The solution to our current energy dilemma will contain features ofboth alternate energy sources and alternate use of existing energysources. In order to help engineers find this solution, AlternativeEnergy Systems covers a wide range of concepts. They will examine areasinvolving reat turbomachine and solar energy, CHP applications, andadditional alternate energy concepts. All chapters focus on first-orderengineering calculations. Alternate energy topics are also equated totopics related to renewable energy resources. Engineers will learn howto apply these concepts to find new solutions.

Energy in the United States	p. 1
Energy and Power	p. 1
Energy Usage and Standard of Living	p. 1
A Historical Perspective of Energy Usage in the United States	p. 3
United States Energy Usage in 2007	p. 6
Worldwide Energy Use	p. 12
Efficiencies	p. 13
Closure	p. 15
Review Questions	p. 15
References	p. 15
Fundamentals of Turbomachinery	p. 16
Definition of a Turbomachine	p. 16
Turbomachine Classifications	p. 16
Turbomachine Analysis	p. 17
Example Problems	p. 22
Closure	p. 27
Review Questions	p. 27
Exercises	p. 28
References	p. 29
Hydropower	p. 30
Introduction	p. 30
Examples of Hydroelectric Dams	p. 31
Hydraulic Analysis	p. 33
Turbine Specific Speed Considerations	p. 38
Energy Transfer in Turbines	p. 43
Closure	p. 52
Review Questions	p. 52
Exercises	p. 53
References	p. 55
Wind Energy	p. 56
Introduction	p. 56
Fundamental Concepts	p. 59
Wind Energy Resources	p. 66
Wind Turbine Operation	p. 73
Commercial Wind Turbine Examples	p. 80
Closure	p. 84
Review Questions	p. 85
Exercises	p. 85
References	p. 87
Combustion Turbines	p. 88
Introduction	p. 88
The Combustion Turbine	p. 88
The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle	p. 91
Actual Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis	p. 92
Combustion Turbine Cycle Variations	p. 102
Examples of Commercially Available Combustion Turbines	p. 104
Closure	p. 111
Review Questions	p. 111
Exercises	p. 112
References	p. 113
Websites	p. 113
Solar Energy Fundamentals	p. 114
Introduction	p. 114
Radiation Heat Transfer Review	p. 114
Sun Path Description and Calculation	p. 129
Sun Path Development Using Mathcad	p. 134
The Solar Energy Database	p. 141
Closure	p. 144
Review Questions	p. 144
Exercises	p. 145
References	p. 148
Active Solar Thermal Applications	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Flat-Plate Collector Fundamentals	p. 153
Solar Collector and Weather Data	p. 159
The f-Chart Method	p. 167
Other Solar Thermal Systems	p. 174
Closure	p. 175
Review Questions	p. 176
Exercises	p. 176
References	p. 178
Appendix A	p. 179
Passive Solar Energy	p. 191
Fundamental Concepts of Passive Solar Energy	p. 191
Quantifying Passive Solar Features	p. 197
The First-Level Method or Rules of Thumb	p. 200
The Second-Level Method (LCR Method)	p. 202
Daylighting	p. 203
Passive Solar Software	p. 205
Closure	p. 206
Review Questions	p. 207
Exercises	p. 207
References	p. 208
Appendix A	p. 209
Photovoltaic Systems	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
Photovoltaic Cell Fundamentals	p. 226
Photovoltaic Components	p. 233
Photovoltaic Systems	p. 241
Closure	p. 246
Review Questions	p. 247
Exercises	p. 247
References	p. 248
Fuel Cells	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Fuel Cell Fundamentals	p. 249
Fuel Cell Thermodynamics Fundamentals	p. 252
Fuel Cell Types	p. 258
Fuel Cell Availability	p. 264
Closure	p. 266
Review Questions	p. 267
Exercises	p. 267
References	p. 268
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems	p. 269
Introduction	p. 269
CHP System Fundamentals	p. 272
CHP System Economics and Operation	p. 277
Economic Assessment of CHP Suitability	p. 283
CHP System Example	p. 288
Closure	p. 292
Review Questions	p. 293
Exercises	p. 293
References	p. 295
Biomass	p. 296
Introduction	p. 296
Biomass Availability	p. 298
Biomass Fundamentals	p. 300
Biomass Characteristics	p. 302
Biomass Based Fuels and Products	p. 304
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)	p. 319
Closure	p. 326
Review Questions	p. 327
Exercises	p. 328
References	p. 328
Websites	p. 329
Geothermal Energy	p. 330
Introduction	p. 330
Geothermal Resources	p. 332
Geothermal Energy Systems	p. 335
Geothermal Examples	p. 348
Ground-Source Heat Pumps	p. 350
Closure	p. 355
Review Questions	p. 355
Exercises	p. 356
References	p. 356
Websites	p. 357
Ocean Energy	p. 358
Introduction	p. 358
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)	p. 358
Tidal Energy	p. 370
Wave Energy	p. 376
Closure	p. 380
Review Questions	p. 380
Exercises	p. 381
References	p. 381
Websites	p. 382
Nuclear Energy	p. 383
Introduction	p. 383
Fundamentals of Nuclear Energy	p. 384
Nuclear Power	p. 390
Fusion Power	p. 404
Closure	p. 410
Review Questions	p. 410
Exercises	p. 411
References	p. 411
Websites	p. 412
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