Air Pollution Control : A Design Approach

by Cooper, C. David; Alley, F. C.

• ISBN13: 9781577662181
• ISBN10: 1577662180
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-05-01
• Publisher: Waveland Pr Inc

Table of Contents

Preface to the Third Edition	xvii
Preface to the Second Edition	xix
An Overview	1	(70)
Introduction	1	(1)
Definitions and Types of Pollutants	2	(4)
Pollutants of Global Concern	6	(10)
Ozone Depletion	6	(1)
Global Climate Change	7	(3)
Sources of Global Climate Change	10	(4)
What Can We Do?	14	(2)
Legislative and Regulatory Trends in the United States	16	(13)
Federal Legislation	16	(5)
Federal Regulations and Standards	21	(6)
The Permitting Process	27	(2)
The Ideal Gas Law and Concentration Measurements in Gases	29	(4)
Other Applications of the Ideal Gas Law	33	(3)
Gas Flow Measurement	36	(9)
Causes, Sources, and Effects	45	(13)
Particulate Matter	46	(4)
Sulfur Dioxide	50	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides	51	(2)
Photochemical Oxidaants and VOCs	53	(1)
Carbon Monoxide	54	(2)
An Air Pollution Index	56	(2)
National Air Quality Trends	58	(13)
Problems	63	(4)
References	67	(4)
What is Process Design?	71	(28)
Introduction	71	(2)
General Design Considerations	73	(10)
Process Flow Sheets	73	(2)
Material Balances and Energy Balances	75	(5)
The Total Energy Equation for Steady-State Flow Systems	80	(3)
Engineering Economics	83	(6)
Optimizing Fixed Capital and Operating Costs	83	(1)
Depreciation	84	(3)
Incremental Rate of Return on Investments	87	(1)
Comparison of Several Alternatives	88	(1)
Payout Period	88	(1)
Control Equipment Cost Estimation	89	(3)
Equipment Costs	91	(1)
Preliminary Fixed Capital Cost Estimates for Pollution Control Projects	92	(2)
Annual Operating Cost Estimates	94	(5)
Problems	95	(3)
References	98	(1)
Particulate Matter	99	(24)
Introduction	99	(1)
Characteristics of Particles	99	(9)
Particulate Behavior in Fluids	108	(9)
The Drag Force	108	(4)
External Forces	112	(1)
Gravitational Settling	112	(3)
Collection of Particles by Impaction, Interception, and Diffusion	115	(2)
Overview of Particulate Control Equipment	117	(6)
Problems	120	(2)
References	122	(1)
Cyclones	123	(24)
Introduction	123	(3)
Standard Cyclone Dimensions	126	(1)
Theory	126	(3)
Collection Efficiency	126	(3)
Design Considerations	129	(11)
Collection Efficiency	129	(5)
Pressure Drop	134	(2)
Other Considerations	136	(4)
Costs	140	(7)
Problems	143	(3)
References	146	(1)
Electrostatic Precipitators	147	(30)
Introduction	147	(2)
Theory	149	(5)
Design Considerations	154	(15)
Plate Sizing	154	(1)
Corona	155	(1)
Particulate Resistivity	156	(3)
Internal Configuration	159	(5)
Plates and Wires	164	(1)
Removal of Particle Dust	164	(2)
Power Consumption	166	(2)
Flue Gas Conditioning	168	(1)
Costs	169	(8)
Problems	171	(3)
References	174	(3)
Fabric Filters	177	(32)
Introduction	177	(1)
Theory	178	(6)
Design Considerations	184	(16)
Reverse-Air and Shaker Baghouses	184	(10)
Pulse-Jet Baghouses	194	(4)
Other Considerations	198	(2)
Costs	200	(9)
Problems	203	(4)
References	207	(2)
Particulate Scrubbers	209	(30)
Introduction	209	(8)
Spray-Chamber Scrubbers	209	(2)
Cyclone Spray Chambers	211	(1)
Orifice and Wet-Impingement Scrubbers	212	(1)
Venturi and Venturi Jet Scrubbers	212	(2)
Other Designs	214	(1)
Typical Wet Scrubber Applications	215	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Wet Scrubbers	215	(2)
Theory and Design Considerations	217	(11)
Spray Chambers	217	(5)
Venturi Scrubbers	222	(3)
Contacting Power Approach in Wet Scrubber Design	225	(3)
Other Considerations	228	(6)
Elimination of Liquid Entrainment	228	(2)
Humidification of Scrubbed Gases	230	(4)
Costs	234	(5)
