ALWD Citation Manual : A Professional System of Citation

by Dickerson

• ISBN13: 9780735555716
• ISBN10: 0735555710
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Comb Bound
• Copyright: 2005-12-28
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

In its Third Edition, The new standard guide to legal citation continues to present a single, consistent system of citation for all forms of legal writing in a clear, attractive, and easy-to-use format. This phenomenally popular reference rivals the Bluebook because it: is written, designed, and edited by professionals: Darby Dickerson, a leading authority on American legal citation, And The Association of Legal Writing Directors simplifies and clarifies citation by using one consistent and logical system for any type of legal document makes information extremely accessible, with an easy-to-navigate organization, subheadings, two-color design to flag key points, numerous examples, "Fast Formats" for double-checking citations, Sidebars with tips on avoiding common problems, and diagrams and charts to make information available at a glance presents complete coverage of citation basics, citation for primary and secondary sources, citation of electronic sources, and incorporating citations into documents, As well as how to properly quote material and edit quotes offers eight helpful appendices, including local court citation formats, commonly used abbreviations, federal tax citation guidelines, and an example of a legal memorandum that demonstrates the proper integration of citations includes a website for updates and additional appendices facilitates instruction with a thorough Teacher's Manual and PowerPoint CD containing class suggestions, exercises, and helpful ALWD-Bluebook conversion charts Be sure to notice the new material in the Third Edition: new Rule 7.2 provides guidance on citing both page numbers and footnote or endnote numbers; new Rule 7.3 clarifies citing footnotes and endnotes when using the id. short citation new Rule 8.4 addresses citing material that appears on multiple supplements revised Rule 19 includes additional information on citing Code of Federal Regulations sections appearing in electronic databases and a new rule (19.13) on citing patents Rule 21 has been expanded to include rudimentary information about citing basic international, foreign, and intergovernmental sources new Rule 37.3 explains how to cite unpublished working papers, including material that appears on SSRN. new rule 40.3 explains how to cite weblogs updated examples are provided throughout the text All appendices now appear in the book all appendices now included in the book If you are not already planning to use the ALWD Citation Manual in your next course, examine the new edition of this revolutionary reference and be prepared to change your min An author website to support classroom instruction using this title is available at http://www.alwdmanual.com

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xxi
Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments to the First Edition	xxvii
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition	xxix
Acknowledgments to the Third Edition	xxxi
PART 1 INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL	1	(10)
A. Purpose and Use of Citations	3	(1)
B. How to Use This Book	4	(3)
Overall Organization	4	(1)
Organization within Each Part of This Book	5	(1)
Finding Tools	6	(1)
Caveats	6	(1)
Footnotes Versus Endnotes	6	(1)
Citing Sources Not Covered in This Book	6	(1)
