Along These Lines : Writing Paragraphs and Essays

by Biays, John Sheridan; Wershoven, Carol

• ISBN13: 9780130868176
• ISBN10: 0130868175
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL PTR

Summary

For developmental writing courses at the paragraph to essay level. This comprehensive text/workbook focuses on the paragraph and introduces the essay by taking students step-by-step through the writing processgenerating ideas, planning and focusing, drafting and revising, and polishing and proofreading. User-friendly for both students and instructors, it is filled with diverse exercisesmany collaborativethat actively involve students in learning to write. Content includes self-contained chapters on patterns of paragraph development, a section on writing essays, a chapter on reading critically and writing from reading. The text also features timely reading selections and a separate, self-contained grammar section.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Supplements	xxi
WRITING IN STAGES The Process Approach	1	(300)
Introduction	1	(2)
Illustration	3	(36)
Beginning the Thought Lines	3	(8)
Freewriting, Brainstorming, Keeping a Journal	4	(1)
Finding Specific Ideas	5	(1)
Adding Details to an Idea	6	(5)
Focusing the Thought Lines	11	(7)
Listing Related Ideas	11	(1)
Mapping	12	(1)
Forming a Topic Sentence	12	(1)
Writing Good Topic Sentences	13	(5)
Outlines for a Paragraph	18	(3)
Checking Your Details	18	(1)
Adding Details When There Are Not Enough	18	(1)
Eliminating Details That Do Not Relate to the Topic Sentence	19	(1)
From List to Outline	19	(2)
Coherence: Putting Your Details in Proper Order	21	(4)
Rough Lines for a Paragraph	25	(3)
Drafting a Paragraph	25	(1)
Revising	25	(3)
Final Lines for a Paragraph	28	(3)
Giving Your Paragraph a Title	29	(1)
The Final Version of a Paragraph	29	(1)
Reviewing the Writing Process	30	(1)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	31	(2)
Writing Your Own Paragraph	33	(2)
Peer Review Form for a Paragraph	35	(1)
Writing From Reading: Illustration	36	(3)
``Spanglish''	36	(2)
Janice Castro
Dan Cook
Cristina Garcia
Writing from Reading: ``Spanglish''	38	(1)
Description	39	(26)
What Is Description?	39	(6)
Hints for Writing a Descriptive Paragraph	39	(4)
Using Sense Words in Your Descriptions	43	(2)
Writing the Description Paragraph in Steps	45	(13)
Thought Lines Descrption	45	(1)
The Dominant Impression	46	(2)
Outlines Description	48	(5)
Rough Lines Description	53	(2)
Transitions	55	(1)
Final Lines Description	56	(2)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	58	(1)
Writing Your Own Descriptive Paragraph	58	(3)
Peer Review Form for a Descriptive Paragraph	61	(1)
Writing from Reading: Description	62	(3)
``A Present for Popo''	62	(2)
Elizabeth Wong
Writing from Reading: ``A Present for Popo''	64	(1)
Narration	65	(26)
What Is Narration?	65	(6)
Give the Narrative a Point	65	(4)
Hints for Writing a Narrative Paragraph	69	(1)
Using a Speaker's Exact Words in Narrative	70	(1)
Writing the Narrative Paragraph in Steps	71	(12)
Thought Lines Narration	71	(1)
Freewriting for a Narrative Topic	72	(1)
Narrowing and Selecting a Suitable Narrative Topic	73	(2)
Outlines Narration	75	(3)
Rough Lines Narration	78	(1)
Revising for Sharper Details	78	(1)
Checking the Topic Sentence	79	(2)
Using Transitions Effectively in Narration	81	(1)
