Air Sampling and Industrial Hygiene Engineering

by Boss; Martha J.

• ISBN13: 9781566704175
• ISBN10: 1566704170
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-26
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

We know certain chemicals cause problems in the workplace. The issues now are: Where do they occur in the workplace? How can we best evaluate them? What are the procedures for dealing with them safely? Many books simply define the problem and tell you that you need a program. Air Sampling and Industrial Hygiene gives you a guide to air sampling protocols from start to finish. The book presents sampling technology updated with today's tools - such as microcircuitry and remote sensing. The authors emphasize an interdisciplinary approach to understanding how air monitoring can adequately report current environmental conditions associated with outdoor media, indoor remediation efforts, proximal equipment, interior line monitoring, and the interrelationship of ventilation parameters. In addition to providing the how-tos of sampling, this guide covers the basics of chemical risk assessment, biological assessment, engineering evaluation of mechanical system design criteria, and chemical or process engineering hazard assessments. It presents the information using text, text outlines, graphics, and pictures - including cross sections of instrumentation and side bars to elaborate on complex concepts. Faulty readings caused by poor sampling techniques can be very costly. This book provides the how-tos for making design engineering and on-site decisions as to instrumentation selection and scheduled usage. Air Sampling and Industrial Hygiene Engineering will allow you to complete the sampling process systematically and correctly from initial suspicions to the use of obtained results.

Table of Contents

Air Sampling Introduction	1	(8)
Documentation	1	(1)
Sample Documentation	1	(1)
Competency for Sampling Technicians	2	(1)
Sampling Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA)	2	(1)
Security	2	(4)
Sample Containers---Laboratory	3	(1)
Sample Handling and Decontamination	3	(1)
Procedures for Packing and Shipping Low Concentration Samples	4	(1)
Procedures for Packing and Shipping Medium Concentration Samples	4	(1)
Chain-of-Custody Records	5	(1)
Mailing---Bulk and Air Samples	5	(1)
Equipment Precautions	6	(1)
Batteries	6	(1)
Alkaline Batteries	6	(1)
Rechargeable Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cad) Batteries	6	(1)
Adverse Temperature Effects	7	(1)
Explosive Atmospheres	7	(1)
Atmospheres Containing Carcinogens	7	(2)
Air Sampling Instrumentation Options	9	(70)
Volatile Organic Compounds	9	(23)
Photoionization Detector (PID)	9	(3)
Calibration	12	(1)
Maintenance	13	(1)
Infrared Analyzers	13	(1)
Calibration	14	(1)
Maintenance	14	(1)
Remote Collection	14	(1)
Oxygen/Combustible Gas Indicators (O2/CGI)/Toxin Sensors	14	(2)
Remote Probes and Diffusion Grids	16	(1)
Calibration Alert and Documentation	17	(1)
Alarms	18	(1)
Recommendations for Oxygen/Combustible Gas Indicators	18	(1)
Relative Response	19	(1)
Relative Response and Toxic Atmosphere Data	19	(1)
Special Considerations	20	(1)
Calibration	20	(1)
Maintenance	20	(1)
Oxygen Meters	21	(1)
