Almanac African American Heritage Chronicle

by Miles, Johnnie H.; Davis, Juanita J.; Ferguson-Roberts, Sharon E.; Giles, Rita G.; Adams Ender, Clara L.

• ISBN13: 9780735202269
• ISBN10: 0735202265
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-15
• Publisher: Jossey-Bass

Summary

This unparalleled resource celebrates the remarkable contributions of black men and women to the United States, beginning with the earliest slave ships to cross the Atlantic and culminating at the close of the 20th century. Witten by four African-American professionals with over 75 years of collective experience in education and counseling, this compendium documents the vital impact of African-Americans on America s past and present. Spanning history, popular culture, education, religion, science, technology, business, law, government, fine arts, sports, and the military, the authors spotlight dozens of trail blazers, from Dorothy Height to Warren Thompson, from Dr. Benjamin Carson to Barbara Jordan. Entries include: * Enduring African-American folk remedies and innovative contributions in medical research. * Pioneering African-American attorneys, judges, governors, and senators. * Notable Broadway plays and award-winning movies with African-American themes. * A tribute to African-American soldiers, including the fearless women nurses in World War I. Published just in time for African-American History Month in February, Almanac of African-American Heritage will become an instant backlist title and will remain a wonderful tribute and strong resource for years to come.

Author Biography

<B>Johnnie H. Miles</B>, Ed.D., <B>Juanita J. Davis</B>, Ed.D., <B>Sharon F. Ferguson-Roberts</B>, Ed.D., andá<B>Rita G. Giles</B>, Ed.D., have all taught at the college level and worked as professional counselors,ámediators, trainers, and career consultants.áProud of their African-American heritage, the co-authors are committed to increasing knowledge and understanding about diverse populations in education, industry, and government.áEach lives in the state of Virginia.

Table of Contents

About This Book	ix
Foreword	xxv
History of African Americans in the United States	1	(54)
African Americans in the United States	2	(11)
Coming to the Shores of the Americas (1400-1700)	2	(1)
Resistance and Servitude: Two Worlds Clash (1700-1800)	3	(1)
War, Freedom, and Institutional Oppression (1800-1900)	4	(3)
African American Leaders in the Forefront (1900-1950)	7	(2)
Nonviolence to Activism (1950-2000)	9	(4)
Economics of Slavery	13	(4)
The Middle Passage	13	(1)
Slave Ships	14	(1)
Names of Selected Slave Ships	15	(1)
Economics of the Slave Trade	16	(1)
Slavery in the United States	17	(1)
Recognition and Abolition of Slavery in Original Colonies	17	(1)
States in Rebellion Against the United States in 1863	18	(1)
Plantation Life	18	(8)
Life on the Plantation	18	(1)
Work	19	(1)
Housing	20	(1)
Food	21	(1)
Day-to-Day Life on the Plantation	22	(1)
Punishment	23	(1)
The Slave Market	24	(2)
Resistance to Slavery	26	(7)
Slave Resistance and Revolts	26	(1)
Escape to Freedom---The Underground Railroad (1780s-1860s)	27	(1)
Routes	28	(1)
Selected Underground Conductors	29	(1)
Abolitionists	29	(4)
The Courts and Slavery	33	(4)
Legislation and Slavery (1600-1863)	33	(2)
Legislation and the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877)	35	(1)
