America Past and Present, Volume II (Chapters 16-33)

by Divine, Robert A.; Breen, T. H.; Frederickson, George; Williams, R. Hal; Gross, Ariela J.; Brands, H. W

• ISBN13: 9780321183071
• ISBN10: 032118307X
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

America Past and Present integrates the social and political dimensions of American history into one rich chronological narrative, providing students with a full picture of the scope and complexity of the American past. Written in a lively narrative style to tell the story of all Americanselite and ordinary, women and men, rich and poor, white majority and minoritiesthe authors, six active, publishing, and award-winning historians, bring history to life for introductory students.

Table of Contents

Maps	p. xiii
Figures and Tables	p. xv
Features	p. xvii
Preface	p. xix
Supplements	p. xxiii
Acknowledgments	p. xxvii
About the Authors	p. xxxi
The Agony of Reconstruction	p. 450
Robert Smalls and Black Politicians during Reconstruction	p. 451
The President versus Congress	p. 452
Wartime Reconstruction	p. 453
Andrew Johnson at the Helm	p. 453
Congress Takes the Initiative	p. 456
Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted	p. 457
The Impeachment Crisis	p. 458
Reconstructing Southern Society	p. 460
Reorganizing Land and Labor	p. 460
Black Codes: A New Name for Slavery?	p. 462
Republican Rule in the South	p. 462
Claiming Public and Private Rights	p. 464
Retreat from Reconstruction	p. 466
Rise of the Money Question	p. 466
Final Efforts of Reconstruction	p. 466
A Reign of Terror Against Blacks	p. 467
Spoilsmen versus Reformers	p. 469
Reunion and the New South	p. 471
The Compromise of 1877	p. 471
"Redeeming" a New South	p. 472
The Rise of Jim Crow	p. 473
Conclusion: Henry McNeal Turner and the "Unfinished Revolution"	p. 475
Feature Essay: Changing Views of Reconstruction	p. 476
The West: Exploiting an Empire	p. 480
Lean Bear's Changing West	p. 481
Beyond the Frontier	p. 482
Crushing the Native Americans	p. 483
Life of the Plains Indians	p. 483
"As Long as Waters Run": Searching for an Indian Policy	p. 485
Final Battles on the Plains	p. 486
The End of Tribal Life	p. 487
Settlement of the West	p. 491
Men and Women on the Overland Trail	p. 492
Land for the Taking	p. 493
Territorial Government	p. 495
The Spanish-Speaking Southwest	p. 495
The Bonanza West	p. 496
The Mining Bonanza	p. 496
Gold from the Roots Up: The Cattle Bonanza	p. 499
Sodbusters on the Plains: The Farming Bonanza	p. 502
New Farming Methods	p. 503
Discontent on the Farm	p. 505
The Final Fling	p. 506
Conclusion: The Meaning of the West	p. 507
Feature Essay: Blacks in Blue: The Buffalo Soldiers in the West	p. 488
The Industrial Society	p. 510
A Machine Culture	p. 511
Industrial Development	p. 512
An Empire on Rails	p. 512
"Emblem of Motion and Power"	p. 513
Building the Empire	p. 514
Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines	p. 515
Rails Across the Continent	p. 516
Problems of Growth	p. 518
An Industrial Empire	p. 519
Carnegie and Steel	p. 519
Rockefeller and Oil	p. 521
The Business of Invention	p. 522
The Sellers	p. 525
The Wage Earners	p. 529
Working Men, Working Women, Working Children	p. 529
Culture of Work	p. 531
Labor Unions	p. 531
Labor Unrest	p. 533
Conclusion: Industrialization's Benefits and Costs	p. 536
Feature Essay: Chicago's "Second Nature"	p. 526
Toward an Urban Society, 1877-1900	p. 538
The Overcrowded City	p. 539
The Lure of the City	p. 540
Skyscrapers and Suburbs	p. 540
Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding	p. 541
Strangers in a New Land	p. 543
Immigrants and the City	p. 547