Solid Sorbent Tubes	21	(1)
Calibration Procedures	22	(2)
Vapor Badges	24	(1)
Detector Tubes	24	(5)
Performance Data	29	(1)
Leakage Test	29	(1)
Calibration Test	29	(1)
Special Considerations	30	(1)
Formaldehyde	31	(1)
Ozone Meter	32	(1)
Calibration	32	(1)
Maintenance	33	(1)
Toxic Gas Meters	33	(1)
Calibration	33	(1)
Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOC)	34	(4)
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons	34	(2)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Creosote	36	(1)
Pesticides and PAHs---PUF	37	(1)
Acid Gases or Caustics	38	(5)
Impingers	38	(1)
Sorbent Tubes	38	(1)
Detectors	39	(1)
pH Litmus Paper or Meter	40	(1)
Calibration	40	(3)
Mercury Analyzer---Gold Film Analyzer	43	(1)
Jerome Mercury Analyzer	43	(1)
Survey Procedures	44	(1)
Precautions for Area Surveys	44	(1)
Calibration	44	(1)
Maintenance	44	(1)
Particulates---Sampled by Filtration/Impaction	44	(1)
Gravimetric Filter Weighing Procedure	45	(1)
Total Dust and Metal Fumes	46	(1)
Respirable Dust	46	(4)
Cyclones	47	(1)
Silica Respirable Dust---Cyclone Collection	48	(1)
Cyclone Cleaning	48	(2)
Inhalable Dusts	50	(1)
Personnel Environmental Monitors (PEMs)	51	(1)
Welding Fumes	52	(1)
Asbestos	52	(8)
Direct-Reading Dust Monitors	60	(5)
Condensation Nuclei Counters (CNCs)	60	(1)
Calibration	61	(1)
Maintenance	62	(1)
Photodetection	62	(1)
Calibration	62	(1)
Maintenance	62	(1)
Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM)	63	(2)
Biologicals	65	(5)
General Sampling Protocols	66	(1)
Contact and Grab Sampling	67	(1)
Reuter Central Fugal System (RCS)	67	(2)
Exit Requirements	69	(1)
Static Placement Impingement	69	(1)
Bioaerosols	69	(1)
Radiation Monitors and Meters	70	(1)
Light Meter	70	(1)
Calibration	70	(1)
Maintenance	70	(1)
Ionizing Radiation	71	(4)
Ionization Detectors	71	(1)
Gas Proportional Detectors	71	(1)
Ion Chamber	71	(1)
GM Detector	72	(1)
Scintillation Detectors	72	(1)
Counting Efficiency	73	(1)
Monitoring for Radioactive Contamination	74	(1)
Daily Use Checks	75	(1)
Survey Instrument Calibration	75	(1)
Nonionizing Radiation	75	(4)
Guidance	76	(1)
Broadband Field Strength Meters	76	(1)
Calibration	77	(1)
Maintenance	77	(2)
Calibration Techniques	79	(12)
Calibration Requirements	79	(3)
Calibration Assurance	80	(1)
Decontamination	80	(1)
Maintenance	80	(2)
Manual Buret Bubble Meter Technique (Primary Calibration)	82	(1)
Bubble Meter Method	82	(1)
Electronic Flow Calibrators	83	(3)
Cleaning before Use	84	(1)
Leak Testing	85	(1)
Verification of Calibration	85	(1)
Shipping and Handling	86	(1)
Precautions and Warnings	86	(1)
Electronic Bubble Meter Method	86	(1)
Dry Flow Calibration	87	(1)
Precision Rotameter Method (Secondary)	87	(2)
Replacing the Bubble Meter with a Precision Rotameter	89	(1)
Span Gas	89	(1)
Bump Testing	90	(1)
Statistical Analysis and Relevance	91	(18)
Definitions	91	(1)
Example---Outline of Bulk Sampling QA/QC Procedure	92	(4)
Example---Outline of the NIOSH 7400 QA Procedure	96	(4)
Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision of. 45	96	(1)
Precision: Laboratory Uses a Precision SR That is Better Than.45	96	(2)
Records to Be Kept in a QA/QC System	98	(1)
Field Monitoring Procedures---Air Sample	98	(1)
Calibration	98	(1)