Legislation and Segregation of African Americans (1877-1953)	35	(2)
Violence Against African Americans	37	(1)
Recorded Lynchings (1882-1969)	37	(1)
Fight for Freedom	38	(15)
The Civil Rights Movement in Review (1600s-1999)	38	(3)
Nonviolent Resistance to Segregation	41	(3)
Civil Rights Leaders	44	(1)
Civil Rights Organizations	45	(3)
Spotlight	48	(2)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Spotlight	50	(3)
Dorothy Irene Height
African American Demographics	53	(2)
African Americans in U.S. Population (1870-1990)	53	(1)
States with Largest African American Populations	54	(1)
Cultural Traditions	55	(28)
Families	56	(2)
Family Demographics	56	(1)
Family Structures	56	(1)
Family Life	57	(1)
Languages	58	(5)
Proverbs in African American Culture	58	(2)
Languages of Black Races (Native and Foreign)	60	(1)
Styles of Languages	60	(1)
Slang in the 1990s	61	(2)
Celebrations and Holidays	63	(1)
African American Celebrations/Holidays	63	(1)
African American Festivals	63	(1)
The Holiday of Kwanzaa	63	(1)
Funeral Practices	64	(2)
Selected Historic Cemeteries	64	(2)
Music and Dance	66	(3)
Freedom Songs	66	(1)
Styles of Music	67	(1)
Alternative Instruments	67	(1)
Popular Dances	67	(1)
Slave Dances	68	(1)
Traditional African Dances	68	(1)
Fashion	69	(6)
Fashion Status	69	(1)
Styles of Dressing	70	(1)
Textures and Types of Materials	70	(1)
Hair Fashions	71	(1)
Finishing Touches for the Hair	71	(1)
Fashions and Church	71	(1)
Spotlight: FUBU	72	(1)
Fashion Designers	73	(2)
Games and Storytelling	75	(2)
Children's Games	75	(1)
Animal Tales and Fables	75	(1)
History Remembered Stories	76	(1)
Tales of Ghosts and Witches	76	(1)
Humorous Tales and Anecdotes	76	(1)
Raps, Rhythms, and Rhymes	77	(1)
Sermons	77	(1)
Food and African American Culture	77	(3)
Desserts	77	(1)
Meats and Main Dishes	78	(1)
Vegetables	78	(1)
Side Dishes	78	(1)
Spotlight	79	(1)
MS. B. Smith
Names and Titles Used to Describe African Americans	80	(1)
Names and Titles	80	(1)
Beauty Pageant Winners	80	(3)
Miss Black America (1969-1996)	80	(1)
Miss America	81	(2)
Education	83	(32)
African Americans in Education	84	(7)
Firsts in Education	84	(2)
Noted Educators	86	(2)
Spotlight	88	(3)
Booker T. Washington
Civil Rights and Desegregation Developments	91	(5)
Chronology of Major Desegregation Developments	91	(1)
Key Dates in African American Education	92	(2)
Civil Rights and Desegregation Policies	94	(1)
Prominent U.S. Supreme Court Cases	94	(1)
Resistance Efforts to Desegregation	95	(1)
Special Emphasis Programs	96	(1)
Special Emphasis Programs	96	(1)
Youth Organizations	97	(1)
Youth Organizations	97	(1)
Rhodes Scholars	98	(1)
Rhodes Scholars (1997-1999)	98	(1)
First Doctoral Degrees Conferred	98	(3)
First Recipients	98	(3)
Colleges and Universities	101	(10)
Historically Black Colleges and Universities	101	(5)
Sororities	106	(1)
Fraternities	106	(1)
First Presidents of Colleges and Universities	107	(1)
Top Fifty Colleges for African Americans	108	(2)
Ten Richest African American Institutions	110	(1)
Scholarships	110	(1)
Publications (A Selected List)	111	(1)
Associations, Professional, and Collegiate	111	(1)
Magazines (with a circulation of more than 100,000)	112	(1)
Organizations that Promote African American Education	112	(3)
Organizations	112	(3)
Religion	115	(44)
The Organized African American Church	116	(4)
The Early Church	116	(1)
