All about Rights for Visual Artists

by Lerner, Ralph E.; Bresler, Judith

• ISBN13: 9781402405488
• ISBN10: 1402405480
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-05-01
• Publisher: Practising Law Institute

Summary

This guide, Rights for Visual Artists, the first in the Lerner and Bresler All About... series, provides an in-depth, yet accessible treatment of legal rights for artists and their artwork. This publication is meant for fine artists, commercial artists, and any other lay reader interested in learning about legal rights accorded to visual artists and their creations in the United States.

Table of Contents

A Word from the Authors	vii
About the Authors	ix
Acknowledgements	xi
Table of Chapters	xiii
Table of Contents	xv
Chapter 1 First Amendment Rights
The Concept of Freedom of Expression	2	(35)
Pure Speech, Visual Speech and Conduct	2	(1)
Public and Nonpublic Forums	3	(2)
Government Actors	5	(3)
Physical Conduct and the Four-Part Test	8	(1)
Art As Visual Speech	9	(7)
Art As a Threat	16	(1)
Art and Social Commentary	17	(7)
Art As Social Commentary in Advertising	19	(1)
Art As Commentary on Business Practices	20	(1)
Art As Political Expression	21	(3)
Controversial Art Exhibited in Museums	24	(2)
Satire	26	(8)
Defamation	34	(3)
Use of the Flag	37	(6)
The Flag, Conduct, and Constitutional Protection	38	(1)
Proposed Constitutional Amendment	39	(1)
Flag-Protection Legislation	39	(1)
The Flag and Nonexpressive Conduct	40	(1)
Exhibition of the Flag As Art	41	(2)
Use of Emblems and Insignia	43	(2)
Graffiti Art	45	(1)
Trademark Appropriation	46	(10)
Trademark Infringement	46	(7)
Trademark Dilution	53	(3)
False Endorsement Under the Lanham Act	56	(1)
Public Art	57	(6)
The Serra Case	58	(2)
Other Controversies	60	(3)
Limitations on Freedom of Expression	63	(12)
Obscenity	63	(1)
The Current Test	63	(2)
Aftermath of Miller	65	(3)
Sale or Distribution Versus Private Possession	68	(1)
Artwork, Minors and Pornography	68	(3)
The Captive Audience	71	(4)
The National Endowment for the Arts	75	(2)
The Rights of Privacy and Publicity	77	(14)
Privacy	79	(1)
Incidental-Use Exception	80	(1)
Newsworthiness Exception	81	(3)
Limited-Artistic-Dissemination Exception	84	(2)
Opinion Exception	86	(1)
Publicity	86	(5)
Chapter 2 Copyrights
Introduction	91	(1)
History	92	(1)
Elements of Copyright	92	(12)
Fixation	92	(1)
Distinction Between the Work and the Copyright in the Work	92	(1)
Idea and Expression	93	(2)
Originality	95	(5)
Publication	100	(3)
The Copyright Act of 1909	100	(1)
The Copyright Act of 1976	101	(2)
Duration	103	(1)
Works Created on or After January 1, 1978	103	(1)
Works Created Before January 1, 1978, with Subsisting Copyrights	104	(1)
Works Created But Not Published or Registered Before January 1, 1978	104	(1)
Exclusive Rights	104	(6)
The Right to Reproduce	105	(1)
Restrictions	105	(1)
The Right to Adapt	106	(2)
The Right to Distribute	108	(1)
Restrictions	108	(1)
The Right to Display	109	(1)
Restrictions	110	(1)
Divisibility of Copyright	110	(5)
The Copyright Act of 1909	110	(1)
The Copyright Act of 1976	111	(1)
Licenses and Assignments	111	(1)
Joint Ownership	112	(3)
Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works	115	(1)
Compilations and Collective Works	115	(2)
Works Made for Hire	117	(7)
The Copyright Act of 1976	117	(6)
Specially Commissioned Works	117	(1)
Works Prepared by an Employee	118	(5)
The Copyright Act of 1909	123	(1)
Copyright Procedures	124	(10)
Notice	124	(3)
Form and Placement of Notice	124	(2)
The Copyright Act of 1976	124	(1)
The Copyright Act of 1909	125	(1)
Omission of Notice	126	(1)
Defective Notice	127	(1)
Registration	127	(2)
Deposit	129	(1)
Recordation	130	(1)
Renewals	131	(1)
Termination of Transfers	132	(2)
Grants Executed on or After January 1, 1978	133	(1)
Grants Executed Before January 1, 1978	133	(1)
Statute of Limitations	134	(1)
Utilitarian Objects and Copyright	134	(3)
Copyright Infringement	137	(35)
Infringement Tests	137	(3)
Access	138	(1)
Substantial Similarity	138	(2)
Common Source	140	(1)
Prerequisites to an Infringement Suit	141	(1)
Fair Use	141	(9)
Rogers v. Koons	143	(4)
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose	147	(2)
Post-Campbell	149	(1)
Koons Revisited After Campbell	149	(1)
Image Appropriation: A Proposed Solution of Fine Art Licensing	150	(20)
Historical Examples of Artistic Borrowings	152	(2)
