Aircraft Design : A Conceptual Approach

by Raymer, Daniel P.

• ISBN13: 9781563478291
• ISBN10: 1563478293
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-08-31
• Publisher: Amer Inst of Aeronautics &

Summary

This highly regarded textbook presents the entire process of aircraft conceptual design--from requirements definition to initial sizing, configuration layout, analysis, sizing, and trade studies--in the same manner seen in industry aircraft design groups. Interesting and easy to read, the book has more than 900 pages of design methods, illustrations, tips, explanations, and equations, and has extensive appendices with key data essential to design. The book is the required design text at numerous universities around the world and is a favorite of practicing design engineers. The new fourth edition is enhanced in many areas, with improvements and reworking of the text, expanded sizing and analysis methods, and up-to-date treatments of emerging technologies and concepts. A new section provides an introduction to spaceflight and rockets including thrust analysis and vehicle sizing for launch and planetary missions. Appendices are revised and additional exam questions are provided.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Author's Note Concerning Use of Metric Weight Units	xix
Design---A Separate Discipline	1	(2)
What is Design?	1	(1)
Introduction to the Book	1	(2)
Overview of the Design Process	3	(12)
Introduction	3	(1)
Phases of Aircraft Design	3	(5)
Aircraft Conceptual Design Process	8	(4)
Integrated Product Development and Aircraft Design	12	(3)
Sizing from a Conceptual Sketch	15	(22)
Introduction	15	(1)
Takeoff-Weight Buildup	16	(1)
Empty-Weight Estimation	16	(2)
Fuel-Fraction Estimation	18	(9)
Takeoff-Weight Calculation	27	(1)
Design Example: ASW Aircraft	28	(9)
Airfoil and Geometry Selection	37	(50)
Introduction	37	(1)
Airfoil Selection	37	(14)
Wing Geometry	51	(20)
Biplane Wings	71	(2)
Tail Geometry and Arrangement	73	(14)
Thrust-to-Weight Ratio and Wing Loading	87	(24)
Introduction	87	(1)
Thrust-to-Weight Ratio	88	(6)
Wing Loading	94	(16)
Selection of Thrust to Weight and Wing Loading	110	(1)
Initial Sizing	111	(16)
Introduction	111	(1)
``Rubber'' vs ``Fixed-Size'' Engines	111	(1)
Rubber-Engine Sizing	112	(6)
Fixed-Engine Sizing	118	(1)
Geometry Sizing	119	(4)
Control-Surface Sizing	123	(4)
Configuration Layout and Loft	127	(42)
Introduction	127	(1)
End Products of Configuration Layout	127	(5)
Conic Lofting	132	(6)
Conic Fuselage Development	138	(8)
Flat-Wrap Fuselage Lofting	146	(1)
Circle-to-Square Adapter	147	(1)
Fuselage Loft Verification	148	(1)
Wing/Tail Layout and Loft	149	(12)
Wetted Area Determination	161	(2)
Volume Determination	163	(1)
Use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) in a Conceptual Design	164	(5)
Special Considerations in Configuration Layout	169	(40)
Introduction	169	(1)
Aerodynamic Considerations	169	(8)
Structural Considerations	177	(8)
Radar Detectability	185	(10)
Infrared Detectability	195	(1)
Visual Detectability	196	(1)
Aural Signature	197	(1)
Vulnerability Considerations	197	(2)
Crashworthiness Considerations	199	(2)
Productibility Considerations	201	(4)
Maintainability Considerations	205	(4)
Crew Station, Passengers, and Payload	209	(12)
Introduction	209	(1)
Crew Station	209	(4)
Passenger Compartment	213	(1)
Cargo Provisions	214	(2)
Weapons Carriage	216	(3)
Gun Installation	219	(2)
Propulsion and Fuel System Integration	221	(40)
Introduction	221	(1)
Propulsion Selection	221	(3)
Jet-Engine Integration	224	(26)
Propeller-Engine Integration	250	(7)
Fuel System	257	(4)
Landing Gear and Subsystems	261	(42)
Introduction	261	(1)