Antebellum	117	(1)
Growth Between 1860-1900	118	(1)
Twentieth Century	119	(1)
Pioneers in Religion	120	(4)
African American Firsts in Religion	120	(2)
African American Women in Religion	122	(2)
Denominational Traditions and Rituals	124	(11)
Baptist	124	(1)
Catholic	125	(2)
Episcopal	127	(1)
Holiness/Pentecostal	128	(1)
Jehovah's Witness	129	(1)
Methodist	130	(1)
Nation of Islam and Black Muslims	131	(2)
Unconventional Religious Organizations	133	(2)
Religious Conferences and Conventions	135	(1)
Denomination: Baptist	135	(1)
Denomination: Catholic	135	(1)
Denomination: Methodist	135	(1)
Educational Institutions	136	(5)
Church-Affiliated Colleges and Universities	136	(2)
African American Seminaries	138	(1)
Bible Colleges	139	(1)
Ministerial Titles	140	(1)
Ministerial Degrees	140	(1)
Preaching Styles	141	(1)
Music in the African American Church	142	(4)
Musical Traditions	142	(2)
Gospel Performers of the Twentieth Century	144	(1)
Contemporary Gospel Singers and Groups	145	(1)
Music Resources	145	(1)
Religious Organizations	146	(2)
Councils	146	(1)
Nondenominational Organizations	146	(1)
Service Agencies and Organizations	147	(1)
Ministerial Leadership	148	(5)
Ministers Who Became Civil Rights Leaders	148	(1)
Ministers Elected to National Political Office	148	(1)
Prominent Religious Leaders	149	(1)
Spotlight	150	(1)
Johnnie Colemon Nedd
Bishops and Archbishops (Catholic)	151	(1)
Spotlight	152	(1)
Peter John Gomes
Acronyms and Glossary	153	(6)
Acronyms	153	(1)
Glossary of Religious Terms	154	(5)
Medicine, Science, and Technology	159	(32)
Firsts in Science	160	(3)
Firsts in Medicine, Science, and Technology	160	(2)
Firsts in Nursing	162	(1)
Innovative Contributions	163	(8)
Inventions in Science, Medicine, and Technology	163	(3)
Contemporary Inventions (1950-Present)	166	(2)
Research Contributions	168	(1)
Contributions to Aerospace	169	(1)
Spotlight	170	(1)
Mae C. Jemison
Key Dates	171	(2)
Science, Medicine, and Technology (1966-Present)	171	(1)
Years of Birth of African American Scientists (1900-1956)	172	(1)
Health Issues	173	(6)
Children's Health Issues	173	(1)
Spotlight: Mother Hale	174	(1)
Black Infant Mortality	175	(1)
Warning Signs of Drug Use in Children	175	(1)
Women's Health Issues	176	(1)
Men's Health Issues	177	(1)
Elderly Health Issues	178	(1)
Screening Tests for African Americans	179	(1)
Research	179	(4)
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (1932-1972)	179	(1)
Spotlight	180	(2)
Dr. Charles R. Drew
Spotlight	182	(1)
Dr. Benjamin Carson
Folk Medicine and Healers	183	(2)
Folk Medicines	183	(1)
Folk Practitioners and Traditional Healers	183	(1)
Faith and Spiritual Healing Practices	183	(1)
Home Remedies	184	(1)
Folk Practices for Various Ailments	184	(1)
Organizations and Associations	185	(4)
Medicine, Science, and Research	185	(1)
Science and Technology	186	(1)
African American Hospitals	187	(1)
Historical Sites	188	(1)
Literature	189	(2)
Science Books for Children and Young Adults	189	(2)
Business and Industry	191	(24)
African Americans in Business and Industry	192	(4)
Firsts in Business and Industry	192	(2)
Young Entrepreneurs	194	(1)
Largest Industrial/Service Companies	195	(1)
African American Business Schools	196	(1)
Businesses	196	(16)
Construction/Manufacturing	196	(1)
Cosmetics and Hair Care	197	(1)
Educational Products and Services	197	(1)
Engineering	198	(1)
Entertainment	198	(3)