Sources for Additional Information	7	(1)
Citing This Book	7	(1)
Web Site for Updates and Frequently Asked Questions	7	(1)
C. Local Citation Rules	7	(1)
D. How Your Word Processor May Affect Citations	8	(3)
Margin Justification	8	(1)
Default Settings and Quick Correct Features	8	(3)
PART 2 CITATION BASICS	11	(50)
1.0 Typeface for Citations	13	(1)
1.1 Typeface Choices	13	(1)
1.2 When to Use Ordinary Type in Citations	13	(1)
1.3 When to Use Italics in Citations	13	(1)
1.4 Typeface for Punctuation in Citations	14	(1)
1.5 Possessive Endings of Italicized Material	14	(1)
1.6 Italicized Material within Italicized Material	14	(1)
1.7 Italics to Show Emphasis	15	(1)
1.8 Italicizing Foreign Words	15	(1)
2.0 Abbreviations	16	(1)
2.1 Use	16	(1)
2.2 Spacing for Abbreviations	16	(1)
2.3 Authorities Referred to in Textual Sentences	17	(2)
3.0 Spelling and Capitalization	19	(1)
3.1 Words in Titles	19	(2)
Sidebar 3.1: Common Prepositions in Titles	20	(1)
3.2 General Rules	21	(2)
3.3 Capitalizing Specific Words	23	(4)
3.4 Capitalization in Selected Non-English Languages	27	(1)
3.5 Other Capitalization and Spelling Rules	28	(1)
4.0 Numbers	29	(1)
4.1 Numbers in Citations	29	(1)
4.2 Numbers in Textual Material	29	(3)
4.3 Ordinal Numbers	32	(1)
5.0 Page Numbers	33	(1)
5.1 Initial Pages	33	(1)
5.2 Pinpoint Pages	33	(2)
Sidebar 5.1: Importance of Using Pinpoint References	35	(1)
5.3 Citing Consecutive Pages	35	(1)
5.4 Citing Scattered Pages	35	(1)
Sidebar 5.2: Using Hyphens, En Dashes, and "to" for Spans	36	(1)
5.5 Passim	36	(1)
6.0 Citing Sections and Paragraphs	37	(1)
6.1 General Rules	37	(1)
6.2 Spacing	38	(1)
Sidebar 6.1: Inserting the Symbols for Sections and Paragraphs	38	(1)
6.3 Unnumbered Paragraphs	38	(1)
6.4 Subsections and Subparagraphs	39	(1)
6.5 Distinguishing Sections from Subsections	39	(1)
6.6 Citing Consecutive Sections or Paragraphs	39	(1)
6.7 Citing Scattered Sections or Paragraphs	40	(1)
6.8 Citing Consecutive Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph	41	(1)
6.9 Citing Scattered Subdivisions within a Single Section or Paragraph	41	(1)
6.10 Citing Multiple Subdivisions within Multiple Sections or Paragraphs	41	(1)
6.11 Referring to Sections and Paragraphs in Textual Material	42	(1)
7.0 Citing Footnotes and Endnotes	43	(1)
7.1 General Rules	43	(1)
7.2 Preventing Confusion	43	(1)
7.3 Footnotes and Endnotes in Short Citations	44	(1)
8.0 Supplements	45	(1)
8.1 Citing Material Found Only in a Supplement	45	(1)
8.2 Citing Material Found Only in the Main Volume	45	(1)
8.3 Citing Material in Both the Main Volume and a Supplement	45	(1)
8.4 Citing Material in Multiple Supplements	46	(1)
9.0 Graphical Material, Appendices, and Other Subdivisions	47	(1)
9.1 Citing Graphical Material	47	(1)
9.2 Citing Appendices	47	(1)
9.3 Citing Other Subdivisions	48	(1)
9.4 Preventing Confusion	48	(1)
10.0 Internal Cross-References	49	(1)
10.1 Definition	49	(1)
10.2 Material That May Be Cross-Referenced	49	(1)
10.3 Supra and Infra	49	(1)
10.4 Format for Internal Cross-References	50	(2)
Sidebar 10.1: The Two Uses of Supra	51	(1)
11.0 Introduction to Full and Short Citation Formats	52	(1)
11.1 Full Citation Format	52	(1)
11.2 Short Citation Format	52	(1)
11.3 Id. as a Short Citation	53	(3)
Sidebar 11.1: Id. Versus Ibid.	53	(3)
11.4 Supra as a Short Citation	56	(5)
PART 3 CITING SPECIFIC PRINT SOURCES	61	(228)
FAST FORMATS: CASES	63	(1)
12.0 Cases	64	(1)
12.1 Full Citation Format	64	(1)
12.2 Case Name	64	(12)
Sidebar 12.1: Distinguishing Case Names from Party Names	65	(6)
Sidebar 12.2: Public Official Named as a Party	71	(4)
