Air Quality Assessment and Management: A Practical Guide

by Harrop; Owen

• ISBN13: 9780415234115
• ISBN10: 0415234115
• eBook ISBN(s): 9781351989923
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2002-01-11
• Publisher: CRC Press
• More Book Details

Summary

Describes the techniques available for an AQA while detailing the concepts and methodologies involved. It reviews the principles of air quality management; primary sources of air pollution; impact of emissions on human health, flora and fauna; scoping of air quality impacts; baseline monitoring; impact prediction; impact significance; and pollution mitigation and control. Emphasis is on the practical side of AQA, with numerous international case studies and exercises to aid readers in their understanding of concepts and applications.

Author Biography

D. Owen Harrop, Cordah Limited, UK

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Dedication	xv
Acknowledgements	xvi
Introduction	1	(4)
Introduction	1	(1)
Air pollution - a concern	1	(3)
Book format	4	(1)
Air Pollution Sources and Types	5	(38)
Introduction	5	(1)
Composition of the atmosphere	5	(1)
Air pollution sources	6	(3)
Types of pollutants and their sources	9	(23)
Carcinogenic pollutants	12	(2)
Carbon monoxide	14	(2)
Carbon dioxide	16	(1)
Lead	16	(1)
Nitrogen dioxide	17	(2)
Ozone	19	(3)
Particulates	22	(1)
Sulphur dioxide	23	(3)
Dioxins and Furans	26	(4)
Other pollutants	30	(2)
Trends in air quality	32	(4)
Carbon monoxide	32	(1)
Lead	32	(1)
Nitrogen dioxide	33	(1)
Sulphur dioxide	33	(1)
Carbon dioxide	34	(1)
Ozone	35	(1)
Indoor air pollution	36	(7)
Smoking	41	(2)
Effects of Air Pollution	43	(36)
Introduction	43	(1)
Human health	43	(17)
Smogs and air pollution episodes	44	(4)
Assessing health effects	48	(3)
Asthma	51	(1)
Health effects of specific air pollutants	51	(9)
Flora	60	(2)
Fauna	62	(1)
Ecosystems	63	(1)
Materials	64	(2)
Visibility (particle haze)	66	(2)
Visual range	67	(1)
Strategic air quality issues	68	(11)
Acid rain	68	(3)
Ozone depletion	71	(1)
Greenhouse effect	72	(7)
Emission Inventories	79	(30)
Introduction	79	(1)
The purpose of emission inventories	80	(1)
Atmospheric emission inventory initiatives	81	(3)
Types of emission release and sources	84	(8)
Industrial emissions	85	(3)
Domestic emissions	88	(1)
Agricultural emissions	88	(1)
Motor vehicle emissions	89	(3)
Aircraft emissions	92	(1)
Information requirements	92	(3)
Examples of national emission inventories	95	(5)
UK national atmospheric emissions inventory	96	(1)
European emission inventories	97	(1)
Canadian national emission inventory	98	(1)
US national emission inventory	99	(1)
Transboundary emissions	100	(5)
Terrestrial	100	(3)
Marine	103	(2)
Pollution emission trends	105	(2)
Exercise	107	(2)
Air Pollution Monitoring	109	(38)
Introduction	109	(1)
Forms of monitoring	109	(1)
Site selection	109	(2)
Monitoring strategies	111	(2)
Monitoring standards and accreditation	113	(1)
Monitoring methods and techniques	113	(16)
Methods of measurement	114	(4)
Measurement techniques	118	(2)
Particulate measurement	120	(6)
Carbon monoxide	126	(1)
Sulphur dioxide	126	(1)
Oxides of nitrogen	127	(1)
Ozone	128	(1)
Volatile organic compounds	128	(1)
Lead	129	(1)
Odour measurement	129	(1)
Other equipment	130	(1)
Monitoring networks	130	(10)
GEMS	130	(4)
National and municipal air quality monitoring networks	134	(6)
Source monitoring	140	(7)
Point source monitoring	140	(4)
Mobile sources	144	(3)
Impact Prediction	147	(36)
Introduction	147	(1)
Mechanisms for dispersion	147	(9)
Wind speed and direction	148	(2)
Atmospheric turbulence	150	(3)
Temperature inversions	153	(1)
Topography	153	(2)
Plume formation	155	(1)
Air dispersion modelling	156	(4)
What is a model?	158	(2)
Model characteristics	160	(4)
Time and space scales	160	(1)
Frame of reference	160	(1)
Pollutants and reaction mechanisms	161	(1)
Treatment of turbulence	161	(1)
Topography	161	(1)
Plume additivity (treatment of multiple sources)	161	(1)
Model accuracy and limitations	162	(2)
Data requirements	164	(1)
Air dispersion modelling procedures	165	(1)
Stack height determination	165	(3)
Plume rise	168	(3)
Gaussian modelling	171	(3)
Extrapolating time average concentrations	174	(1)
Box models	174	(1)
Linear models	175	(1)
Physical models	175	(1)
Types of air dispersion models	176	(3)
Exercise	179	(4)