The Draft	81	(1)
Final Lines Narration	82	(1)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	83	(1)
Writing Your Own Narrative Paragraph	84	(2)
Peer Review Form for a Narrative Paragraph	86	(1)
Writing From Reading: Narration	87	(4)
``Rocky Rowf''	87	(3)
Edna Buchanan
Writing from Reading: ``Rocky Rowf''	90	(1)
Process	91	(21)
What Is Process?	91	(3)
A Process Involves Steps in Time Order	91	(1)
Hints for Writing a Process Paragraph	92	(2)
Writing the Process Paragraph in Steps	94	(10)
Thought Lines Process	94	(1)
Writing a Topic Sentence for a Process Paragraph	95	(1)
Outlines Process	96	(4)
Rough Lines Process	100	(1)
Using the Same Grammatical Person	100	(1)
Using Transitions Effectively	101	(2)
The Draft	103	(1)
Final Lines Process	103	(1)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	104	(1)
Writing Your Own Process Paragraph	105	(2)
Peer Review Form for a Process Paragraph	107	(1)
Writing from Reading: Process	108	(4)
``How to Land the Job You Want''	108	(3)
Davidyne Mayleas
Writing from Reading: ``How to Land the Job You Want''	111	(1)
Comparison and Contrast	112	(28)
What Is Comparison? What Is Contrast?	112	(8)
Hints for Writing a Comparison or Contrast Paragraph	112	(2)
Organizing Your Comparison or Contrast Paragraph	114	(3)
Hints for Using Patterns of Organization	117	(1)
Using Transitions Effectively for Comparison or Contrast	117	(3)
Writing the Comparison or Contrast Paragraph in Steps	120	(15)
Thought Lines Comparison or Contrast	120	(1)
Getting Points of Comparison or Contrast	120	(3)
Adding Details to Your Points	123	(2)
Outlines Comparison or Contrast	125	(4)
Rough Lines Comparison or Contrast	129	(1)
The Draft	129	(2)
Final Lines Comparison or Contrast	131	(1)
Contrast Paragraph: Point-by-Point Pattern	131	(1)
The Same Contrast Paragraph: Subject by Subject	132	(3)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	135	(1)
Writing Your Own Comparison or Contrast Paragraph	135	(2)
Peer Review Form for a Comparison or Contrast Paragraph	137	(1)
Writing from Reading: Comparison or Contrast	138	(2)
``Against All Odds, I'm Just Fine''	138	(1)
Brad Wackerlin
Writing from Reading: ``Against All Odds, I'm Just Fine''	139	(1)
Classification	140	(20)
What Is Classification?	140	(4)
Hints for Writing a Classification Paragraph	140	(4)
Writing the Classification Paragraph in Steps	144	(10)
Thought Lines Classification	144	(1)
Brainstorming a Basis for Classification	144	(1)
Matching the Points Within the Categories	145	(1)
Writing a Topic Sentence for a Classification Paragraph	145	(2)
Outlines Classification	147	(1)
Effective Order in Classifying	147	(3)
Rough Lines Classification	150	(1)
Transitions in Classification	150	(2)
Final Lines Classification	152	(2)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	154	(1)
Writing Your Own Classification Paragraph	154	(2)
Peer Review Form for Classification Paragraph	156	(1)
Writing from Reading: Classification	157	(3)
``Three Disciplines for Children''	157	(2)
John Holt
Writing from Reading: ``Three Disciplines for Children''	159	(1)
Definition	160	(22)
What Is Definition?	160	(5)
Hints for Writing a Definition Paragraph	160	(5)
Writing the Definition Paragraph in Steps	165	(11)
Thought Lines Definition	165	(1)
Using Questions to Get Details	165	(1)
The Topic Sentence	166	(2)
Outlines Definition	168	(2)