Problems	235	(2)
References	237	(2)
Auxiliary Equipment: Hoods, Ducts, Fans, and Coolers	239	(52)
Introduction	239	(1)
Hoods	239	(4)
Ducts	243	(11)
Fans	254	(17)
Fan Curves	256	(1)
Fan Laws	256	(7)
Fan Rating Tables	263	(1)
Fan Selection	263	(8)
Cooling Hot Airstreams	271	(6)
Air Dilution	271	(1)
Water Injection	271	(2)
Heat Exchange	273	(4)
Costs	277	(14)
Hoods	277	(1)
Ducts	277	(3)
Fans	280	(6)
Coolers	286	(2)
Problems	288	(1)
References	289	(2)
A Particulate Control Problem	291	(16)
Introduction	291	(1)
Problem Statement	292	(1)
Options for Final Control	293	(2)
Major Items of Equipment	295	(8)
The Cooler	296	(1)
The Cyclone	297	(2)
Final Control Device---Alternative 1: Baghouse	299	(1)
Final Control Device---Alternative 2: ESP	300	(1)
Ductwork	301	(1)
Induced Draft Fan	302	(1)
Stack	303	(1)
Summary	303	(4)
References	305	(2)
Properties of Gases and Vapors	307	(14)
Introduction	307	(1)
Vapor Pressure	308	(3)
Diffusivities	311	(1)
Gas-Liquid and Gas-Solid Equilibria	312	(2)
Solubility	312	(1)
Adsorption	313	(1)
Chemical Reactions	314	(7)
Kinetics	314	(3)
Thermodynamics	317	(2)
Problems	319	(1)
References	320	(1)
Voc Incinerators	321	(40)
Introduction	321	(2)
Theory	323	(12)
Oxidation Chemistry	323	(3)
The Three Ts	326	(2)
Predicting VOC Kinetics	328	(6)
Nonisothermal Nature of VOC Oxidation	334	(1)
Catalytic Oxidation	334	(1)
Design Considerations	335	(17)
Thermal Oxidizers	335	(7)
Catalytic Oxidizers	342	(4)
Heat Recovery	346	(4)
Flares	350	(2)
Costs	352	(9)
Purchased Equipment Costs	352	(2)
Heat Exchangers	354	(1)
Problems	355	(3)
References	358	(3)
Gas Adsorption	361	(32)
Introduction	361	(2)
Adsorption Theory	363	(5)
Physical and Chemical Adsorption	363	(1)
Adsorption Isotherms	363	(3)
Adsorption Potential	366	(1)
Experimental Determination of Isotherms	366	(2)
Physical Properties of Adsorbents	368	(2)
Activated Carbon	368	(2)
Other Adsorbents	370	(1)
Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems	370	(7)
Brakthrough Curves and Their Relationship to System Design	370	(2)
Pressure Drop Across Fixed Beds	372	(3)
Adsorbent Regeneration	375	(1)
Safety Considerations	376	(1)
Design of Fixed-Bed Carbon Adsorption Systems	377	(6)
Economics of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems	383	(4)
Capital Costs Estimates	383	(1)
Adsorber Operating Costs	384	(3)
Fluidzed-Bed Adsorbers	387	(6)
Problems	389	(2)
References	391	(2)
Gas Absorption	393	(36)
Introduction	393	(1)
Gas Absorption Equipment	394	(1)
Absorption Tower Design	394	(25)
Mass Transfer Theory	394	(5)
Mass Transfer in Packed Towers	399	(8)
Absorption and Chemical Reaction	407	(1)
Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Allowable Gas and Liquid Rates in Packed Towers	408	(8)
Design Simplification for Lean Gas Applications	416	(3)
Estimating the Cost of Absorption Towers	419	(4)
Absorption Tower Operating Costs	421	(2)
Sripping Operations	423	(6)
Problems	424	(3)
References	427	(2)
Biological Control of VOCs and Odors	429	(30)
Introduction	429	(3)
Theory and Descriptive Information	432	(10)
Key Considerations in the Design and Operation of Biofilters	442	(17)
Design	442	(4)
Operating Considerations	446	(5)
Case Study	451	(2)
Cost Estimation	453	(2)
Problems	455	(2)
References	457	(2)
Control of Sulfur Oxides	459	(34)
Introduction	459	(1)
Overview of Control Strategies	460	(13)
Fuel Desulfurization	461	(2)
SO2 Removal Techniques	463	(1)
Throwaway Processes	463	(5)
Regenerative Processes	468	(5)
Limestone Scrubbing	473	(14)
Process Chemistry and Operational Factors	474	(1)
SO2 Mass Transfer	475	(2)
Physical Factors	477	(1)
Material and Energy Balances	478	(9)
Costs	487	(6)
Problems	490	(1)