Impact Significance and Legislation	183	(48)
Introduction	183	(1)
Impact significance	183	(12)
EU air quality standards	185	(3)
World Health Organisation air quality guidelines	188	(3)
National air quality standards	191	(2)
Derived air quality standards	193	(2)
Air pollution indices	195	(5)
Risk assessment	200	(3)
Nuisance	203	(8)
Particulates	204	(1)
Odour	205	(5)
Visibility	210	(1)
Flora	211	(2)
Indoor air pollution	213	(1)
Pollution episodes	213	(2)
Air pollution legislation	215	(8)
Greenhouse gases	216	(1)
Ozone layer	216	(2)
International conventions	218	(1)
European Union	219	(4)
World Health Organisation	223	(1)
National air pollution control regimes	223	(5)
UK air pollution control regime	223	(3)
US air pollution control regime	226	(1)
Japanese air pollution control regime	227	(1)
Singaporean air pollution control regime	228	(1)
People's Republic of China legislative system	228	(1)
Public awareness	228	(3)
Mitigation, Control and Management	231	(38)
Introduction	231	(1)
What is mitigation and control?	231	(1)
Control of fugitive emissions	232	(5)
Fugitive dust control	232	(2)
Fugitive gaseous control	234	(1)
Visual inspections	235	(2)
Techniques for the control of gaseous emissions	237	(12)
General abatement techniques	237	(7)
Control of oxides of nitrogen	244	(1)
Control of sulphur dioxide	244	(1)
Odour control	245	(2)
Control of dioxin emissions	247	(2)
Techniques for the control of particulate emissions	249	(7)
Gravity settler	249	(1)
Cyclone	250	(1)
Fabric or bag filters	251	(1)
Electrostatic precipitators	251	(2)
Wet scrubber	253	(1)
Equipment selection	253	(3)
Control of emissions from agricultural practices	256	(1)
Flaring	256	(1)
Control of emissions from motor vechicles	257	(2)
Cost effectiveness	259	(2)
Air quality management	261	(8)
AQM process	263	(1)
Air quality management in the UK	264	(1)
Designation of air quality management areas	265	(1)
Air quality action plans	266	(3)
Site Inspection and Project Management	269	(10)
Introduction	269	(1)
Process inspection	269	(5)
Presentation to management	269	(1)
Orientation tour	270	(1)
Techniques	270	(3)
Verification techniques	273	(1)
Inspection findings	273	(1)
Close out meeting	273	(1)
Project management	274	(5)
Report writing	276	(1)
Financial control	277	(2)
Case Studies	279	(62)
Introduction	279	(1)
Case Study 1 - Screening air quality monitoring study	280	(2)
Case Study 2 - Indoor air quality health assessment	282	(1)
Case Study 3 - Emission inventory	283	(6)
Case Study 4 - Baseline air quality monitoring study	289	(5)
Sulphur dioxide and smoke	289	(2)
Nitrogen dioxide	291	(3)
Monitoring	294	(1)
Case Study 5 - Air dispersion modelling study	294	(1)
Case Study 6 - Quantitative health risk assessment	295	(4)
Case Study 7 - Air quality management	299	(12)
Screening study	306	(3)
Long-term calculations	309	(2)
Areas of expected exceedences of air quality objectives	311	(1)
Case Study 8 - Emission control	311	(1)
Case Study 9 - Spireslack open cast coal site	312	(8)
Method of assessment	313	(1)
Baseline air quality and metorological conditions	313	(2)
The proposed development	315	(1)
Potential emissions	316	(3)
Mitigation measures	319	(1)
Environmental consequences	319	(1)
Case Study 10 - Power station air dispersion modelling study	320	(4)
Meteorological data	320	(2)
Modelling parameters	322	(1)
Modelling results	322	(1)
Assessment of predicted concentrations	323	(1)
Comparison of predicted deposition levels with critical load levels	324	(1)
Environmental consequences	324	(1)
Case Study 11 - Widening of the Tolo/Fanling highway between the Island House Interchange and Fanling (Hong Kong), People's Republic of China	324	(8)
Description of study area	325	(4)
Construction phase air quality impacts	329	(1)
Operational phase air quality impacts	330	(2)
Environmental consequences	332	(1)
Case Study 12 - Emission inventory of VOCs	332	(2)
Case Study 13 - Assessment of air quality data	334	(3)
Case Study 14 - A comparison of model predictions and baseline monitoring data	337	(4)
Epilogue	341	(2)
Appendix	343	(14)
A1 Terminology	343	(3)
A2 Pollutants	346	(3)
A3 Units	349	(1)
A4 Annotations	350	(2)
A5 Useful contact details	352	(1)
A.5.1 National environmental agencies	352	(1)
A.5.2 International institutions	353	(1)
A6 Conversion tables	353	(4)
References	357	(20)
Country index	377	(2)
Subject index	379