727	(1)
Classification of Solids According to Their Bonding Character	727	(1)
Simple metals	727	(1)
Transition and rare-earth metals	727	(1)
Covalent solids	728	(1)
Ionic solids	728	(1)
Van der Waals solids	728	(1)
Crystals with hydrogen bonding	728	(1)
Approximations	728	(1)
Electrons in Periodic Solids	729	(5)
Bloch's theorem; reciprocal lattice; Brillouin zone	729	(1)
Density of states	730	(2)
Jellium model	732	(2)
Methods for band-structure calculations	734	(3)
General computational framework	734	(2)
Linear combination of atomic orbitals	736	(1)
Plane wave method	736	(1)
Other methods	737	(1)
Ionic vibrations	737	(2)
Thermodynamic Quantities	739	(2)
Linear Response to Perturbations	741	(6)
Dielectric function and conductivity	741	(3)
Temperature dependence of the DC conductivity	744	(2)
Thermal conductivity and thermoelectric power	746	(1)
Hall effect and magnetoresistance	746	(1)
Cyclotron resonance, ESR, and NMR	747	(1)
Disordered Systems	747	(2)
Localization and metal-insulator transition	747	(2)
Metal-insulator transition in 2D disordered systems	749	(1)
Magnetism	749	(2)
Superconductivity	751	(2)
Elementary Excitations	753	(1)
Excitons	753	(1)
Polarons and bipolarons	753	(1)
Spin waves	754	(1)
Artificial Solid Structures and Photonic Crystals	754	(1)
References	755	(1)
Surfaces and Films	756	(35)
Roland Resch
Bruce E. Koel
Introduction	757	(1)
Surface Analysis: Probing Surfaces and Films	758	(6)
Electron spectroscopy	758	(1)
Ion spectroscopy	759	(2)
Electron diffraction	761	(1)
Field emission	762	(1)
Electron microscopy	762	(1)
Scanning probe microscopy	762	(2)
Structure and Composition of Surfaces	764	(3)
Thermodynamics of one-component surfaces	764	(1)
Surface morphology, defects, and dislocations	765	(1)
Surface lattices and superstructures	765	(2)
Atomistic structure: relaxation and reconstruction	767	(1)
Surfaces of compounds and metal alloys	767	(1)
Electronic Structure at Surfaces	767	(2)
The Gas-Solid Interface	769	(5)
Solid-gas interactions	769	(1)
Energy accommodation and adsorption	770	(2)
Desorption	772	(1)
Surface diffusion	772	(1)
Chemical reactions at solid surfaces	773	(1)
Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Interfaces	774	(4)
Electrochemical processes and the double layer	774	(2)
Solid-liquid interactions	776	(1)
Solid-liquid reactions	777	(1)
Film Formation and Structure	778	(7)
Nucleation and growth modes	778	(3)
Structure and properties of thin films	781	(1)
Film growth from the gaseous phase	781	(3)
Film growth from the liquid phase	784	(1)
Film growth at the gas-liquid interface	785	(1)
Mechanical Properties of Surfaces and Thin Films	785	(3)
Friction	785	(2)
Lubrication	787	(1)
Wear	787	(1)
Adhesion	787	(1)
References	788	(3)
Thermodynamics and Thermophysics	791	(26)
J. P. Martin Trusler
William A. Wakeham
Introduction	792	(1)
Classical Thermodynamics	792	(9)
The laws of thermodynamics	792	(3)
Consequences of the first and second laws	795	(2)
Dependence of the thermodynamic properties on temperature, pressure, and composition	797	(3)
Phase equilibria	800	(1)
Chemical equilibria	801	(1)
Statistical Thermodynamics	801	(6)
Postulates of statistical thermodynamics	802	(2)
The perfect gas	804	(2)
Real gases	806	(1)
Transport Properties	807	(5)
Fluxes and gradients	807	(2)
Definitions of transport coefficients	809	(1)
Measurement of transport properties	810	(2)
Kinetic Theory	812	(4)
The Boltzmann equation	812	(1)
The transport properties	813	(1)
Monatomic gases	814	(1)
Dense fluids	815	(1)
References	816	(1)
Practical Laboratory Data	817	(28)
David R. Lide
Introduction	817	(2)
Table: Periodic Table	819	(1)
Table: Physical Constants of Elements and Compounds	820	(6)
Table: Thermal and Electrical Properties of Metals	826	(2)
Table: Dielectric Constant (Relative Permittivity) of Liquids	828	(2)
Table: Viscosity of Liquids and Gases	830	(1)
Table: Vapor Pressure of the Elements and Selected Compounds	831	(4)
Table: Vapor Pressure of Cryogenic Fluids	835	(1)
Table: Aqueous Solubility of Solids and Liquids	836	(2)
Table: Solubility of Gases in Water	838	(1)
Table: Properties of Miscellaneous Solid Materials	838	(2)
Table: Densities Known to High Accuracy	840	(1)
Fixed Points on the International Temperature Scale of 1990	841	(1)
Table: Properties of Liquid Helium	842	(1)
Table: Properties of Water and Ice	843	(1)
Table: Vapor Pressure of Water on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale	843	(2)
Index	845