Alaska Natives and American Laws

by Case, David S.; Voluck, David A.

• ISBN13: 9781889963075
• ISBN10: 1889963070
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-02-01
• Publisher: Univ of Alaska Pr

Summary

Once again, Case and Voluck have provided the most rigorous and comprehensive presentation of the important laws and concepts in Alaska Native law and policy to date. Thirty years after the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act became law, Alaska Natives are more than ever subject to a dizzying array of laws, statutes, and regulations. This Second Edition provides expanded and up-to-date analyses of ANCSA, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, and four fields of Alaska Native law and policy: land, human services, subsistence, and self-government. The authors also trace the development of the Alaska Native organizations working to influence and change these policies. Like the first edition, the expandedAlaska Natives and American Lawsis the essential reference for anyone working in Native law, policy, or social services, and for scholars and students in law, public policy, environmental studies, and Native American studies.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xi
Foreword to the First Edition	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xiv
Acknowledgments to the First Edition	p. xv
The Federal Relationship to Alaska Natives	p. 1
The Federal-Native Relationship Generally	p. 1
A Unique Relationship	p. 1
Federal Plenary Power	p. 2
Defining the Relationship	p. 3
History of the Alaska Native Relationship	p. 6
Early Years--1867-1905	p. 6
Middle Period--1904-1971	p. 8
ANCSA and Its Effect	p. 16
The Modern Relationship	p. 22
The Abstract Relationship	p. 22
The Specific Aspects	p. 24
General Conclusions	p. 32
Aboriginal Title	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Generally	p. 36
The Rule of Discovery	p. 36
M'Intosh--The Exclusive Right of Purchase	p. 37
Worcester--Protection Against States and Others	p. 38
Three Elements	p. 38
The Obligation to Protect Aboriginal Title	p. 39
Common Law Principle	p. 39
The Statutory Requirements	p. 40
Extinguishment of Aboriginal Title	p. 42
Purchase and Conquest	p. 42
Congress and Its Intent	p. 42
Recognition and Other Rights to Compensation	p. 43
Recognized and Unrecognized Aboriginal Title	p. 43
Jurisdictional Acts	p. 43
Aboriginal Title In Alaska	p. 44
Introduction	p. 44
Treaty of 1867	p. 44
The Obligation of Protection	p. 49
Preserving the Status Quo	p. 52
Events After Statehood	p. 55
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)	p. 58
Conclusion	p. 63
Reservations	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Alaska Pacific Fisheries v. United States	p. 65
General Principles	p. 66
Development and Decline of the Alaska Reservation Policy	p. 69
Eight Phases	p. 69
1891-1919--Metlakatla and the First Executive Order Reserves	p. 70
1920-1933--"Public Purpose" Reserves	p. 81
1936-1940--Application of the IRA to Alaska and the Small Reservation Policy	p. 83
1940-1943--Reversal of Policy and Creation of the Venetie Reserve	p. 85
1944-1952--The IRA Reserves: A Policy Frustrated	p. 85
1952-1960--Dormant Period	p. 93
1960-1971--Restrictions and Revocation	p. 93
Some Conclusions	p. 95
Trust Responsibility to Land Before ANCSA	p. 95
Trust Responsibility to Land After ANCSA	p. 96
Guardianship	p. 97
Native Allotments and Townsites	p. 101
Generally	p. 101
Allotments	p. 102
Allotment Policies	p. 102
Substantive Provisions of the Alaska Native Allotment Act	p. 108
Changing Alaska Allotment Policies	p. 110
From Trust to Restricted Status	p. 123
Allotment Administration	p. 125
Native Townsites	p. 130
Townsite Administration	p. 130
Federal Obligations	p. 133
Issues in Townsite Administration	p. 135
Jurisdictional Issues	p. 141
General	p. 141
Federal Court Jurisdiction	p. 142
Effect of P.L. 280	p. 143
Probate	p. 146
Federal Income Tax	p. 151
Condemnation	p. 152
Conclusion	p. 152
ANCSA: The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Background: ANCSA's Compromises	p. 157
ANCSA's Provisions	p. 159
Generally	p. 159
Land Allocations	p. 161
"Surface" and "Subsurface"	p. 162
Easements and other Encumbrances	p. 164
The Monetary Settlement	p. 165
Post-ANCSA Institutions	p. 166
ANCSA's Evolution	p. 168
Generally	p. 168
Refinancing ANCSA (The NOLs)	p. 170
Restructuring ANCSA	p. 173
Conclusions	p. 184
History of Native Services in Alaska	p. 187
Overview	p. 187
Bureau of Education--1884 to 1931	p. 188
Bureau of Indian Affairs--1931 to Present	p. 189
Education	p. 190
History of Education in Alaska	p. 190
Historical Status of Education in Alaska	p. 193
Federal Support for State Education	p. 197
Conclusion	p. 199
Economic Development	p. 200
Introduction	p. 200
Reindeer	p. 200
The Hydaburg Model Village	p. 203