Sidebar 12.3: Explanation of Commonly Used Procedural Phrases	75	(1)
12.3 Reporter Volume	76	(1)
12.4 Reporter Abbreviation	76	(6)
Chart 12.1: Common Reporter Abbreviations	77	(3)
Sidebar 12.4: Early Supreme Court Reporters	80	(1)
Sidebar 12.5: Locating Parallel Citations	81	(1)
12.5 Page Numbers	82	(1)
12.6 Court Abbreviation	83	(3)
12.7 Date	86	(1)
12.8 Subsequent History	87	(3)
Sidebar 12.6: Information about Denials of Certiorari	88	(2)
12.9 Prior History	90	(1)
12.10 Additional Rules Concerning Subsequent and Prior History	91	(2)
12.11 Parenthetical Information	93	(1)
Chart 12.2: Abbreviations for Titles of Judges and Other Judicial Officials	94	(1)
12.12 Cases Published Only on LexisNexis or Westlaw	94	(1)
12.13 Cases Not Yet Reported	95	(1)
12.14 Table Cases and Federal Appendix Cases	96	(1)
12.15 Cases on the Internet	97	(1)
12.16 Neutral Citations	98	(1)
12.17 Cases Published Only in a Looseleaf Service	98	(1)
12.18 Unreported Cases	98	(1)
12.19 Early Federal Circuit Cases	99	(1)
12.20 Court Documents, Transcripts, and Records	99	(2)
Sidebar 12.7: Court Rules Prohibiting or Limiting Citation of Unreported Cases in Briefs	100	(1)
12.21 Short Citation Format	101	(6)
FAST FORMATS: CONSTITUTIONS	106	(1)
13.0 Constitutions	107	(1)
13.1 Which Source to Cite	107	(1)
13.2 Full Citation Format for Constitutions Currently in Force	107	(1)
13.3 Full Citation Format for Constitutions No Longer in Force	108	(1)
13.4 Short Citation Format	108	(3)
Sidebar 13.1: Referring to Constitutions in Text	109	(1)
FAST FORMATS: STATUTORY CODES, SESSION LAWS, AND SLIP LAWS	110	(1)
14.0 Statutory Codes, Session Laws, and Slip Laws	111	(1)
14.1 Which Source to Cite	111	(1)
14.2 Full Citation, Print Format for Federal Statutes Currently in Force	111	(4)
Sidebar 14.1: Date of United States Code	114	(1)
14.3 Full Citation, Print Format for Federal Statutes No Longer in Force	115	(1)
14.4 Full Citation, Print Format for State Statutes	115	(1)
14.5 Statutes Available on Electronic Databases	116	(1)
14.6 Short Citation, Print Format for Federal and State Statutes	117	(1)
14.7 Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws Currently in Force	117	(3)
Sidebar 14.2: Referring to Statutes in the Text	118	(2)
14.8 Full Citation Format for Federal Session Laws No Longer in Force	120	(1)
14.9 Full Citation Format for State Session Laws	120	(1)
14.10 Short Citation Format for Federal and State Session Laws	121	(1)
14.11 Full Citation Format for Federal Slip Laws	121	(1)
14.12 Full Citation Format for State Slip Laws	122	(1)
14.13 Short Citation Format for Federal and State Slip Laws	122	(2)
FAST FORMATS: OTHER FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS	123	(1)
15.0 Other Federal Legislative Materials	124	(1)
15.1 Full Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions	124	(3)
Sidebar 15.1: Types of Proposed Laws	125	(2)
15.2 Short Citation Format for Unenacted Bills and Resolutions	127	(1)
15.3 Enacted Bills and Joint Resolutions	127	(1)
15.4 Full Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions	127	(1)
15.5 Short Citation Format for Enacted Simple and Concurrent Resolutions	128	(1)
15.6 Proposed House and Senate Amendments	128	(1)
15.7 Full Citation Format for Congressional Hearings	129	(2)
15.8 Short Citation Format for Congressional Hearings	131	(1)
15.9 Full Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints	132	(3)
15.10 Short Citation Format for Numbered Congressional Reports, Documents, and Prints	135	(1)
15.11 Unnumbered Reports, Documents, and Prints	135	(1)