Rough Lines Definition	170	(1)
Transitions	170	(1)
The Draft	171	(3)
Final Lines Definition	174	(2)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	176	(1)
Writing Your Own Definition Paragraph	176	(2)
Peer Review Form for a Definition Paragraph	178	(1)
Writing from Reading: Definition	179	(3)
Breaking the Bonds of Hate	179	(2)
Virak Khiev
Writing from Reading: ``Breaking the Bonds of Hate''	181	(1)
Cause and Effect	182	(24)
What Is Cause and Effect?	182	(3)
Hints for Writing a Cause or Effect Paragraph	182	(3)
Writing the Cause or Effect Paragraph in Steps	185	(15)
Thought Lines Cause or Effect	185	(1)
Freewriting on a Topic	185	(2)
Designing a Topic Sentence	187	(3)
Outlines Cause or Effect	190	(1)
The Order of Causes or Effects	190	(4)
Rough Lines Cause or Effect	194	(1)
Linking Ideas in Cause or Effect	194	(1)
Making the Links Clear	195	(1)
Revising the Draft	195	(3)
Final Lines Cause or Effect	198	(2)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	200	(1)
Writing Your Own Cause or Effect Paragraph	200	(2)
Peer Review Form for a Cause or Effect Paragraph	202	(1)
Writing from Reading: Cause and Effect	203	(3)
``Students in Shock''	203	(2)
John Kellmayer
Writing from Reading: ``Students in Shock''	205	(1)
Argument	206	(25)
What Is Argument?	206	(4)
Hints for Writing an Argument Paragraph	206	(4)
Writing the Argument Paragraph in Steps	210	(12)
Thought Lines Argument	210	(1)
Grouping Your Ideas	211	(3)
Outlines Argument	214	(1)
The Order of Reasons in an Argument	214	(4)
Rough Lines Argument	218	(1)
Checking Your Reasons	218	(1)
Explaining the Problem or Issue	218	(1)
Transitions That Emphasize	219	(1)
A Draft	219	(2)
Final Lines Argument	221	(1)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	222	(1)
Writing Your Own Argument Paragraph	223	(1)
Peer Review Form for an Argument Paragraph	224	(1)
Writing from Reading: Argument	225	(6)
``Athletic Heroes''	225	(2)
James Beekman
Writing from Reading: ``Athletic Heroes''	227	(1)
``Afrocentric Education Pointless if Girls Are Excluded''	228	(1)
Julianne Malveaux
Writing from Reading: ``Afrocentric Education Pointless If Girls Are Excluded''	229	(2)
Writing an Essay	231	(43)
What Is an Essay?	231	(1)
Comparing the Single Paragraph and the Essay	231	(1)
Organizing an Essay	232	(1)
Writing the Thesis	233	(2)
Hints for Writing a Thesis	233	(2)
Writing the Essay in Steps	235	(9)
Thought Lines Essay	235	(1)
Listing Ideas	236	(1)
Clustering the Ideas	236	(3)
Outlines Essay	239	(1)
Hints for Outlining	240	(1)
Revisiting the Thought Lines Stage	241	(3)
Rough Lines Essay	244	(1)
Writing the Introduction	244	(3)
Where Does the Thesis Go?	244	(1)
Hints for Writing the Introduction	244	(3)
Writing the Body of the Essay	247	(2)
How Long Are the Body Paragraphs?	247	(1)
Developing the Body Paragraphs	247	(2)
Writing the Conclusion	249	(12)
Revising the Draft	251	(1)
Transitions Within Paragraphs	251	(1)
Transitions Between Paragraphs	252	(1)
A Draft Essay	253	(5)
Final Lines Essay	258	(1)
Creating a Title	258	(1)
The Final Version of an Essay	258	(3)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	261	(1)
Writing Your Own Essay	262	(3)
Peer Review Form for an Essay	265	(1)
Writing from Reading: The Essay	266	(8)
``Eleven''	266	(2)
Sandra Cisneros
Writing from Reading: ``Eleven''	268	(1)
``Althea Gibson: Never Give Up''	269	(1)
Varla Ventura