Artistic Borrowings As Addressed by Copyright Law	154	(2)
Hoepker v. Kruger	156	(3)
Greenfield v. Loeb	159	(2)
An Alternative to Litigation	161	(1)
What Is a "Fine Art License"?	162	(2)
Works Qualifying for a Fine Art License	164	(1)
Administration of the Fine Art License	164	(2)
Rights and Remedies Generally	166	(1)
Benefits of a Fine Art License	166	(3)
Copyright Protection and First Amendment Considerations	169	(1)
Remedies for Copyright Infringement	170	(6)
Injunctive Relief	170	(1)
Impoundment and Disposition	170	(1)
Damages and Profits	171	(1)
Costs and Attorney's Fees	172	(1)
Criminal Remedies	172	(1)
Architectural Works	172	(3)
Chapter 3 Moral Rights
Introduction	175	(1)
Origins	176	(1)
Categories of Moral Rights	176	(3)
Right of Disclosure (Droit de Divulgation)	177	(1)
Right to Withdraw from Publication or to Make Modifications (Droit de Retrait ou de Repentir)	177	(1)
Right of Authorship (Droit a la Paternite)	178	(1)
Right of Integrity (Droit au Respect de l'Oeuvre)	178	(1)
Droit Moral and the United States	179	(11)
Early Attitudes	179	(1)
Backdoor Recognition of Moral Rights	180	(1)
No Legislation Yields No Protection	181	(2)
State Moral Rights Legislation	183	(6)
California's Moral Rights Legislation	183	(1)
New York's Artists Authorship Rights Act	184	(1)
Massachusetts's Moral Rights Statute	185	(1)
Maine's Moral Rights Statute	185	(1)
Louisiana's Artists' Authorship Rights Act	186	(1)
New Jersey's Artists' Rights Act	186	(1)
Pennsylvania's Fine Arts Preservation Act	187	(1)
New Mexico's Act Relating to Fine Art in Public Buildings	187	(1)
Rhode Island's Artists' Rights Act	188	(1)
Connecticut's Art Preservation and Artists' Rights Statute	188	(1)
Nevada's Statute	189	(1)
Moral Rights Statutes for Public Art Commissions	189	(1)
Utah	189	(1)
Georgia	189	(1)
Montana	190	(1)
Federal Moral Rights Legislation	190	(23)
Introduction	190	(1)
VARA Summarized	191	(1)
Covered Works	191	(4)
Moral Rights Granted	195	(1)
Distortion, Mutilation, Modification or Destruction	196	(1)
Destruction and State of Mind	197	(1)
"Recognized Stature"	198	(4)
"Recognized Stature" and Later Case Law	202	(2)
Persons Covered	204	(1)
Duration	205	(1)
Registration	205	(1)
Remedies	205	(1)
Preemption	206	(2)
VARA and Insurance	208	(1)
Waiver and Transfer of Rights	209	(1)
Waiver for Movable Works of Visual Art	210	(1)
Waiver for Works of Visual Art Incorporated into Buildings	210	(1)
Does VARA Meet the Requirements of Berne?	211	(2)
Chapter 4 Online Rights
Introduction	213	(1)
Copyrights in the Digital Age	214	(8)
Overview	214	(1)
The Exclusive Rights of Copyright Holders Within the Digital Medium	215	(1)
Reproduction of the Copyrighted Work in Digital Copies	215	(1)
The Creation of Digital Derivative Works	216	(3)
Appropriation	216	(1)
Collective Works	217	(2)
Distribution of Digital Copies of the Copyrighted Work to the Public	219	(1)
Public Display of the Digital Copyrighted Work	220	(2)
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)	222	(8)
Overview	222	(2)
DMCA Safe Harbor Provisions	224	(6)
Contributory Infringement	224	(1)
Peer-to-Peer Networks	224	(2)
Notice-and-Take-Down Provisions Limit ISP Liability	226	(1)
Hyperlinks	227	(1)
Inline Linking and Framing	228	(1)
Fair Use Defense	229	(1)
Fair Use Defense and Nonprofit Organizations	229	(1)
Trademark Protection	230	(7)
Types of Trademark Infringement	230	(3)
Traditional Infringement	230	(1)
Use of Trademark in Domain Name	231	(1)
Cybersquatting	232	(1)
Good-Faith Registration	232	(1)
International Disputes	232	(1)
Remedies	233	(3)
Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy	233	(1)
Conditions for a UDRP Proceeding	233	(1)
Uniform Dispute Resolution Service Providers	234	(1)
Federal Trademark Dilution Act	234	(1)
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act	235	(1)
Fair Use Defenses to Trademark Infringement	236	(1)
Nominative Fair Use	236	(1)
Parody	236	(1)
First Amendment Issues Online	237	(9)
Defamation Law	237	(2)
Communications Decency Act	237	(1)
Types of Claims Barred	238	(1)
Claims Not Barred	239	(1)
The Rights of Privacy and Publicity	239	(1)
Privacy	239	(1)
Publicity	240	(1)
Obscenity Law	240	(6)
Federal Regulation of Obscenity	240	(6)
State Regulation of Obscenity	246	(1)
Child Pornography	246	(2)
Visual Artists' Moral Rights in a Digital Age	248	(3)
Index	251