15.12 Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873	135	(2)
15.13 Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates Occurring after 1873	137	(1)
15.14 Full Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873	138	(1)
15.15 Short Citation Format for Congressional Debates through 1873	138	(1)
15.16 Congressional Journals	139	(1)
15.17 United States Code Congressional and Administrative News	139	(1)
15.18 Declaration of Independence	140	(1)
15.19 Other Legislative Materials	140	(2)
FAST FORMATS: OTHER STATE LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS	141	(1)
16.0 Other State Legislative Materials	142	(1)
16.1 Full Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions	142	(3)
16.2 Short Citation Format for State Unenacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions	145	(1)
16.3 State Enacted Bills, Files, and Resolutions	145	(1)
16.4 Full Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings	145	(2)
16.5 Short Citation Format for State Legislative Hearings	147	(1)
16.6 Full Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints	148	(2)
16.7 Short Citation Format for State Legislative Reports, Documents, and Prints	150	(1)
16.8 Full Citation Format for State Legislative Debates	151	(2)
16.9 Short Citation Format for State Legislative Debates	153	(1)
16.10 State Legislative Journals	153	(1)
16.11 Other State Legislative Materials	153	(3)
FAST FORMATS: COURT RULES, ETHICS RULES AND OFINIONS, AND JURY INSTRUCTIONS	155	(1)
17.0 Court Rules, Ethics Rules and Opinions, and Jury Instructions	156	(1)
17.1 Full Citation Format for Rules Currently in Force	156	(1)
17.2 Full Citation Format for Rules No Longer in Force	157	(1)
17.3 Short Citation Format	157	(1)
17.4 Full Citation Format for Ethics Opinions	158	(1)
17.5 Short Citation Format for Ethics Opinions	159	(1)
17.6 Full Citation Formats for Jury Instructions	160	(1)
17.7 Short Citation Formats for Jury Instructions	160	(2)
FAST FORMATS: LOCAL ORDINANCES	161	(1)
18.0 Local Ordinances	162	(1)
18.1 Full Citation Format for Codified Ordinances	162	(1)
Sidebar 18.1: Locating Ordinances on the interne	162	(1)
18.2 Full Citation Format for Uncodified Ordinances	163	(2)
18.3 Short Citation Format for Codified and Uncodified Ordinances	165	(2)
FAST FORMATS: FEDERAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND EXECUTIVE MATERIALS	166	(1)
19.0 Federal Administrative and Executive Materials	167	(1)
19.1 Full Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations	167	(2)
Sidebar 19.1: Determining the Date of Current C.F.R. Volumes	169	(1)
19.2 Short Citation Format for Code of Federal Regulations	169	(1)
19.3 Full Citation Format for Federal Register	170	(1)
19.4 Short Citation Format for Federal Register	171	(1)
19.5 Full Citation Format for Agency Decisions	172	(1)
19.6 Short Citation Format for Agency Decisions	173	(1)
19.7 Full Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions	173	(2)
Sidebar 19.2: Purpose of Attorney General Opinions	174	(1)
19.8 Short Citation Format for Attorney General Opinions and Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Opinions	175	(1)
19.9 Full Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans	175	(3)
19.10 Short Citation Format for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Determinations, and Reorganization Plans	178	(1)
19.11 Executive Agreements	178	(1)
19.12 Other Presidential Documents	178	(1)
19.13 Patents	179	(1)
19.14 Other Administrative and Executive Materials	180	(2)
Sidebar 19.3: Citing Tax Materials	180	(1)