Negative Air Pressure	99	(1)
Compressor	99	(1)
Recordkeeping and Sample Storage	99	(1)
Sampling and Analytical Errors	100	(2)
Determining SAEs	101	(1)
Environmental Variables	101	(1)
Confidence Limits	101	(1)
Sampling Methods	102	(1)
Full-Period, Continuous Single Sampling	102	(1)
Full-Period, Consecutive Sampling	102	(1)
Grab Sampling	102	(1)
Calculations	103	(3)
Calculation Method for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample	104	(1)
Sample Calculation for a Full-Period, Continuous Single Sample	104	(1)
Calculation Method for Full-Period Consecutive Sampling	104	(1)
Sample Calculation for Full-Period Consecutive Sampling	105	(1)
Grab Sampling	106	(1)
SAEs---Exposure to Chemical Mixtures	106	(3)
Chemical Risk Assessment	109	(10)
Baseline Risk Assessment	109	(1)
Conceptual Site Model	110	(1)
Source Areas	110	(1)
Possible Receptors	110	(1)
Chemicals of Potential Concern	110	(1)
Human Health BLRA Criteria	111	(1)
Toxicity Assessment	111	(1)
Toxicological Profiles	112	(1)
Uncertainties Related to Toxicity Information	112	(1)
Potentially Exposed Populations	113	(1)
Exposure Pathways	113	(1)
Sources	113	(1)
Environmental Fate and Transport of COPCs	114	(1)
Exposure Points and Exposure Routes	114	(1)
Complete Exposure Pathways Evaluated	114	(1)
Ecological Risk Assessment	114	(1)
Data Evaluation and Data Gaps	115	(1)
Uncertainties	116	(1)
Uncertainties Related to Toxicity Information	116	(1)
Uncertainties in the Exposure Assessment	116	(1)
Risk Characterization	117	(1)
Headspace Monitoring---Volatiles	117	(1)
O2/CGI	117	(1)
Industrial Monitoring---Process Safety Management	118	(1)
Bulk Samples	118	(1)
Biological Risk Assessment	119	(16)
Fungi, Molds, and Risk	121	(2)
What Is the Difference between Molds, Fungi, and Yeasts?	122	(1)
How Would I Become Exposed to Fungi That Would Create a Health Effect?	122	(1)
What Types of Molds Are Commonly Found Indoors?	122	(1)
Are Mold Counts Helpful?	122	(1)
What Can Happen with Mold-Caused Health Disorders?	123	(1)
Biological Agents and Fungi Types	123	(2)
Alternaria	123	(1)
Aureobasidium	124	(1)
Cladosporium	124	(1)
Rhodotorula	124	(1)
Stemphylium	124	(1)
Sterile Fungi	124	(1)
Yeast	125	(1)
Aspergillus	125	(2)
What Color Are These Molds?	125	(1)
How Is Aspergillus Spread?	125	(1)
How Does Aspergillus Grow/Amplify?	125	(1)
What Conditions Help Aspergillus Grow/Amplify?	125	(1)
Can Mold/Fungi Make You Sick?	126	(1)
What Are the Symptoms of Aspergillosis?	126	(1)
Does Aspergillus Cause Deterioration of Materials?	126	(1)
What Happens If Aspergillus Colonies Grow inside Construction Layers?	126	(1)
How Is Aspergillus Identified?	126	(1)
How Are Levels of Aspergillus Communicated?	127	(1)
Why Do Aspergillus Colonies Look Black?	127	(1)
What Will Biotesting of the Air Show?	127	(1)
What Can Be Done to Prevent Aspergillus Growth?	127	(1)
Penicillium	127	(2)
What Do Samples Look Like?	128	(1)
What Species of Penicillium Are Used to Produce Antibiotics?	128	(1)
What Other Fungi Grow Where Penicillium Grows?	128	(1)
If Penicillium Grows Everywhere, What Is the Concern?	128	(1)
How Does Penicillium Enter the Body?	128	(1)
Are There Particular Species of Penicillium about Which I Should Be Concerned?	128	(1)
