Air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries

by McGranahan, Gordon; Murray, Frank

• ISBN13: 9781853839665
• ISBN10: 1853839663
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Twenty years ago, environment and sustainable development issues were marginal concerns for businesses and public bodies, requiring a relatively narrow range of personnel, knowledge and skills. Today, these issues are key operational concerns for all but

Table of Contents

List of Figures	viii
List of Tables	x
List of Contributors	xii
Preface	xxi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations	xxiii
Acknowledgements	xxvii
Introduction: Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries - The Context	1	(20)
Frank Murray and Gordon McGranahan
Objectives	1	(1)
Air Pollution in its Historical Context	2	(3)
Types and Sources of Air Pollution	5	(4)
Policies and Development of Standards	9	(6)
Summary of the Contents	15	(6)
1 Health-damaging Air Pollution: A Matter of Scale	21	(14)
Kirk R. Smith and Sameer Akbar
Introduction	21	(1)
Risk Transition	22	(1)
Environmental Pathway Analysis	23	(2)
Exposure Assessment	25	(3)
Major Cross-scale Effects	28	(5)
Concluding Remarks	33	(2)
2 Air Pollution and Health - Studies in the Americas and Europe	35	(14)
Morton Lippmann
Introduction	35	(2)
Health Effects of Ozone (O3)	37	(2)
Health Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)	39	(5)
Health Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust	44	(2)
Discussion and Conclusions	46	(3)
3 Air Pollution and Health in Developing Countries: A Review of Epidemiological Evidence	49	(19)
Isabelle Romieu and Mauricio Hernande-Avila
Introduction	50	(1)
Global Concentration Patterns of Outdoor Air Pollution	51	(1)
Health Effects of Particulate Matter and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)	52	(4)
Health Effects of Ozone	56	(2)
Health Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide	58	(1)
Health Effects of Carbon Monoxide	58	(1)
Health Effects of Lead	59	(3)
Conclusions	62	(6)
4 Local Ambient Air Quality Management	68	(21)
Dietrich Schwela
Introduction	69	(8)
Use of WHO Guidelines for Air Quality in Local Air Quality Management	77	(4)
Enforcement of Air Quality Standards: Clean Air Implementation Plans	81	(1)
Urban Air Quality Management in Europe	82	(7)
5 Rapid Assessment of Air Pollution and Health: Making Optimal Use of Data for Policy-and Decision-making	89	(19)
Yasmin von Schirnding
Introduction	90	(1)
Rapid Epidemiological Assessment	91	(3)
Individual Level Assessment Methods	94	(2)
Group Level Assessment Methods	96	(3)
Risk Assessment	99	(2)
Collection of Individual and Aggregate Level Data	101	(4)
Conclusions	105	(3)
6 A Systematic Approach to Air Quality Management: Examples from the URBAIR Cities	108	(21)
Steinar Larssen, Huib Jansen, Xander A 0lsthoorn, Jìtendra J Shah, Knut Aarbus and Fan Changzhong
Urban Air Quality Management and the URBAIR Project	108	(3)
Physical Assessment	111	(3)
Cost-benefit Analysis of Selected Measures	114	(2)
Action Plans	116	(1)
Policy Instruments and Plans for Air Quality Improvement in URBAIR Cities	117	(4)
Example: The Guangzhou Action Plan for Improved Air Quality	121	(5)
Conclusions	126	(3)
7 Indoor Air Pollution	129	(17)
Sameet Saksena and Kirk R Smith
Introduction	129	(2)
Concentrations and Exposures	131	(3)
Health Effects	134	(3)
Health Impacts	137	(1)
Knowledge Gaps and Necessary Research	138	(1)
Interventions	139	(3)
Conclusions	142	(4)
8 Vehicle Emissions and Health in Developing Countries	146	(30)
Michael P Walsh
Background and Introduction	147	(1)
Vehicle Population Trends and Characteristics	148	(3)
Adverse Health Effects Resulting from Vehicle Emissions	151	(8)
Strategies to Reduce Vehicle Emissions	159	(13)
Conclusions	172	(4)
9 Air Quality in Hong Kong and the Impact of Pollution on Health 1988-1997	176	(13)
Anthony, Johnson Hedley, Chit-Ming Wong, Tai-Hing Lam, Sarah Morag McGhee and Stefan Ma
Background	176	(3)
Methods	179	(1)
Findings	180	(4)
Discussion	184	(2)
Conclusions	186	(3)
10 Air Pollution and its Impacts on Health in Santiago, Chile	189	(17)
Bart D Ostro
Introduction	190	(1)
Epidemiological Overview	190	(1)
Studies in Santiago and their Comparability with Other Studies	191	(4)
Estimating the Quantitarive Health Impacts	195	(5)
Quantitative Results	200	(2)
Control Strategies	202	(4)
11 Air Quality and Health in Greater Johannesburg	206	(14)
Angela Mathee and Yasmin von Schirnding
Introducrion	206	(2)
Urbanization	208	(4)
Industrialization	212	(1)
Transport and Traffic	213	(3)
Programmes and Policies	216	(4)
Index	220