Air Pollutants and the Respiratory Tract

by Swift, David L.; Foster, W. Michael

• ISBN13: 9780824795214
• ISBN10: 0824795210
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-02-01
• Publisher: CRC Pr I Llc

Summary

This work describes the history of the problem of air pollution, traces the mechanisms and current hypotheses explaining the influence of specific air toxics and contaminants on the lung, and outlines opportunities for necessary research. It links indoor and outdoor air pollution with the incidence on lung cancer from an epidemiological perspective.

Table of Contents

Introduction	v
Claude Lenfant
Preface	vii
Contributors	xi
Part One OVERVIEW
Air Pollution	1	(38)
Paul J. Lioy
Junfeng Zhang
Introduction	1	(3)
The Nature of Air Pollution	4	(8)
Air Pollution Exposure	12	(4)
Air Toxics	16	(4)
Atmospheric Chemistry	20	(7)
Indoor Air Pollution	27	(12)
References	33	(6)
Respiratory Exposure to Air Pollutants	39	(36)
Otto G. Raabe
Introduction	39	(2)
Airborne Particles and Gases	41	(1)
Air Pollution Standards	42	(1)
Dynamic Properties of Airborne Particles	42	(2)
Particle Size Distributions	44	(2)
Inhalation Deposition of Airborne Particles	46	(7)
Clearance and Retention of Deposited Particles	53	(2)
Conceptual Summary of PM10 and PM25	55	(2)
Air Quality Standards for PM10 and PM25	57	(3)
Health Effects of Inhalable Particulate Matter in Ambient Air	60	(5)
Airborne Gases and Vapors	65	(2)
Summary	67	(8)
References	69	(6)
Bioavailability of Particle-Adsorbed Air Pollutants	75	(30)
Shelley S. Sehnert
Long Jiang
Terence H. Risby
Introduction	75	(2)
Formation of Pollutant-Particle Complexes	77	(8)
Reaction of Particle-Adsorbed Pollutant Molecules	85	(2)
Release of Particle-Adsorbed Pollutant Molecules	87	(8)
Predicting the Bioavailabilities of Particle-Adsorbed Pollutant Molecules	95	(1)
Summary	96	(9)
References	97	(8)
Detecting Respiratory Tract Responses to Air Pollutants	105	(14)
William S. Beckett
Introduction	105	(1)
Ventilation and Control of Breathing	106	(1)
Nasal Airways	107	(1)
Trachea and Bronchi	108	(5)
Large-Airway Inflammation	113	(1)
Small Airways and Lung Parenchyma	113	(2)
Correlation of Acute or Chronic Symptoms with Respiratory System Effects	115	(1)
Summary	116	(3)
References	116	(3)
Part Two INDIVIDUAL POLLUTANTS AND SPECIFIC RESPONSES
Irritant Air Pollutants	119	(28)
Daniel L. Costa
Edward S. Schelegle
Introduction	119	(2)
Classification of Irritants and Their Pulmonary Responses	121	(2)
Respiratory Tract Anatomy, Innervation, and Reflex Responses	123	(6)
Irritant Responses in Humans and Laboratory Animals	129	(7)
Summary	136	(11)
References	137	(10)
Effects of Oxidants	147	(34)
W. Michael Foster
Introduction	147	(1)
Laboratory Exposure Studies	148	(6)
Effects on Obstructive and Inflammatory Airway Diseases	154	(2)
Mechanisms of Injury and Adaptation	156	(10)
Bioindicators of Exposure Response	166	(5)
Summary	171	(10)
References	173	(8)
Air Pollution and Lung Cancer	181	(38)
Jonathan M. Samet
Aaron J. Cohen
Introduction	181	(9)
Outdoor Air Pollution	190	(9)
Indoor Air Pollution	199	(10)
Summary	209	(10)
References	210	(9)
Effects of Fiber Aerosols on the Lung and Chest Wall	219	(32)
Michael W. Peterson
David A. Schwartz
Introduction	219	(1)
Fiber Characteristics	219	(2)
Clinical Spectrum of Fiber-Induced Lung Diseases	221	(2)
Cellular and Molecular Effects of Fibers	223	(6)
Mechanisms of Fiber-Induced Lung Disease	229	(9)
Summary	238	(13)
References	238	(13)
Biological Pollutants	251	(38)
Peyton A. Eggleston
Introduction	251	(2)
Specific Immune Response	253	(1)
Allergens	254	(4)
Allergen Vectors	258	(7)
Relationship of Allergen Exposure to Airway Disease	265	(24)
References	275	(14)
Part Three ASSESSMENTS
Health Risk Assessments and Regulatory Considerations for Air Pollutants	289	(50)
Roger O. McClellan
Introduction	289	(1)
The Risk Assessment Process	290	(2)
Approaches to Risk Assessment	292	(2)
Threshold Relationships	294	(1)
Threshold Limit Values	295	(7)
Inhalation Reference Concentration Methodology	302	(3)
Bromomethane: An Example of Using RfC Methodology	305	(3)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards	308	(3)
Ozone as a Criteria Pollutant	311	(7)
Hazardous Air Pollutants	318	(1)
Assessing Cancer Risks	319	(9)
Formaldehyde as a Hazardous Air Pollutant	328	(4)
Summary	332	(7)
References	333	(6)
Author Index	339	(32)
Subject Index	371