Writing from Reading: ``Althea Gibson: Never Give Up''	270	(1)
``Send Your Children to the Libraries''	271	(2)
Arthur Ashe
Writing from Reading: ``Send Your Children to the Libraries	273	(1)
Writing from Reading	274	(27)
What Is Writing from Reading?	274	(1)
An Approach to Writing from Reading	274	(9)
Attitude	274	(1)
Prereading	275	(1)
Why Preread?	275	(1)
Forming Questions Before You Read	276	(1)
An Example of the Prereading Step	276	(3)
Reading	279	(1)
An Example of the Reading Step	279	(1)
Rereading with Pen or Pencil	279	(1)
An Example of Rereading with Pen or Pencil	280	(3)
What the Notes Mean	283	(1)
Writing a Summary of a Reading	283	(6)
Thought Lines Marking a List of Ideas	284	(1)
Selecting a Main Idea	285	(1)
Outlines Summary	286	(1)
Rough Lines Attributing Ideas in a Summary	287	(1)
Final Lines Summary	288	(1)
Writing a Reaction to a Reading	289	(3)
Writing on a Related Idea	289	(1)
Thought Lines Freewriting	289	(1)
Brainstorming	289	(1)
Developing Points of Agreement or Disagreement	290	(1)
Outlines Agree or Disagree Paragraph	290	(1)
Rough Lines Agree or Disagree Paragraph	291	(1)
Final Lines Agree or Disagree Paragraph	291	(1)
Writing for an Essay Test	292	(1)
Before the Test: The Steps of Reading	292	(1)
During the Test: The Stages of Writing	292	(1)
Organize Your Time	293	(1)
Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment	293	(1)
Writing Your Own Paragraph on ``A Ridiculous Addiction''	294	(1)
Gwinn Owens
Peer Review Form for Writing from Reading	295	(1)
Writing from Reading	296	(5)
``Parental Discretion''	296	(2)
Dennis Hevesi
Writing from Reading: ``Parental Discretion''	298	(3)
THE BOTTOM LINE Grammar for Writers	301	(185)
Introduction	301	(1)
Contents	302	(4)
The Simple Sentence	306	(14)
Recognizing a Sentence	306	(1)
Recognizing Verbs	306	(2)
More on Verbs	307	(1)
Recognizing Subjects	308	(1)
More About Recognizing Subjects and Verbs	309	(1)
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases	309	(3)
Word Order	312	(8)
More on Word Order	313	(1)
Word Order in Questions	313	(1)
Words That Cannot Be Verbs	314	(1)
Recognizing Main Verbs	314	(1)
Verb Forms That Cannot Be Main Verbs	315	(5)
Beyond the Simple Sentence: Coordination	320	(12)
Options for Combining Simple Sentences	320	(1)
Using a Comma with a Coordinating Conjunction	320	(3)
Where Does the Comma Go?	321	(1)
Placing the Comma by Using Subject-Verb S-V Patterns	322	(1)
Avoiding Run-On Sentences	323	(2)
Using a Semicolon Between Two Simple Sentences	325	(1)
Avoiding Comma Splices	325	(1)
Using a Semicolon and a Conjunctive Adverb	326	(6)
Punctuating After a Conjunctive Adverb	326	(6)
Beyond the Simple Sentence: Subordination	332	(11)
More on Combining Simple Sentences	332	(1)
Using a Dependent Clause to Begin a Sentence	332	(1)
Using a Dependent Clause to End a Sentence	332	(11)
Using a Subordinating Conjunction	333	(1)
Punctuating Complex Sentences	334	(1)
Combining Sentences: A Review of Your Options	335	(8)
Avoiding Sentence Fragments	343	(9)
Recognizing Fragments: Step 1	343	(2)
Recognizing Fragments: Step 2	345	(2)
Correcting Fragments	347	(5)
Using Parallelism in Sentences	352	(8)
Achieving Parallelism	353	(7)
Using Adjectives and Adverbs	360	(9)
What Are Adjectives?	360	(1)
Adjectives: Comparative and Superlative Forms	361	(2)
What Are Adverbs?	363	(1)
Hints About Adjectives and Adverbs	364	(5)