Fungi and Disease	129	(2)
Blastomyces dermatitidis	129	(1)
Coccidioides immitis	129	(1)
Histoplasma capsulatum	130	(1)
Sporothrix schenckii	130	(1)
Pathogenic Members of the Genera Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton	130	(1)
Miscellaneous Molds	130	(1)
Fusarium	130	(1)
Fungi Control	131	(1)
Ubiquitous Fungi	131	(1)
Infection	131	(1)
Immediate Worker Protection	131	(1)
Decontamination	132	(1)
Fungi and VOCs	132	(1)
Controlling Fungi	132	(1)
Abatement	132	(3)
Indoor Air Quality and Environments	135	(20)
Ventilation Design Guide	135	(1)
Example Design Conditions Guidance	135	(1)
Outside Design Conditions	136	(1)
Inside Design Conditions	136	(1)
Mechanical Room Layout Requirements	136	(1)
Electrical Equipment/Panel Coordination	136	(1)
General Piping Requirements	137	(1)
Roof-Mounted Equipment	138	(1)
Vibration Isolation/Equipment Pads	138	(1)
Instrumentation	138	(1)
Redundancy	138	(1)
Exterior Heat Distribution System	139	(4)
Determination of Existing Heat Distribution Systems	139	(1)
Selection of Heat Distribution Systems	139	(1)
AG Systems	139	(1)
CST Systems	139	(1)
Buried Conduit (preapproved type)	140	(1)
Buried Conduit (not preapproved type)	140	(1)
Design of Heat Distribution Systems	141	(1)
Existing System Capacity	141	(1)
General Design Considerations	141	(1)
Identification	142	(1)
Thermal Insulation of Mechanical Systems	143	(1)
Plumbing System	143	(2)
Piping Run	143	(1)
Back-Siphonage	144	(1)
Compressed Air System	145	(2)
Compressor Selection and Analysis	146	(1)
Compressor Capacity	146	(1)
Compressor Location and Foundations	146	(1)
Makeup Air	146	(1)
Compressed Air Outlets	147	(1)
Refrigerated Dryer	147	(1)
Air Supply and Distribution Systems	147	(1)
Basic Design Principles	147	(1)
Temperature Settings	147	(1)
Air-Conditioning Loads	148	(1)
Infiltration	148	(1)
Outdoor Air Intakes	148	(1)
Filtration	148	(1)
Economizer Cycle	148	(1)
Ductwork Design	148	(2)
Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems	149	(1)
Special Criteria for Humid Areas	149	(1)
Evaporative Cooling	150	(1)
Ventilation and Exhaust Systems	150	(2)
Supply and Exhaust Fans	150	(1)
General Items	151	(1)
Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of HVAC Systems	152	(1)
Ventilation Adequacy	152	(1)
Laboratory Fume Hood Performance Criteria	152	(1)
Flow Hoods	153	(1)
Calibration	153	(1)
Maintenance	153	(1)
Thermoanemometers	153	(1)
Calibration	153	(1)
Maintenance	153	(1)
Other Velometers	153	(2)
Area Monitoring and Contingency Planning	155	(36)
Area of Influence Perimeter	155	(11)
Evaluation of Hazardous Waste/Chemical Risk Sites	155	(1)
Off-Site Characterization before Site Entry	155	(1)
Interview/Records Research	156	(1)
On-Site Survey	156	(1)
Potential IDLH Conditions	157	(1)
Perimeter Reconnaissance	157	(1)
On-Site Survey	158	(2)
Chemical Hazard Monitoring	160	(1)
Skin and Dermal Hazards	160	(1)
Potential Eye Irritation	161	(1)
Explosion and Flammability Ranges	161	(1)
Monitoring	161	(1)
Field Logbook Entries	162	(1)
Radiation Monitoring	163	(1)
Area Monitoring	163	(1)
Contamination Surveys	163	(1)
Exposure Rate Surveys	164	(1)
Personnel Monitoring	164	(2)
Evacuation Zones	166	(2)
Emergency Equipment Locations	166	(1)
Site Security and Control	167	(1)