Landing Gear Arrangements	261	(5)
Tire Sizing	266	(6)
Shock Absorbers	272	(7)
Castoring-Wheel Geometry	279	(1)
Gear-Retraction Geometry	280	(3)
Seaplanes	283	(2)
Subsystems	285	(18)
Intermission: Step-by-Step Development of a New Design	295	(8)
Aerodynamics	303	(62)
Introduction	303	(1)
Aerodynamics Forces	304	(4)
Aerodynamics Coefficients	308	(1)
Lift	309	(18)
Parasite (Zero-Lift) Drag	327	(19)
Drag due to Lift (Induced Drag)	346	(8)
Aerodynamics Codes and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)	354	(11)
Propulsion	365	(24)
Introduction	365	(2)
Jet-Engine Thrust Considerations	367	(3)
Turbojet Installed Thrust	370	(1)
Thrust-Drag Bookkeeping	370	(1)
Installed-Thrust Methodology	371	(8)
Piston-Engine Performance	379	(7)
Turboprop Performance	386	(3)
Structures and Loads	389	(62)
Introduction	389	(1)
Loads Categories	390	(2)
Air Loads	392	(10)
Inertial Loads	402	(1)
Powerplant Loads	402	(1)
Landing-Gear Loads	402	(1)
Structures Fundamentals	403	(5)
Material Selection	408	(5)
Material Properties	413	(12)
Structural-Analysis Fundamentals	425	(18)
Finite Element Structural Analysis	443	(8)
Weights	451	(16)
Introduction	451	(3)
Approximate Group Weights Method	454	(1)
Statistical Group Weights Method	454	(9)
Additional Considerations in Weights Estimation	463	(4)
Stability, Control, and Handling Qualities	467	(48)
Introduction	467	(2)
Coordinate Systems and Definitions	469	(1)
Longitudinal Static Stability and Control	470	(20)
Lateral-Directional Static Stability and Control	490	(9)
Stick-Free Stability	499	(1)
Effects of Flexibility	499	(2)
Dynamic Stability	501	(4)
Quasi Steady State	505	(1)
Inertia Coupling	506	(2)
Handling Qualities	508	(7)
Performance and Flight Mechanics	515	(46)
Introduction and Equations of Motion	515	(1)
Steady Level Flight	516	(9)
Steady Climbing and Descending Flight	525	(4)
Level Turning Flight	529	(3)
Gliding Flight	532	(4)
Energy-Maneuverability Methods	536	(8)
Operating Envelope	544	(2)
Takeoff Analysis	546	(4)
Landing Analysis	550	(2)
Other Fighter Performance Measures of Merit	552	(9)
Cost Analysis	561	(18)
Introduction	561	(1)
Elements of Life-Cycle Cost	562	(3)
Cost-Estimating Methods	565	(1)
RDT&E and Production Costs	566	(4)
Operations and Maintenance Costs	570	(4)
Cost Measures of Merit (Military)	574	(1)
Aircraft and Airline Economics	575	(4)
Sizing and Trade Studies	579	(20)
Introduction	579	(1)
Detailed Sizing Methods	579	(1)
Improved Conceptual Sizing Methods	580	(5)
Sizing Matrix and Carpet Plots	585	(6)
Trade Studies	591	(8)
Vertical Flight---Jet and Prop	599	(38)
Introduction	599	(1)
Jet VTOL	599	(20)
Prop VTOL and Helicopter	619	(18)
Extremes of Flight	637	(24)
Introduction	637	(1)
Rockets, Launch Vehicles, and Spacecraft	637	(12)
Hypersonic Vehicles	649	(3)
Lighter-Than-Air	652	(9)
Design of Unique Aircraft Concepts	661	(22)
Introduction	661	(1)
Flying Wing, Tailless, Lifting Fuselage, and Blended Wing Body	661	(5)
Delta and Double-Delta Wing	666	(1)
Forward-Swept Wing	667	(2)
Canard-Pusher	669	(1)
Multi-Fuselage	670	(2)
Asymmetrical	672	(4)
Joined Wing	676	(2)
Wing-in-Ground Effect	678	(1)
Unmanned/Uninhabited	679	(4)
Conceptual Design Examples	683	(92)
Introduction	683	(1)
Single-Seat Aerobatic	684	(37)
Lightweight Supercruise Fighter	721	(54)
Appendix A. Unit Conversion	775	(2)
Appendix B. Standard Atmosphere	777	(4)
Appendix C. Airspeed	781	(2)
Appendix D. Airfoil Data	783	(12)
Appendix E. Typical Engine Performance Curves	795	(8)
Afterburning Turbofan	795	(4)
High-Bypass Turbofan	799	(2)
Turboprop	801	(2)
Appendix F. Design Requirements and Specifications	803	(4)
Questions	807	(10)
References	817	(8)
Index	825	(14)
Supporting Materials	839