Don't Confuse Good and Well or Bad and Badly	365	(1)
Not More + -er, or Most + -est	366	(1)
Use Than, not Then, in Comparisons	366	(1)
When Do I Need a Comma Between Adjectives?	367	(2)
Correcting Problems with Modifiers	369	(8)
Correcting Modifier Problems	370	(5)
Correcting Dangling Modifiers	372	(3)
Reviewing the Steps and the Solutions	375	(2)
Using Verbs Correctly	377	(12)
Using Standard Verb Forms	377	(1)
The Present Tense	378	(1)
The Past Tense	379	(1)
The Four Main Forms of a Verb: Present, Past, Present Participle, and Past Participle	380	(1)
Irregular Verbs	381	(8)
The Past Tense of Be, Have, Do	382	(2)
More Irregular Verb Forms	384	(5)
More on Verbs: Consistency and Voice	389	(12)
Consistent Verb Tenses	389	(3)
The Present Perfect Tense	392	(1)
The Past Perfect Tense	393	(1)
Passive and Active Voice	394	(7)
Avoiding Unnecessary Shifts in Voice	396	(2)
Small Reminders About Verbs	398	(3)
Making Subjects and Verbs Agree	401	(13)
Pronouns as Subjects	402	(1)
Special Problems with Agreement	403	(3)
Finding the Subject	403	(1)
Changed Word Order	404	(2)
Compound Subjects	406	(1)
Indefinite Pronouns	407	(1)
Collective Nouns	408	(1)
Making Subjects and Verbs Agree: The Bottom Line	409	(5)
Using Pronouns Correctly: Agreement and Reference	414	(8)
Nouns and Pronouns	414	(1)
Agreement of a Pronoun and Its Antecedent	415	(1)
Indefinite Pronouns	415	(2)
Avoiding Sexism	416	(1)
Collective Nouns	417	(3)
Pronouns and Their Antecedents: Being Clear	420	(2)
Using Pronouns Correctly: Consistency and Case	422	(7)
Choosing the Case of Pronouns	424	(2)
Problems Choosing Pronoun Case	425	(1)
Common Errors with Case of Pronouns	426	(3)
Punctuation	429	(16)
The Period	429	(1)
The Question Mark	429	(1)
The Semicolon	429	(2)
The Comma	431	(4)
Other Ways to Use a Comma	433	(2)
The Apostrophe	435	(2)
The Colon	437	(1)
The Exclamation Mark	438	(1)
The Dash	438	(1)
Parentheses	438	(1)
The Hyphen	438	(1)
Quotation Marks	439	(1)
Capital Letters	440	(2)
Numbers	442	(1)
Abbreviations	442	(3)
Spelling	445	(9)
Vowels and Consonants	445	(1)
Spelling Rule 1: Doubling a Final Consonant	445	(1)
Spelling Rule 2: Dropping the Final e	446	(1)
Spelling Rule 3: Changing the Final y to i	446	(1)
Spelling Rule 4: Adding -s or -es	447	(1)
Spelling Rule 5: Using ie or ei	448	(1)
Do You Spell It as One Word or Two?	449	(2)
Commonly Misspelled Words	451	(3)
Words That Sound Alike/Look Alike	454	(14)
Words That Sound Alike/Look Alike	454	(6)
More Words That Sound Alike/Look Alike	460	(8)
Word Choice	468	(5)
Precise Language	468	(1)
Wordiness	469	(1)
Cliches	470	(3)
Sentence Variety	473	(13)
Balancing Long and Short Sentences	473	(3)
Using Different Ways to Begin Sentences	476	(2)
Begin with an Adverb	476	(1)
Begin with a Prepositional Phrase	476	(2)
Using Different Ways to Join Ideas	478	(8)
Use an -ing Modifier	478	(1)
Use an -ed Modifier	479	(2)
Use an Appositive	481	(2)
Use a Who, Which, or That Clause	483	(3)
APPENDIX ESL Grammar for ESL Students	486	(10)
Nouns and Articles	486	(3)
Using Articles with Nouns	487	(2)
Nouns or Pronouns Used as Subjects	489	(1)
Verbs	489	(4)
Necessary Verbs	489	(1)
-s Endings	490	(1)
-ed Endings	490	(1)
Two-Word Verbs	491	(1)
Contractions and Verbs	492	(1)
Prepositions	493	(3)
Prepositions That Show Time	493	(1)
Prepositions That Show Place	494	(2)
Credits	496	(1)
Index	497