American Constitutional Law

by Stephens, Jr., Otis H.; Scheb, II, John M.

• ISBN13: 9780534545703
• ISBN10: 053454570X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-07-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

More than a casebook, this comprehensive text contains thirteen chapters that cover the entire range of topics in constitutional law. Each of the chapters includes an extended essay providing the legal, historical, political, and cultural contexts for the set of edited decisions from the United States Supreme Court that follows. In selecting, editing, and updating the materials, the authors emphasize recent trends in major areas of constitutional interpretation. At the same time, the authors include many landmark decisions, some of which retain importance as precedents while others illustrate the transient nature of constitutional interpretation. Because the book provides a good balance of decisions and authorial commentary, this text appeals to instructors of law as well as instructors of political science.

Author Biography

Otis H. Stephens, Jr., is Alumni Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science and Resident Scholar of Constitutional Law in the College of Law at the University of Tennessee John M. Scheb II is Professor of Political Science at the University of Tennessee

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Introduction	1	(1)
What is Constitutional Law?	2	(1)
The Adoption and Ratification of the Constitution	2	(5)
The Underlying Principles of the Constitution	7	(4)
The Living Constitution	11	(2)
Key Terms	13	(1)
For Further Reading	14	(1)
PART 1 SOURCES OF POWER AND RESTRAINT	15	(316)
The Supreme Court in the Constitutional System	16	(65)
Introduction	17	(1)
The Courts: Crucibles of Constitutional Law	17	(4)
Crossing the Threshold: Access to Judicial Review	21	(6)
The Supreme Court's Decision Making Process	27	(5)
The Development of Judicial Review	32	(10)
The Art of Constitutional Interpretation	42	(2)
Judicial Activism and Restraint	44	(6)
External Constraints on Judicial Power	50	(8)
Explaining the Court's Behavior	58	(2)
Conclusion	60	(1)
Key Terms	61	(1)
For Further Reading	62	(1)
Internet Resources	63	(2)
Marbury v. Madison (1803)	65	(2)
Eakin v. Raub (Gibson, J., dissenting) (1825)	67	(2)
Scott v. Sandford (1857)	69	(3)
Ex parte McCardle (1869)	72	(2)
Cooper v. Aaron (1958)	74	(2)
Baker v. Carr (1962)	76	(2)
Raines v. Byrd (1997)	78	(3)
Congress and the Development of National Power	81	(82)
Introduction	82	(1)
Structural Aspects of Congress	82	(3)
Constitutional Sources of Congressional Power	85	(4)
The Power to Investigate	89	(3)
Regulation of Interstate Commerce	92	(10)
Taxing and Spending Powers	102	(5)
Congressional Enforcement of Civil Rights and Liberties	107	(3)
Conclusion	110	(1)
Key Terms	111	(1)
For Further Reading	111	(1)
Internet Resources	111	(1)
U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995)	112	(3)
M'Culloch V. Maryland (1819)	115	(3)
Watkins v. United States (1957)	118	(4)
Barenblatt v. United States (1959)	122	(1)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	123	(4)
Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)	127	(2)
Carter v. Carter Coal Company (1936)	129	(2)
National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937)	131	(4)
United States v. Darby (1941)	135	(3)
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)	138	(2)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)	140	(1)
United States v. Lopez (1995)	141	(3)
United States v. Morrison (2000)	144	(3)
United States v. Butler (1936)	147	(4)
Steward Machine Company v. Davis (1937)	151	(3)
South Dakota v. Dole (1987)	154	(3)
South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966)	157	(2)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)	159	(4)
Constitutional Underpinnings of the Presidency	163	(57)
Introduction	164	(1)
Structural Aspects of the Presidency	164	(5)
Theories of Presidential Power	169	(3)
The Veto Power	172	(2)
The Power of Impoundment	174	(1)
Appointment and Removal Powers	175	(3)
The Power to Grant Pardons	178	(1)
Executive Privilege	179	(2)
Presidential Immunity	181	(1)
Foreign Policy and International Relations	182	(4)
War Powers	186	(5)
Conclusion	191	(1)
Key Terms	192	(1)
For Further Reading	192	(1)
Internet Resources	192	(1)
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company v. Sawyer (1952)	193	(5)
Clinton v. City of New York (1998)	198	(2)