FAST FORMATS: STATE ADMINISTRATIVE AND EXECUTIVE MATERIALS	181	(1)
20.0 State Administrative and Executive Materials	182	(1)
20.1 Full Citation for State Administrative Codes	182	(1)
20.2 Short Citation Format for State Administrative Codes	182	(1)
20.3 Full Citation Format for State Administrative Registers	182	(1)
20.4 Short Citation Format for State Administrative Registers	183	(1)
20.5 Full Citation Format for State Agency Decisions	183	(1)
20.6 Short Citation Format for State Agency Decisions	183	(1)
20.7 Full Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions	183	(1)
20.8 Short Citation Format for State Attorney General Opinions	184	(1)
20.9 State Executive Materials	184	(1)
20.10 Other State Administrative and Executive Materials	185	(2)
FAST FORMATS: TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS, INTERNATIONAL SOURCES, AND FOREIGN SOURCES	186	(1)
21.0 Treaties and Conventions to Which the United States Is a Party, International Sources, and Foreign Sources	187	(1)
21.1 Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions Currently in Force	187	(2)
21.2 Full Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions No Longer in Force	189	(1)
21.3 Short Citation Format for Treaties and Conventions	189	(2)
Chart 21.1: Selected Bound Treaty Sources	190	(1)
Sidebar 21.1: Internet Access to International Materials	191	(1)
21.4 Selected International Law Sources	191	(6)
21.5 Selected Foreign Sources	197	(5)
Sidebar 21.2: Other Foreign and International Materials	200	(1)
FAST FORMATS: BOOKS, TREATISES, AND OTHER NONPERIODIC MATERIALS	201	(1)
22.0 Books, Treatises, and Other Nonperiodic Materials	202	(1)
22.1 Full Citation Format	202	(10)
22.2 Short Citation Format for Works Other Than Those in a Collection	212	(1)
22.3 Short Citation Format for Works in a Collection	213	(4)
FAST FORMATS: LEGAL AND OTHER PERIODICALS	216	(1)
23.0 Legal and Other Periodicals	217	(1)
23.1 Full Citation Format	217	(6)
Sidebar 23.1: Identifying Student Authors	218	(5)
23.2 Short Citation Format	223	(4)
Sidebar 23.2: Journals That Use Large and Small Capital Letters	274
FAST FORMATS: A.L.R. ANNOTATIONS	226	(1)
24.0 A.L.R. Annotations	227	(1)
24.1 Full Citation Format	227	(1)
Chart 24.1: Abbreviations for A.1..R. Series	228	(1)
24.2 Short Citation Format	228	(3)
FAST FORMATS: LEGAL DICTIONARIES	230	(1)
25.0 Legal Dictionaries	231	(1)
25.1 Full Citation Format	231	(1)
25.2 Short Citation Format	231	(1)
25.3 Nonlegal Dictionaries	231	(3)
FAST FORMATS: LEGAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS	233	(1)
26.0 Legal Encyclopedias	234	(1)
26.1 Full Citation Format	234	(3)
Chart 26.1: Encyclopedia Abbreviations	235	(2)
26.2 Short Citation Format	237	(2)
FAST FORMATS: RESTATEMENTS, MODEL CODES, UNIFORM LAWS, AND SENTENCING GUIDELINES	238	(1)
27.0 Restatements, Model Codes, Uniform Laws, and Sentencing Guidelines	239	(1)
27.1 Full Citation Format for Restatements	239	(2)
Sidebar 27.1: Subject Matters of Restatements	240	(1)
27.2 Short Citation Format for Restatements	241	(1)
27.3 Model Codes and Acts	241	(1)
27.4 Uniform Laws	242	(2)
27.5 Sentencing Guidelines	244	(2)
FAST FORMATS: LOOSELEAF SERVICES AND REPORTERS	245	(1)
28.0 Looseleaf Services and Reporters	246	(1)
28.1 Full Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services	246	(4)
Chart 28.1: Abbreviations for Looseleaf Publishers	248	(1)
Sidebar 28.1: Understanding Paragraphs in Looseleaf Services	249	(1)
28.2 Short Citation Format for Cases and Administrative Decisions in Looseleaf Services	250	(1)