Incident/Accident Report	167	(1)
Site Work Zone	168	(4)
Integrated Sampling Example	168	(1)
Field QA and QC Example	169	(1)
Invasive Work Sampling Example	169	(1)
Sampling and Initial Site Work Hazard Analysis Example	170	(1)
Perimeter Monitoring	170	(1)
Air Sampling and Monitoring Example	170	(1)
Water Sampling Example	171	(1)
Surface Soil/Sediment Sampling Example	171	(1)
Radiation Sites	172	(19)
Atomic Structure	172	(1)
Radioactive Decay	172	(1)
Activity	172	(1)
Decay Law	173	(1)
Half-Life	173	(1)
Types of Ionizing Radiation	174	(1)
Alpha Particles	175	(1)
Beta Particles	175	(1)
Gamma Rays	175	(1)
X-rays	175	(1)
Rules of Thumb	175	(1)
Excitation/Ionization	175	(1)
Characteristics of Different Types of Ionizing Radiation	176	(1)
Exposure (roentgen)	176	(1)
Absorbed Dose (rad)	177	(1)
Dose Equivalent (rem)	177	(1)
Effective Dose Equivalent	178	(1)
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation	178	(1)
Radiosensitivity	178	(1)
Human Health Effects	179	(1)
Stochastic Effects	179	(1)
Nonstochastic Effects	180	(1)
Determinants of Dose	180	(1)
External Exposures	180	(1)
Internal Exposures	181	(1)
Sources of Exposure	181	(1)
Occupational Exposure	181	(1)
Nonoccupational Exposure	181	(1)
Exposure Limits	182	(1)
Basis of Recent Guidelines	182	(1)
Regulatory Limits for Occupational Exposure	182	(1)
Recommended Exposure Limits for Pregnant Workers	183	(1)
Radiation Risk	184	(1)
Philosophy of Current Radiation Safety Practice	184	(1)
Internal Radiation Protection	184	(1)
Protection against Ingestion	185	(1)
Protection against Inhalation	185	(1)
Protection against Absorption	185	(1)
External Radiation Protection	185	(1)
Minimizing Exposure Time	186	(1)
Maximizing Distance from Source	186	(1)
Shielding the Source	187	(1)
Emergency Procedures	188	(1)
Personal Contamination	188	(1)
Minor Spills (Microcurie Quantities of Most Nuclides)	188	(1)
For Major Spills (Millicurie Quantities of Most Nuclides)	189	(2)
Microcircuitry and Remote Monitoring	191	(12)
Continuous IAQ Monitoring in Buildings	191	(3)
IAQ Evaluations	192	(1)
Characterization for IAQ Assessment	193	(1)
Source Assessment and Remediation	193	(1)
IAQ Risk Assessment	194	(1)
Industrial/Remediation Process Monitoring	194	(9)
Process Safety Management Example Scope of Work	194	(1)
Provide List for Hazard and Operability Study	195	(1)
Process Hazard Analysis	195	(1)
Hazard and Operability Study	196	(1)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)	196	(1)
Fault Tree Analysis	196	(1)
Design Analysis	196	(1)
Site Safety and Health Plans	196	(1)
Health and Safety Design Analysis (HSDA)	197	(1)
Drawings	197	(1)
Specifications	197	(1)
Design Analysis Example---Wastewater Treatment	198	(5)
Occupational Health---Air Monitoring Strategies	203	(18)
Exposure Measurements	204	(1)
STEL Sampling	204	(1)
Exposure Fluctuations	205	(1)
Air-Sampling Pump User Operation	205	(3)
Pump Donning	205	(1)
Pump Checking	205	(1)
Pump Doffing	205	(3)
Air Sampling---Asbestos	208	(5)
Sampling Prior to Asbestos Work	209	(1)
Sampling during Asbestos Abatement Work	210	(1)
Sampling after Final Cleanup (Clearance Sampling)	210	(1)
NIOSH Method	210	(1)
Air Sampling Documentation	211	(1)
