Aircraft Design : A Conceptual Approach

by Raymer, Daniel P.

• ISBN13: 9781563472817
• ISBN10: 1563472813
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-08-01
• Publisher: Amer Inst of Aeronautics &

Summary

This highly regarded textbook presents the entire process of aircraft conceptual design--from requirements definition to initial sizing, configuration layout, analysis, sizing, and trade studies--in the same manner seen in industry aircraft design groups. The book has more than 900 pages of design methods, illustrations, tips, explanations, and equations, and has extensive appendices with key data essential to design. With the third edition, Raymer has updated his book to reflect the latest advances in technologies such as hypersonics, stealth, and STOVL, and the newest design methods including concurrent engineering, cost as an independent variable, and the impact of the factory of the future. Expanded are treatments of such key areas as jet engine installation, CFD, trim analysis, CAD/CAM, propeller thrust analysis, weights estimation, cost analysis, and multivariable optimization. A step-by-step description of how a typical design is developed (with illustrations) is included, and also describes the technical concepts behind some unusual design approaches su

Table of Contents

Author's Note	xvii
Design---A Separate Discipline
What Is Design?	1	(1)
Introduction to the Book	1	(2)
Overview of the Design Process
Introduction	3	(1)
Phases of Aircraft Design	3	(5)
Aircraft Conceptual Design Process	8	(4)
Integrated Product Development and Aircraft Design	12	(3)
Sizing from a Conceptual sketch
Introduction	15	(1)
Takeoff-Weight Buildup	15	(1)
Empty-Weight Estimation	16	(1)
Fuel-Fraction Estimation	17	(10)
Takeoff-Weight Calculation	27	(2)
Design Example: Asw Aircraft	29	(10)
Airfoil and Geometry Selection
Introduction	39	(1)
Airfoil Selection	39	(15)
Wing Geometry	54	(20)
Biplane Wings	74	(2)
Tail Geometry and Arrangement	76	(11)
Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Wing Loading
Introduction	87	(1)
Thrust-to-Weight Ratio	88	(6)
Wing Loading	94	(17)
Selection of Thrust-to-Weight and Wing Loading	111	(2)
Initial Sizing
Introduction	113	(1)
Rubber-Engine Sizing	114	(7)
Fixed-Engine Sizing	121	(1)
Geometry Sizing	122	(4)
Control-Surface Sizing	126	(5)
Configuration Layout and Loft
Introduction	131	(1)
End Products of Configuration Layout	131	(5)
Conic Lofting	136	(6)
Conic Fuselage Development	142	(7)
Flat-Wrap Fuselage Lofting	149	(2)
Circle-to-Square Adapter	151	(2)
Fuselage Loft Verification	153	(2)
Wing/Tail Layout and Loft	155	(11)
Wetted Area Determination	166	(2)
Volume Determination	168	(1)
Use of CAD in Conceptual Design	169	(6)
Special Considerations in Configuration Layout
Introduction	175	(1)
Aerodynamic Considerations	175	(8)
Structural Considerations	183	(8)
Radar Detectability	191	(10)
Infrared Detectability	201	(1)
Visual Detectability	201	(1)
Aural Signature	202	(1)
Vulnerability Considerations	203	(2)
Crashworthiness Considerations	205	(1)
Producibility Considerations	206	(5)
Maintainability Considerations	211	(4)
Crew Station, Passengers, and Payload
Introduction	215	(1)
Crew Station	215	(4)
Passenger compartment	219	(1)
Cargo Provisions	220	(2)
Weapons Carriage	222	(4)
Gun Installation	226	(3)
Propulsion and Fuel System Integration
Introduction	229	(1)
Propulsion Selection	229	(3)
Jet-Engine Integration	232	(28)
Propeller-Engine Integration	260	(7)
Fuel System	267	(4)
Landing Gear and Subsystems
Introduction	271	(1)
Landing Gear Arrangements	271	(5)