28.3 Full Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services	250	(1)
28.4 Short Citation Format for Noncase Material in Looseleaf Services	251	(2)
FAST FORMATS: PRACTITIONER AND COURT DOCUMENTS, TRANSCRIPTS, AND APPELLATE RECORDS	252	(1)
29.0 Practitioner and Court Documents, Transcripts, and Appellate Records	253	(1)
29.1 Scope of Rule	253	(1)
29.2 Full Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents	253	(2)
29.3 Full Citation Format for Transcripts	255	(1)
29.4 Short Citation Format for Practitioner and Court Documents and for Transcripts	256	(1)
29.5 Full Citation Format for Appellate Records	256	(1)
29.6 Short Citation Format for Appellate Records	257	(2)
Sidebar 29.1: Inserting Document Names and Record Cites in Memoranda and Court Documents	257	(1)
FAST FORMATS: SPEECHES, ADDRESSES, AND OTHER ORAL PRESENTATIONS	258	(1)
30.0 Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	259	(1)
30.1 Full Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	259	(2)
30.2 Short Citation Format for Unpublished Speeches, Addresses, and Other Oral Presentations	261	(1)
30.3 Published Presentations	261	(3)
FAST FORMATS: INTERVIEWS	263	(1)
31.0 Interviews	264	(1)
31.1 Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by the Author	264	(1)
31.2 Full Citation Format for Interviews Conducted by Another	265	(1)
31.3 Short Citation Format	266	(2)
FAST FORMATS: LETTERS AND MEMORANDA	267	(1)
32.0 Letters and Memoranda	268	(1)
32.1 Full Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda	268	(2)
32.2 Short Citation Format for Unpublished Letters and Memoranda	270	(1)
32.3 Published Letters and Memoranda	271	(2)
FAST FORMATS: VIDEO AND VISUAL RECORDINGS AND BROADCASTS	272	(1)
33.0 Video and Visual Recordings and Broadcasts	273	(1)
33.1 Full Citation Format	273	(3)
33.2 Short Citation Format	276	(2)
FAST FORMATS: SOUND RECORDINGS	277	(1)
34.0 Sound Recordings	278	(1)
34.1 Full Citation Format for Entire Recordings	278	(1)
34.2 Full Citation Format for a Single Work in a Collection	279	(1)
34.3 Additional Information	279	(1)
34.4 Short Citation Format for Sound Recordings	279	(2)
FAST FORMATS: MICROFORMED MATERIALS	280	(1)
35.0 Microformed Materials	281	(1)
35.1 Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Material Also Available in Print Format	281	(1)
35.2 Full Citation Format for Microform Collections Containing Material Not Otherwise Available	281	(1)
35.3 Short Citation Format	282	(2)
FAST FORMATS: FORTHCOMING WORKS	283	(1)
36.0 Forthcoming Works	284	(1)
36.1 Full Citation Format	284	(1)
36.2 Short Citation Format	284	(2)
FAST FORMATS: UNPUBLISHED WORKS AND WORKING PAPERS	285	(1)
37.0 Unpublished Works and Working Papers	286	(1)
37.1 Full Citation Format for Unpublished Works	286	(1)
37.2 Short Citation Format for Unpublished Works	287	(1)
37.3 Working Papers	287	(2)
PART 4 ELECTRONIC SOURCES	289	(26)
38.0 General Information about Online and Electronic Citation Formats	291	(1)
38.1 Source Available in Print and Electronic Formats	291	(1)
38.2 Source Available Only in Electronic Format	292	(3)
Sidebar 38.1: Accessing and Preserving Electronic Sources	293	(1)
FAST FORMATS: WESTLAW AND LexisNexis	294	(1)
39.0 Westlaw and LexisNexis	295	(1)
39.1 Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier Is Available	295	(1)
39.2 Full Citation Format When a Unique Identifier Is Not Available	295	(1)
39.3 Short Citation Format for Westlaw and LexisNexis Citations	296	(1)
39.4 Compilation of Materials from Electronic Databases	297	(3)
FAST FORMATS: WORLD WIDE WEB SITES	299	(1)
40.0 World Wide Web Sites	300	(1)