Ethnic Collectibles	201	(1)
Food Industry	201	(1)
Graphic Design	202	(1)
Health and Nutrition	202	(1)
Information Technology	202	(1)
Investment Firms	203	(1)
Marketing and Advertising	204	(1)
Publishing	204	(1)
Spotlight	205	(1)
Warren Thompson
Spotlight	206	(1)
Robert Johnson
Telecommunication	207	(1)
Spotlight	208	(2)
Madam C. J. Walker
Spotlight	210	(2)
Arthur George (A.G.) Gaston
Web Development	212	(1)
Financial Companies	212	(1)
African American Financial Companies	212	(1)
Insurance Companies	213	(1)
African American Insurance Companies	213	(1)
Auto Dealers	214	(1)
African American Auto Dealers	214	(1)
Law and Government	215	(34)
African Americans in Law and Government	216	(8)
Firsts in Law and Government	216	(3)
Past and Present Notable Personalities	219	(5)
Reconstruction	224	(1)
African Americans in Politics During Reconstruction (1865-1877)	224	(1)
Voting Rights Legislation	225	(1)
Voting Rights Legislation (1865-1993)	225	(1)
Judiciary System	226	(12)
Chronology of Cases, Laws, and Legal Decisions	226	(2)
Supreme Court Justices	228	(1)
Federal Judges	228	(2)
Spotlight	230	(5)
Thurgood Marshall
Pioneering Attorneys	235	(1)
Outstanding Lawyers	236	(2)
Government Leaders	238	(6)
Governors	238	(1)
Senators	238	(1)
Presidential Cabinet Members	238	(1)
Ambassadors	239	(1)
Members of Congress (1870-1999)	240	(2)
Spotlight	242	(2)
Barbara Jordan
Local Civil Service Offices	244	(1)
Mayors Representing Major Cities	244	(1)
Women Mayors	244	(1)
Police Chiefs of Major Cities	245	(1)
Presidential Medal--of--Freedom Honorees	245	(2)
Presidential Medal-of-Freedom Honorees	245	(2)
President and Vice President Candidates/Nominees	247	(1)
Presidential Candidates/Nominees	247	(1)
Vice Presidential Candidates/Nominees	247	(1)
Organizations	247	(2)
Organizations	247	(2)
Arts, Letters, and Media	249	(58)
Firsts in Arts, Letters, and Media	250	(4)
Firsts in Arts, Letters, and Media	250	(4)
Art and Artists	254	(11)
Painting, Drawing, Printmaking	254	(3)
Photography	257	(1)
Sculpture, Installation, Performance Art	257	(1)
Self-Taught Artists	258	(1)
Spiral Group	259	(1)
Harlem Renaissance, 1920s-1940	259	(1)
Expressionist Painters	260	(1)
Some African American Artists and Their Artworks	260	(4)
African American Art Collections	264	(1)
Music	265	(12)
Popular Singers	265	(3)
Performing Groups: The Famous and the Obscure	268	(1)
Instrumentalists, Band Leaders, Composers	269	(3)
Choreographers and Dancers	272	(1)
Opera Singers	273	(1)
Classical Instrumentalists, Conductors, and Composers	274	(3)
Literature	277	(11)
Poets	277	(2)
Playwrights	279	(1)
Fiction Writers	280	(3)
Books Written By or About African Americans	283	(4)
Children and Young Adult Literature	287	(1)
Radio and Television	288	(5)
Chronology of Early African American Radio	288	(1)
Spotlight	289	(1)
Ed Bradley
Spotlight	290	(1)
Bryant Gumbel
Radio Pioneers	290	(3)
Plays and Movies	293	(1)
Broadway Plays with African American Themes	293	(1)
Movies with African American Themes	293	(1)
Filmmakers	294	(1)
Actors and Actresses	294	(11)
TV and Film Appearances	294	(2)
Spotlight	296	(3)
Oprah Winfrey
Spotlight	299	(2)
Spike Lee
Spotlight	301	(1)
Queen Latifah
Academy Award® and Emmy® Nominations and Recipients	302	(1)
TV Series	303	(1)
TV Movies, Mini-Series, and Specials	304	(1)
Documentary Videos and Films	304	(1)
Performing Arts Organizations and Facilities	305	(1)