Tire Sizing	276	(7)
Shock Absorbers	283	(7)
Castoring-Wheel Geometry	290	(1)
Gear-Retraction Geometry	291	(3)
Seaplanes	294	(2)
Subsystems	296	(11)
INTERMISSION: STEP-BY-STEP DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DESIGN	307	(472)
Aerodynamics
Introduction	315	(1)
Aerodynamic Forces	315	(5)
Aerodynamic Coefficients	320	(2)
Lift	322	(18)
Parasite (Zero-Lift) Drag	340	(19)
Drag Due to Lift (Induced Drag)	359	(9)
Aerodynamic Codes and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)	368	(11)
Propulsion
Introduction	379	(2)
Jet-Engine Thrust Considerations	381	(3)
Turbojet Installed Thrust	384	(1)
Thrust-Drag Bookkeeping	384	(1)
Installed-Thrust Methodology	385	(8)
Piston-Engine Performance	393	(7)
Turboprop Performance	400	(3)
Structures and Loads
Introduction	403	(1)
Loads Categories	404	(2)
Air Loads	406	(11)
Inertial Loads	417	(1)
Powerplant Loads	418	(1)
Landing-Gear Loads	418	(1)
Structures Fundamentals	419	(6)
Material Selection	425	(3)
Material Properties	428	(13)
Structural-Analysis Fundamentals	441	(20)
Finite-Element Structural Analysis	461	(6)
Weights
Introduction	467	(3)
Approximate Group Weights Method	470	(1)
Statistical Group Weights Method	470	(9)
Additional Considerations in Weights Estimation	479	(2)
Stability, Control, and Handling Qualities
Introduction	481	(2)
Coordinate Systems and Definitions	483	(1)
Longitudinal Static Stability and Control	484	(21)
Lateral-Directional Static Stability and Control	505	(9)
Stick-Free Stability	514	(1)
Effects of Flexibility	514	(2)
Dynamic Stability	516	(4)
Quasi-Steady State	520	(2)
Inertia Coupling	522	(1)
Handling Qualities	523	(8)
Performance and Flight Mechanics
Introduction and Equations of Motion	531	(1)
Steady Level Flight	532	(9)
Steady Climbing and Descending Flight	541	(4)
Level Turning Flight	545	(3)
Gliding Flight	548	(4)
Energy-Maneuverability Methods	552	(9)
Operating Envelope	561	(2)
Takeoff Analysis	563	(4)
Landing Analysis	567	(2)
Other Fighter Performance Measures of Merit	569	(10)
Cost Analysis
Introduction	579	(1)
Elements of Life-Cycle Cost	580	(3)
Cost-Estimating Methods	583	(1)
RDT&E and Production Costs	584	(5)
Operations and Maintenance Costs	589	(4)
Cost Measures of Merit (Military)	593	(1)
Aircraft and Airline Economics	593	(4)
Sizing and Trade Studies
Introduction	597	(1)
Detailed Sizing Methods	597	(1)
Improved Conceptual Sizing Methods	598	(5)
Sizing Matrix and Carpet Plots	603	(7)
Trade Studies	610	(7)
Design of Unique Aircraft Concepts
Introduction	617	(1)
Jet VTOL	617	(22)
Prop VTOL and Helicopter	639	(18)
Hypersonic Vehicles	657	(4)
Flying Wing, Tailless, Lifting Fuselage, and Blended Wing-Body	661	(3)
Delta and Double-Delta Wing	664	(3)
Forward-Swept Wing	667	(2)
Canard-Pusher	669	(1)
Multi-Fuselage	670	(2)
Asymmetrical	672	(4)
Joined Wing	676	(1)
Wing-in-Ground Effect	677	(2)
Unmanned/Uninhabited	679	(2)
Conceptual Design Examples
Introduction	681	(1)
Single-Seat Aerobatic	682	(44)
Lightweight Supercruise Fighter	726	(53)
Appendix A. Unit Conversion	779	(40)
Appendix B. Standard Atmosphere, Compressible Flow, and Shocks
B.1 Standard Atmosphere	784	(4)
B.2 Compressible Flow Tables	788	(12)
B.3 Shock Charts	800	(15)
Appendix C. Airspeed
C.1 Airspeed Relationships	815	(1)
C.2 Airspeed Conversion Charts	816	(3)
Appendix D. Airfoil Data	819	(48)
Appendix E. Typical Engine Performance Curves
E.1 Afterburning Turbofan	853	(6)
E.2 High-Bypass Turbofan	859	(4)
E.3 Turboprop	863	(4)
Appendix F. Design Requirements and Specifications	867	(6)
References	873	(6)
Questions	879	(10)
Index	889