The House That Tweed Built	p. 548
Social and Cultural Change, 1877-1900	p. 550
Manners and Mores	p. 551
Leisure and Entertainment	p. 552
Changes in Family Life	p. 554
Changing Views: A Growing Assertiveness Among Women	p. 554
Educating the Masses	p. 555
Higher Education	p. 557
The Stirrings of Reform	p. 560
Progress and Poverty	p. 560
New Currents in Social Thought	p. 560
The Settlement Houses	p. 562
A Crisis in Social Welfare	p. 564
Conclusion: The Pluralistic Society	p. 565
Feature Essay: Ellis Island: Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears	p. 544
Law and Society: Plessy v. Ferguson: The Shaping of Jim Crow	p. 567
Political Realignments in the 1890s	p. 572
Hardship and Heartache	p. 573
Politics of Stalemate	p. 574
The Party Deadlock	p. 575
Experiments in the States	p. 576
Reestablishing Presidential Power	p. 576
Republicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar Congress	p. 578
Tariffs, Trusts, and Silver	p. 578
The 1890 Elections	p. 579
The Rise of the Populist Movement	p. 579
The Farm Problem	p. 580
The Fast-Growing Farmers' Alliance	p. 581
The People's Party	p. 582
The Crisis of the Depression	p. 583
The Panic of 1893	p. 583
Coxey's Army and the Pullman Strike	p. 584
The Miners of the Midwest	p. 585
A Beleaguered President	p. 587
Breaking the Party Deadlock	p. 587
Changing Attitudes	p. 588
"Everybody Works But Father"	p. 588
Changing Themes in Literature	p. 589
The Presidential Election of 1896	p. 591
The Mystique of Silver	p. 591
The Republicans and Gold	p. 594
The Democrats and Silver	p. 594
Campaign and Election	p. 595
The McKinley Administration	p. 596
Conclusion: A Decade's Dramatic Changes	p. 598
Feature Essay: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz	p. 592
Toward Empire	p. 600
Roosevelt and the Rough Riders	p. 601
America Looks Outward	p. 602
Catching the Spirit of Empire	p. 602
Reasons for Expansion	p. 603
Foreign Policy Approaches, 1867-1900	p. 606
The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa	p. 608
The New Navy	p. 610
War with Spain	p. 611
A War for Principle	p. 611
"A Splendid Little War"	p. 613
"Smoked Yankees"	p. 615
The Course of the War	p. 616
Acquisition of Empire	p. 617
The Treaty of Paris Debate	p. 619
Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines	p. 620
Governing the Empire	p. 622
The Open Door	p. 623
Conclusion: Outcome of the War with Spain	p. 624
Feature Essay: Americans by the Numbers: The 1890 Census	p. 604
The Progressive Era	p. 626
Muckrakers Call for Reform	p. 627
The Changing Face of Industrialism	p. 628
The Innovative Model T	p. 629
The Burgeoning Trusts	p. 630
Managing the Machines	p. 631
Society's Masses	p. 633
Better Times on the Farm	p. 633
Women and Children at Work	p. 634
The Niagara Movement and the NAACP	p. 635
"I Hear the Whistle": Immigrants in the Labor Force	p. 639
Conflict in the Workplace	p. 641
Organizing Labor	p. 642
Working with Workers	p. 644
Amoskeag	p. 644
A New Urban Culture	p. 645
Production and Consumption	p. 645
Living and Dying in an Urban Nation	p. 646
Popular Pastimes	p. 647
Experimentation in the Arts	p. 649
Conclusion: A Ferment of Discovery and Reform	p. 650
Feature Essay: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement	p. 636
From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism	p. 654
The Republicans Split	p. 655
The Spirit of Progressivism	p. 656
The Rise of the Professions	p. 657
The Social-Justice Movement	p. 658
The Purity Crusade	p. 659
Woman Suffrage, Women's Rights	p. 660
A Ferment of Ideas: Challenging the Status Quo	p. 662
Reform in the Cities and States	p. 663