Asbestos Exposure Monitoring (29 CFR 1910.1001 and 29 CFR 1926.1101)	212	(1)
Initial Monitoring	213	(1)
Historical Documentation for Initial Monitoring	213	(1)
Objective Data for Initial Monitoring	213	(1)
Crystalline Silica Samples Analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)	213	(4)
Air Samples	213	(1)
Laboratory Results for Air Samples	214	(1)
Bulk Samples	215	(1)
Sample Calculations for Crystalline Silica Exposures	216	(1)
Sample Calculation for Silica Exposure	216	(1)
Metals---Welding	217	(1)
General Technique for Wipe Sampling	217	(4)
Filter Media and Solvents	217	(1)
Wipe Sampling Procedures	218	(1)
Special Technique for Wipe Sampling With Acids and Bases	219	(1)
Direct-Reading Instruments	219	(1)
Aromatic Amines	219	(1)
Special Considerations	219	(1)
Fluorescent Screening for Carcinogenic Aromatic Amines	219	(1)
Alternate Screening Methods for Aromatic Amines	220	(1)
Monitoring for Toxicological Risk	221	(12)
Types of Sampling	221	(1)
Long-Term Samples	221	(1)
Short-Term Samples	222	(1)
Area Samples	222	(1)
Wipe Samples	222	(1)
Quality Control	222	(1)
Exposure Evaluation Criteria	223	(1)
Examples of Chemicals That Require Monitoring	223	(4)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)	223	(1)
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)	223	(1)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)	224	(1)
Ammonia (NH3)	224	(1)
Benzene	224	(1)
Hydrogen Cyanide or Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN)	224	(1)
Lead	224	(2)
Flammable Chemicals	226	(1)
Reactive Hazards---Oxidizers	227	(1)
Paint	227	(1)
Cleaning Supplies	227	(1)
Compressed Gases	227	(1)
Confined Space Monitoring	227	(2)
Entry Permits	228	(1)
Bump Testing	228	(1)
Monitoring for LEL and O2 Levels	228	(1)
Isolation	229	(1)
Confined Space---Cautionary Statements	229	(1)
Stratified Atmospheres	229	(1)
Welding	229	(4)
Effects of Toxic Gases	230	(1)
Ventilation	230	(1)
Ventilation in Confined Spaces during Welding	231	(1)
Fume Avoidance	231	(1)
Light Rays	231	(1)
Infrared Rays	232	(1)
Noise	232	(1)
Gas Welding and Cutting	232	(1)
Risk Communication and Environmental Monitoring	233	(22)
Federal Legislation	233	(2)
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA90)	233	(1)
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act	234	(1)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976	234	(1)
State/Local Regulations	235	(1)
Key Compliance Requirements	235	(3)
Steam-Generating Units [greater than 29 MW (100 MBtu/h)]	235	(1)
Steam-Generating Units [2.9 MW (10 MBtu/h) to 29 MW]	235	(1)
Fuel-Burning Facilities	236	(1)
Stationary Gas Turbines	236	(1)
Municipal Waste Combustor	236	(1)
Incinerators	236	(1)
Sewage Sludge Incinerators	236	(1)
Beryllium Incinerators	236	(1)
Incineration of Sewage Sludge	237	(1)
Gasoline Dispensing	237	(1)
Rotogravure Printing Presses	237	(1)
Fugitive Emissions	237	(1)
Sulfuric and Nitric Acid Plants	238	(1)
CFCs and Halons	238	(1)
Degreasing Operations	238	(1)
Key Compliance Definitions	238	(13)
Community Relations	251	(4)
Notification	252	(1)
Fact Sheets	252	(1)
Explaining Air Monitoring to the General Public	252	(1)
Employee Education	253	(1)
Public Accessibility	253	(1)
Repository	253	(1)
Dialogue	254	(1)
Glossary of Terms	255	(10)
Index	265