Performing Arts Organizations and Facilities	305	(1)
Trade Publications and Resource Guides	306	(1)
Trade Publications and Resource Guides	306	(1)
Sports	307	(38)
African Americans in Sports	308	(11)
Firsts in Sports	308	(7)
Notable Athletes	315	(4)
Football	319	(2)
Heisman Trophy Winners	319	(1)
Notable Football College Coaches	319	(1)
Spotlight	320	(1)
Deion Sanders
All-Time National Football League Leaders	321	(1)
Horse Racing	321	(2)
Winners of the Kentucky Derby	321	(1)
Spotlight	322	(1)
Isaac Murphy
Boxing	323	(2)
Notable Boxers	323	(1)
Spotlight	324	(1)
Muhammad Ali
Baseball	325	(4)
Negro Leagues	325	(3)
Highest Paid African Americans in Major League Baseball	328	(1)
Major League Leaders	328	(1)
Basketball	329	(3)
Top Ten Earners in NBA (1997-1998)	329	(1)
All-Time Top Scorers in NBA-ABA	329	(1)
NBA's Greatest African American Players	329	(1)
All-Time National Basketball Association Leaders	330	(1)
NBA Finals Most Valuable Players	330	(1)
Spotlight	331	(1)
Michael Jordan
Track and Field	332	(7)
Track and Field Olympic Champions (Gold Medalists)	332	(2)
Spotlight	334	(2)
Florence Griffith-Joyner
Outstanding Performers in Track and Field	336	(1)
Four-Minute Milers	337	(1)
Notable Track Coaches	337	(1)
Olympic Weightlifting Champions	338	(1)
Powerlifting Champions	338	(1)
Bodybuilding Champions (Male and Female)	338	(1)
Sports on Film	339	(1)
Sports on Film	339	(1)
Spotlights	340	(5)
Spotlight	340	(2)
Tiger Woods
Spotlight	342	(1)
Marshall W. ``Major'' Taylor
Spotlight: Venus & Serena Williams	343	(1)
Spotlight	344	(1)
Dominique Dawes
The Military	345	(36)
Military History	346	(8)
Chronology of Military History	346	(5)
First African Americans to Participate in Battles	351	(3)
Women in the Military	354	(1)
First African American Women in the Military	354	(1)
Nurses in World War I	355	(1)
Specific Military Branches	355	(3)
Firsts in Specific Military Branches	355	(3)
Medal--of--Honor Recipients	358	(5)
Soldiers	358	(3)
Buffalo Soldiers	361	(2)
Military Officers	363	(12)
U.S. Air Force Flag and General Officers	363	(1)
Army Officers-Nonactive Duty	363	(3)
Navy and Marine Corps Flag and General Officers	366	(1)
Navy Captains	367	(1)
National Guard Generals (Late 1800s)	367	(1)
Air National Guard General Officers	368	(1)
Army and Air Force Reserves General Officers	368	(1)
Active Duty Generals and Admirals in All Branches	369	(3)
Spotlight	372	(2)
Colin Powell
Spotlight	374	(1)
Clara L. Adams-Ender
Military Vessels	375	(1)
Military Vessels Named for African American Individuals or Institutions	375	(1)
Military Films	375	(2)
Soldiers in Films, Documentaries, and Semi-Documentaries	375	(1)
Feature Films	376	(1)
Veterans' Organizations	377	(1)
Veterans' Organizations	377	(1)
Military Publications	378	(3)
Books	378	(1)
Periodicals	379	(2)
Miscellanea	381	(22)
The Western Frontier	382	(4)
Trailblazers of the American West	382	(1)
Cowboys and Pioneers	383	(2)
Rodeo Facts	385	(1)
Landmarks	386	(7)
African American Landmarks	386	(7)
Postage Stamps Honoring African Americans	393	(2)
Persons	393	(1)
Events	394	(1)
Groups	394	(1)
Spingarn Medals	395	(3)
Spingarn Medal Recipients	395	(3)
Little--Known Facts	398	(1)
Little-Known Facts	398	(1)
Organizations that Hate	399	(2)
Organizations That Hate	399	(2)
Newspapers	401	(2)
African American Newspapers	401	(2)
Selected Bibliography	403