Interest Groups and the Decline of Popular Politics	p. 663
Reform in the Cities	p. 664
Action in the States	p. 665
The Republican Roosevelt	p. 667
Busting the Trusts	p. 667
"Square Deal" in the Coalfields	p. 668
Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height	p. 669
Regulating the Railroads	p. 669
Cleaning Up Food and Drugs	p. 669
Conserving the Land	p. 671
The Ordeal of William Howard Taft	p. 672
Party Insurgency	p. 673
The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair	p. 673
Taft Alienates the Progressives	p. 673
Differing Philosophies in the Election of 1912	p. 675
Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom	p. 676
The New Freedom in Action	p. 676
Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism	p. 678
Conclusion: The Fruits of Progressivism	p. 682
Feature Essay: Madam C.J. Walker: African American Business Pioneer	p. 680
Law and Society: Muller v. Oregon: Expanding the Definition of Acceptable Evidence	p. 684
The Nation at War	p. 688
The Sinking of the Lusitania	p. 689
A New World Power	p. 690
"I Took the Canal Zone"	p. 691
The Roosevelt Corollary	p. 692
Ventures in the Far East	p. 693
Taft and Dollar Diplomacy	p. 693
Foreign Policy Under Wilson	p. 694
Conducting Moral Diplomacy	p. 694
Troubles Across the Border	p. 694
Toward War	p. 696
The Neutrality Policy	p. 696
Freedom of the Seas	p. 697
The U-Boat Threat	p. 698
"He Kept Us Out of War"	p. 699
The Final Months of Peace	p. 700
Over There	p. 701
Mobilization	p. 701
War in the Trenches	p. 702
Over Here	p. 706
The Conquest of Convictions	p. 706
A Bureaucratic War	p. 708
Labor in the War	p. 709
The Treaty of Versailles	p. 712
A Peace at Paris	p. 712
Rejection in the Senate	p. 715
Conclusion: Postwar Disillusionment	p. 716
Feature Essay: Measuring the Mind	p. 704
Transition to Modern America	p. 718
Wheels for the Millions	p. 719
The Second Industrial Revolution	p. 720
The Automobile Industry	p. 720
Patterns of Economic Growth	p. 720
Economic Weaknesses	p. 722
City Life in the Jazz Age	p. 723
Women and the Family	p. 724
The Roaring Twenties	p. 726
The Flowering of the Arts	p. 727
The Rural Counterattack	p. 732
The Fear of Radicalism	p. 732
Prohibition	p. 734
The Ku Klux Klan	p. 735
Immigration Restriction	p. 736
The Fundamentalist Challenge	p. 737
Politics of the 1920s	p. 737
Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover	p. 737
Republican Policies	p. 738
The Divided Democrats	p. 739
The Election of 1928	p. 740
Conclusion: The Old and the New	p. 741
Feature Essay: Marcus Garvey: Racial Redemption and Black Nationalism	p. 730
Law and Society: The Scopes "Monkey" Trial: Contesting Cultural Differences	p. 743
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal	p. 748
The Struggle Against Despair	p. 749
The Great Depression	p. 750
The Great Crash	p. 750
Effect of the Depression	p. 752
Fighting the Depression	p. 754
Hoover and Voluntarism	p. 754
The Emergence of Roosevelt	p. 754
The Hundred Days	p. 755
Roosevelt and Recovery	p. 757
Roosevelt and Relief	p. 759
Roosevelt and Reform	p. 761
Challenges to FDR	p. 762
Social Security	p. 762
Labor Legislation	p. 763
Impact of the New Deal	p. 764
Rise of Organized Labor	p. 764
The New Deal Record on Help to Minorities	p. 766
Women at Work	p. 767
End of the New Deal	p. 768
The Election of 1936	p. 768
The Supreme Court Fight	p. 769
The New Deal in Decline	p. 773
Conclusion: The New Deal and American Life	p. 774
Feature Essay: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Quest for Social Justice	p. 770
America and the World, 1921-1945	p. 776
A Pact Without Power	p. 777
Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry	p. 778
Retreat in Europe	p. 778
Cooperation in Latin America	p. 779
Rivalry in Asia	p. 780
Isolationism	p. 780
The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality	p. 781
War in Europe	p. 783
The Road to War	p. 784
From Neutrality to Undeclared War	p. 784
Showdown in the Pacific	p. 786
Turning the Tide Against the Axis	p. 788
Wartime Partnerships	p. 788
Halting the German Blitz	p. 790
Checking Japan in the Pacific	p. 791
The Home Front	p. 792
The Arsenal of Democracy	p. 792
A Nation on the Move	p. 794
Win-the-War Politics	p. 797
Victory	p. 798
War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy	p. 798
Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific	p. 802
Conclusion: The Transforming Power of War	p. 804
Feature Essay: The Face of the Holocaust	p. 800
The Onset of the Cold War	p. 806
The Potsdam Summit	p. 807
The Cold War Begins	p. 808
The Division of Europe	p. 808
Withholding Economic Aid	p. 810
The Atomic Dilemma	p. 810
Containment	p. 811
The Truman Doctrine	p. 811
The Marshall Plan	p. 812
The Western Military Alliance	p. 813
The Berlin Blockade	p. 814
The Cold War Expands	p. 815
The Military Dimension	p. 815
The Cold War in Asia	p. 816
The Korean War	p. 817
The Cold War at Home	p. 819
Truman's Troubles	p. 819
Truman Vindicated	p. 822
The Loyalty Issue	p. 823
McCarthyism in Action	p. 824
The Republicans in Power	p. 825
Eisenhower Wages the Cold War	p. 827
Entanglement in Indochina	p. 829
Containing China	p. 830
Turmoil in the Middle East	p. 830
Covert Actions	p. 831
Waging Peace	p. 831
Conclusion: The Continuing Cold War	p. 833
Feature Essay: The "Lost Sheep" of the Korean War	p. 820
Affluence and Anxiety	p. 836
Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs	p. 837
The Postwar Boom	p. 839
Postwar Prosperity	p. 839
Life in the Suburbs	p. 840
The Good Life?	p. 841
Areas of Greatest Growth	p. 841
Critics of the Consumer Society	p. 842
The Reaction to Sputnik	p. 846
Farewell to Reform	p. 847
Truman and the Fair Deal	p. 847
Eisenhower's Modern Republicanism	p. 848
The Struggle over Civil Rights	p. 849
Civil Rights as a Political Issue	p. 850
Desegregating the Schools	p. 850
The Beginnings of Black Activism	p. 852
Conclusion: Restoring National Confidence	p. 854
Feature Essay: Rise of a New Idiom in Modern Painting: Abstract Expressionism	p. 844
The Turbulent Sixties	p. 856
Kennedy versus Nixon: The First Televised Presidential Candidate Debate	p. 857
Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War	p. 859
Flexible Response	p. 859
Crisis over Berlin	p. 859
Containment in Southeast Asia	p. 860
Containing Castro: The Bay of Pigs Fiasco	p. 861
Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis	p. 861
The New Frontier at Home	p. 864
The Congressional Obstacle	p. 865
Economic Advance	p. 865
Moving Slowly on Civil Rights	p. 866
"I Have a Dream"	p. 867
The Supreme Court and Reform	p. 868
"Let Us Continue"	p. 869
Johnson in Action	p. 870
The Election of 1964	p. 871
The Triumph of Reform	p. 872
Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War	p. 876
The Vietnam Dilemma	p. 876
Escalation	p. 877
Stalemate	p. 878
Years of Turmoil	p. 880
The Student Revolt	p. 880
Protesting the Vietnam War	p. 881
The Cultural Revolution	p. 882
"Black Power"	p. 882
Ethnic Nationalism	p. 884
Women's Liberation	p. 884
The Return of Richard Nixon	p. 885
Vietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson	p. 885
The Democrats Divide	p. 886
The Republican Resurgence	p. 888
Conclusion: The End of an Era	p. 889
Feature Essay: Unintended Consequences: The Second Great Migration	p. 874