Fish Canneries	p. 204
ANCSA and the Indian Financing Act	p. 206
Conclusion	p. 209
Welfare Benefits and Services	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
Copper Center and Vicinity--1907-1910	p. 210
The Snyder Act	p. 211
BIA Social Service Programs	p. 213
Conclusion	p. 218
Indian Health Service	p. 218
History (1868-1955)	p. 218
Native Health Conditions	p. 219
The Alaska Native Medical Center	p. 220
The Alaska Native Health Service	p. 221
The Indian Self-Determination Act	p. 221
The 1975 Enactment	p. 221
1988 Amendments	p. 222
1994 Amendments	p. 223
BIA and IHS Compacting	p. 224
Conclusion	p. 225
Native Entitlement to Services	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Three Legal Theories	p. 227
Authority and Obligation	p. 228
Sources of Federal Authority to Provide Human Services	p. 229
Generally	p. 229
Guardianship as a Source of Federal Authority	p. 229
Guardianship in Alaska	p. 232
The Snyder Act	p. 234
Conclusion	p. 235
Federal Social Service Obligations	p. 235
Executive Obligations	p. 235
Due Process	p. 236
Statutory Entitlement	p. 241
Beyond Due Process and Statutory Entitlement	p. 246
The Ruiz Approach	p. 246
The White v. Califano Approach	p. 247
Ruiz-Califano and the Transformation of Guardianship	p. 248
Indian Preferences	p. 248
Federal Indian Preference Legislation	p. 248
Federal Indian Preference Decisions	p. 249
ANCSA Preferences	p. 250
Conclusion	p. 251
Describing the "Legal Relationship"	p. 251
Authority and Obligation	p. 252
ANCSA and Federal Obligations	p. 253
Subsistence in Alaska	p. 257
Protecting Subsistence Generally	p. 257
Introduction	p. 257
Subsistence	p. 258
Subsistence Protection Alternatives	p. 259
Federal Preemption in Alaska	p. 262
General	p. 262
Preemptive Treaties	p. 263
Preemptive Statutes	p. 273
Trust Responsibility for Subsistence	p. 282
Subsistence and ANCSA	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
The Effect of ANCSA	p. 284
Problems With State Protection	p. 285
ANILCA	p. 288
Subsistence on the Outer Continental Shelf	p. 306
The Subsistence Defense in Federal and State Criminal Prosecutions	p. 307
Possibilities for Tribal Control	p. 309
Introduction	p. 309
Exclusive Tribal Jurisdiction	p. 310
Exclusive State Jurisdiction	p. 311
Concurrent Jurisdiction	p. 311
Comanagement	p. 313
Conclusions	p. 315
Modern Alaska Native Governments and Organizations	p. 317
Introduction	p. 317
Governmental Organizations	p. 318
Generally	p. 318
Territorial and State Municipalities	p. 318
Traditional and IRA Governments	p. 319
Tlingit and Haida Central Council	p. 327
Economic Profit Corporations	p. 333
Generally	p. 333
IRA Corporations	p. 334
ANCSA Corporations	p. 336
Nonprofit Development and Service Corporations	p. 338
Background	p. 338
Tanana Chiefs Conference	p. 340
Maniilaq Association	p. 345
Bristol Bay Native Association	p. 350
General Conclusions	p. 353
Multiregional Political Organizations	p. 353
Introduction	p. 353
Alaska Native Brotherhood and Sisterhood	p. 354
Alaska Federation of Natives	p. 358
Tribal Advocacy Organizations	p. 361
Marine Mammal Commissions	p. 363
International Organizations	p. 365
Sovereignty: The Alaska Native Claim to Self-Government	p. 369
Introduction	p. 369
The Meaning of "Sovereignty"	p. 369
Alaska Native Self-Government	p. 370
Native American Self-Government in General	p. 372
The Interplay of History and Law	p. 372
Inherent Sovereignty--The Most Basic Principle	p. 372
Preemption and Infringement--Limits on the States	p. 374
Powers of Native Governments	p. 375
Vacillating Federal Policies	p. 377
Legal History of Alaska Native Sovereignty	p. 378
Early History	p. 378
Change in Status	p. 379
The Indian Reorganization Act	p. 380
Tribal Political Status	p. 383
ANCSA and Subsequent Events	p. 386
General Observations	p. 336
The Jurisdiction Problem	p. 387
Other Aspects of Sovereignty	p. 388
The Cultural Aspect	p. 390
State and Native Jurisdiction in Alaska	p. 391
Jurisdiction in General	p. 391
P. L. 280 in General	p. 393
P. L. 280's Effect on Subject Matter Jurisdiction	p. 395
Jurisdiction Over Territory--The "Indian Country" Question	p. 399
Jurisdiction Over Persons and Property	p. 401
Sovereign Immunity	p. 402
Contemporary Developments in Alaska Native Sovereignty	p. 410
Background	p. 410
Tribal Status and Indian Country	p. 411
Federal Sovereignty Policies	p. 413
Federal Administrative Actions	p. 413
Federal Legislative Action	p. 414
Federal Court Decisions	p. 420
Conclusion	p. 427
State Sovereignty Policies	p. 428
State Judicial Decisions	p. 428
State Executive Action	p. 430
Conclusion	p. 431
Tribal Courts	p. 432
Tribal Court Roots	p. 432
Tribal Court Jurisdiction	p. 432
The Operation of Tribal Courts in Alaska	p. 435
Conclusion	p. 437
Bibliography	p. 439
Index	p. 493
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