40.1 Full Citation Format	300	(5)
40.2 Short Citation Format	305	(2)
Sidebar 40.1: Types of Web Sites and Indicia of Reliability	305	(2)
40.3 Weblogs	307	(2)
FAST FORMATS: ELECTRONIC MAIL	308	(1)
41.0 Electronic Mail	309	(1)
41.1 Full Citation Format for Personal E-mail	309	(1)
41.2 Full Citation Format for E-mail Sent to a Discussion Group or Listsery	309	(1)
41.3 Short Citation Format for E-mail	310	(2)
FAST FORMATS: CD-ROM MATERIAL	311	(1)
42.0 CD-ROM Material	312	(1)
42.1 Full Citation Format	312	(1)
42.2 Short Citation Format	313	(2)
PART 5 INCORPORATING CITATIONS INTO DOCUMENTS	315	(24)
43.0 Citation Placement and Use	317	(1)
43.1 Placement Options	317	(3)
Sidebar 43.1: Using Your Word Processor to Format Footnotes	320	(1)
43.2 Frequency of Citation	320	(1)
43.3 Number of Sources to Cite	321	(1)
43.4 Guidelines for Determining Which Authorities to Cite in a Legal Memorandum or Court Document	322	(1)
44.0 Signals	323	(1)
44.1 Purpose of Signals	323	(1)
44.2 Use of Signals	323	(1)
44.3 Categories of Signals	324	(1)
44.4 Signals and Explanatory Parentheticals	325	(1)
44.5 Capitalizing Signals	325	(1)
44.6 Placement and Typeface of Signals	325	(1)
44.7 Repeating Signals	326	(1)
44.8 Order of Signals and Punctuation between Different Signals	326	(2)
45.0 Order of Cited Authorities	328	(1)
45.1 Applicability	328	(1)
45.2 Punctuation between Citations	328	(1)
45.3 General Ordering Rules	328	(2)
45.4 Specific Order of Authorities	330	(5)
46.0 Explanatory Parentheticals and Related Authority	335	(1)
46.1 Using Explanatory Parentheticals	335	(1)
Sidebar 46.1: Using Explanatory Parentheticals Effectively	335	(1)
46.2 Placement of Explanatory Parentheticals	336	(1)
46.3 Formatting Explanatory Parentheticals	337	(1)
46.4 Related Authority and Commentary	337	(2)
PART 6 QUOTATIONS	339	(18)
47.0 Quotations	341	(1)
47.1 Using Quotations	341	(1)
47.2 Accuracy	341	(1)
47.3 Relation to Text	341	(1)
47.4 Short Quotations	341	(3)
47.5 Longer Quotations	344	(2)
47.6 Epigraphs	346	(1)
47.7 Quotations within Quotations	346	(2)
48.0 Altering Quoted Material	348	(1)
48.1 Altering the Case of a Letter	348	(1)
48.2 Adding, Changing, or Deleting One or More Letters	348	(1)
48.3 Adding a Footnote within a Block Quotation	348	(1)
48.4 Substituting or Adding Words	349	(1)
48.5 Altering Typeface	349	(1)
48.6 Mistakes within Original Quoted Material	350	(1)
49.0 Omissions within Quoted Material	351	(1)
49.1 General Considerations When Omitting Material within a Quotation	351	(1)
49.2 Indicating Omissions	351	(1)
49.3 When to Use an Ellipsis	351	(2)
49.4 How to Use Ellipses	353	(4)
PART 7 APPENDICES	357	(184)
Appendix 1: Primary Sources by Jurisdiction	359	(50)
Appendix 1A: West Regional Reporter Coverage	407	(2)
Appendix 2: Local Court Citation Rules	409	(44)
Appendix 3: General Abbreviations	453	(10)
Appendix 4: Court Abbreviations	463	(8)
Sidebar A4.1: The Structure of State Court Systems	464	(5)
Sidebar A4.2: Dissecting a Federal District Court Abbreviation	469	(2)
Appendix 5: Abbreviations for Legal Periodicals	471	(48)
Appendix 6: Legal Memorandum Example	519	(4)
Appendix 7: Federal Taxation Materials	523	(16)
Sidebar A7.1: Versions of the Internal Revenue Code	524	(3)
Sidebar A7.2: Case Names in Older Tax Authorities	527	(2)
Sidebar A7.3: Categories of Tax Regulations	529	(4)
Sidebar A7.4: Document Numbers Before and After 2533	533	(5)
Chart A7.1: Abbreviations for Less Frequently Cited Tax Materials	538	(1)
Appendix 8: Selected Official Federal Administrative Publications	539	(2)
Index	541