A Crisis in Confidence, 1969-1980	p. 892
The Watergate Break-in	p. 893
Nixon in Power	p. 895
Reshaping the Great Society	p. 895
Nixonomics	p. 896
Building a Republican Majority	p. 897
In Search of Detente	p. 897
Ending the Vietnam War	p. 898
The Crisis of Democracy	p. 899
The Election of 1972	p. 899
The Watergate Scandal	p. 900
Energy and the Economy	p. 901
The October War	p. 901
The Oil Shocks	p. 902
The Search for an Energy Policy	p. 903
The Great Inflation	p. 904
The Shifting American Economy	p. 904
Private Lives-Public Issues	p. 905
The Changing American Family	p. 908
Gains and Setbacks for Women	p. 908
The Gay Liberation Movement	p. 910
Politics after Watergate	p. 912
The Ford Administration	p. 912
The 1976 Campaign	p. 913
Disenchantment with Carter	p. 913
From Detente to Renewed Cold War	p. 914
Retreat in Asia	p. 914
Accommodation in Latin America	p. 915
The Quest for Peace in the Middle East	p. 916
The Cold War Resumes	p. 917
Conclusion: A Failed Presidency	p. 918
Feature Essay: Three Mile Island and Chernobyl: The Promise and Peril of Nuclear Power	p. 906
Law and Society: Roe v. Wade: The Struggle over Women's Reproductive Rights	p. 920
The Republican Resurgence, 1980-1992	p. 926
Reagan and the Rise of Conservatism	p. 927
Reagan in Power	p. 929
The Reagan Victory	p. 929
Cutting Spending and Taxes	p. 930
Limiting the Role of Government	p. 931
Reaganomics	p. 933
Recession and Recovery	p. 933
The Growing Deficit	p. 933
The Rich Grow Richer	p. 936
Reagan Affirmed	p. 938
Reagan and the World	p. 939
Challenging the "Evil Empire"	p. 939
Turmoil in the Middle East	p. 940
Confrontation in Central America	p. 941
Trading Arms for Hostages	p. 942
Reagan the Peacemaker	p. 943
Social Dilemmas	p. 944
The AIDS Epidemic	p. 944
The War on Drugs	p. 946
Passing the Torch to Bush	p. 947
The Changing Palace Guard	p. 947
The Election of 1988	p. 948
Bush's Domestic Agenda	p. 949
The End of the Cold War	p. 950
Waging Peace	p. 952
Conclusion: Republican Economic Woes	p. 954
Feature Essay: The Christian Right	p. 934
Law and Society: Bakke v. Regents of the University of California: The Question of Affirmative Action	p. 956
America in Flux	p. 960
The Buck Starts Here	p. 961
The Changing American Population	p. 963
A People on the Move	p. 963
The Revival of Immigration	p. 964
The Surging Hispanics	p. 965
Advance and Retreat for African Americans	p. 966
Americans from Asia and the Middle East	p. 967
Melting Pot or Multiethnic Diversity?	p. 968
Democratic Revival	p. 969
The Election of 1992	p. 969
Economic Recovery	p. 970
President versus Congress	p. 971
Contract with America	p. 973
The Clinton Rebound	p. 974
Clinton and the World	p. 976
Global Tensions in the Post-Cold War Era	p. 976
Intervening in Somalia and Haiti	p. 977
Halting Civil War in Bosnia	p. 978
Saving Kosovo	p. 979
The End of the Century	p. 980
From Deficit to Surplus	p. 980
Violence in the 1990s	p. 980
Shadow on the White House	p. 982
The New Millennium	p. 984
The Disputed Election of 2000	p. 984
Bush's Domestic Agenda	p. 986
Terrorism: Attack and Counterattack	p. 990
The New American Empire?	p. 993
Conclusion: The American Century?	p. 996
Feature Essay: The Dot.com Boom and Bust	p. 988
Appendix	p. A-1
The Declaration of Independence	p. A-3
The Articles of Confederation	p. A-5
The Constitution of the United States of America	p. A-9
Amendments to the Constitution	p. A-14
Presidential Elections	p. A-18
Political and Physical Map of the United States	p. A-24
Political Map of the World	p. A-26
Glossary	p. G-1
Credits	p. C-1
Index	p. I-1
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