References	491	(2)
Control of Nitrogen Oxides	493	(28)
Introduction	493	(3)
Chemistry of NOx Formation	496	(11)
Thermal NOx	496	(7)
Fuel NOx	503	(4)
NOx Control: Stationary Sources	507	(9)
Combustion Modifications	507	(4)
Flue Gas Treatment Techniques	511	(5)
Costs	516	(5)
Problems	517	(1)
References	518	(3)
A Vapor Control Problem	521	(12)
Introduction	521	(1)
Problem Statement	521	(7)
Selecting a Design Flow Rate	528	(2)
Carbon Adsorption System	530	(1)
Thermal Incineration System	530	(1)
Catalytic Incineration System	531	(1)
Biofilter System	531	(1)
Summary	532	(1)
Mobile Sources: An Overview	533	(36)
Introduction	533	(2)
Magnitude of the Problem	535	(5)
Characteristics of Engines in Mobile Sources	540	(7)
Vehicle Emissions and Emission Controls	547	(14)
Other Measures for Control of Air Pollution from Vehicles	561	(8)
Problems	565	(2)
References	567	(2)
Air Pollution and Meteorlogy	569	(38)
Introduction	569	(1)
General Atmospheric Circulation Patterns	570	(7)
Local Circulation Effects	577	(1)
The Land-Sea Breeze	577	(1)
Mountain-Valley Winds	578	(1)
Wind Roses and Low-level Pollutant Dispersion Patterns	578	(1)
Atmospheric Stability and Vertical Mixing	578	(10)
The Hydrostatic Equation	580	(1)
Adiabatic Heating and Cooling during Vertical Air Movement	581	(2)
The Effect of Lapse Rate on Vertical Stability	583	(1)
Temperature Inversions	584	(4)
Photochemistry and Smog	588	(13)
Causes of Photochemical Smog	589	(4)
Anatomy of a Smog Episode	593	(1)
The Chemistry of Photochemical Smog	594	(1)
The Nitrogen Dioxide Photolytic Cycle	595	(4)
The Effects of Smog	599	(1)
The Control of Photochemical Smog	599	(2)
Meteorology and Air Pollution	601	(6)
Air Pollution Surveys	601	(1)
Selection of Plant Sites	601	(1)
Specification of Emission Rates	601	(1)
Stack Design	602	(1)
Problems	603	(1)
References	604	(3)
Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling	607	(42)
Introduction	607	(2)
A Physical Explanation of Dispersion	609	(2)
The Gaussian Model	611	(15)
Atmospheric Stability Classes	615	(6)
The Dependence of Concentration on Averaging Time	621	(1)
Estimating the Maximum Downwind Ground-Level Concentration	621	(4)
Estimating the Downwind Concentration under an Elevated Inversion	625	(1)
Tall Stacks and Plume Rise	626	(11)
Design Procedures	627	(1)
Plume Rise	628	(4)
Critical Wind Speed	632	(1)
Other Stack Design Considerations	633	(3)
Stack Costs	636	(1)
Computer Programs for Dispersion Modeling (Point Sources)	637	(1)
Mobile Sources and Line Source Models	638	(11)
Problems	643	(3)
References	646	(3)
Indoor Air Quality and Control	649	(26)
Introduction	649	(2)
Some Pollutants of Concern	651	(6)
VOCs (including Formaldehyde)	652	(2)
Inorganic Gases---Combustion Products	654	(1)
Respirable Particles (including Tobacco Smoke)	655	(1)
Randon	655	(1)
Biological Contaminants (including Molds, Mildews, and Allergens)	656	(1)
Source Control and Ventilation	657	(3)
Source Control	657	(1)
Ventilation	658	(1)
Air Cleaning	659	(1)
Material Balance Models for Indoor Air Quality	660	(7)
Practical Solutions to IAQ Problems	667	(3)
Case Studies	670	(5)
Case 1: A Water Damaged Hotel	670	(1)
Case 2: Another Case of Water Damage	671	(1)
Problems	672	(1)
References	673	(2)
Appendixes	675	(52)
Appendix A: Conversion Factors	676	(3)
Appendix B: Properties of Air and Other Materials	679	(17)
Appendix C: Some Properties of a Gaussian Distribution	696	(4)
Appendix D: Computer Programs	700	(6)
Appendix E: Practice Problems (with solutions) in Air Quality for the P.E. Examination in Environmental Engineering	706	(16)
Appendix F: Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems	722	(5)
Index	727