United States v. Nixon (1974)	200	(2)
Clinton v. Jones (1997)	202	(6)
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation (1936)	208	(3)
Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981)	211	(3)
The Prize Cases (1863)	214	(2)
Korematsu v. United States (1944)	216	(4)
The Constitution and the Modern Administrative State	220	(44)
Introduction	221	(1)
The Delegation of Legislative Power	222	(7)
Congressional Control of Administrative Actions	229	(2)
Judicial Oversight of the Bureaucracy	231	(3)
Agency Actions and Other Individual Rights	234	(3)
Conclusion	237	(1)
Key Terms	237	(1)
For Further Reading	237	(1)
Internet Resources	238	(1)
J.W. Hampton & Company v. United States (1928)	238	(1)
Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935)	239	(4)
Mistretta v. United States (1989)	243	(3)
Whitman v. American Trucking Associations (2001)	246	(2)
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983)	248	(6)
Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)	254	(3)
Mathews v. Eldridge (1976)	257	(3)
Dow Chemical Company v. United States (1986)	260	(4)
The Dynamics of the Federal System	264	(67)
Introduction	265	(1)
Development of the Federal System	265	(5)
National Preemption of State Law	270	(2)
Resurgence of the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments	272	(3)
Judicial Federalism	275	(1)
The Scope of State Power to Regulate Commerce	276	(8)
State Taxing Power	284	(5)
Interstate Relations	289	(5)
Conclusion	294	(1)
Key Terms	295	(1)
For Further Reading	295	(1)
Internet Resources	296	(1)
Chisholm v. Georgia (1793)	296	(2)
National League of Cities v. Usery (1976)	298	(3)
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985)	301	(4)
Printz v. United States (1997)	305	(5)
Alden v. Maine (1999)	310	(7)
Cooley v. Board of Port Wardens (1852)	317	(2)
South Carolina Highway Department v. Barnwell Brothers (1938)	319	(2)
Southern Pacific Railroad Company v. Arizona (1945)	321	(4)
Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978)	325	(2)
Oregon Waste Systems v. Department of Environmental Quality (1994)	327	(4)
PART 2 CIVIL RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES	331	(1)
Constitutional Sources of Civil Rights and Liberties	332	(43)
Introduction	333	(1)
Rights Recognized in the Original Constitution	333	(4)
The Bill of Rights	337	(6)
The Fourteenth Amendment	343	(6)
Amendments Protecting Voting Rights	349	(2)
Standards of Review in Civil Rights and Liberties Cases	351	(2)
The Importance of State Constitutions	353	(1)
Conclusion	353	(1)
Key Terms	354	(1)
For Further Reading	354	(1)
Internet Resources	355	(1)
Carmell v. Texas (2000)	355	(1)
DeShaney v. Winnebago Social Services (1989)	356	(2)
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)	358	(2)
Hurtado v. California (1884)	360	(2)
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Company v. Chicago (1897)	362	(1)
Palko v. Connecticut (1937)	363	(2)
Adamson v. California (1947)	365	(4)
Rochin v. California (1952)	369	(2)
Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)	371	(4)
Property Rights and Economic Freedom	375	(52)
Introduction	376	(2)
The Contracts Clause	378	(3)
The Rise and Fall of Economic Due Process	381	(9)
Equal Protection and Economic Regulation	390	(1)
Property Rights and the ``Takings'' Issue	391	(3)
Conclusion	394	(1)
Key Terms	395	(1)
For Further Reading	396	(1)
Internet Resources	396	(1)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)	397	(2)
Charles River Bridge Company v. Warren Bridge Company (1837)	399	(2)
Home Building and Loan Association v. Blaisdell (1934)	401	(3)
The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)	404	(4)
Lochner v. New York (1905)	408	(4)
Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923)	412	(4)
West Coast Hotel Company v. Parrish (1937)	416	(3)
Ferguson v. Skrupa (1963)	419	(2)
Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff (1984)	421	(1)
Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)	421	(6)
Expressive Freedom and the First Amendment	427	(82)
Introduction	428	(1)
Interpretive Foundations of Expressive Freedom	428	(2)
The Prohibition of Prior Restraint	430	(2)
The Clear and Present Danger Doctrine	432	(5)
Fighting Words, Hate Speech, and Profanity	437	(3)
Symbolic Speech and Expressive Conduct	440	(3)
Defamation	443	(3)
The Intractable Obscenity Problem	446	(2)
Expressive Activities in the Public Forum	448	(5)
Electronic Media and the First Amendment	453	(2)
Commercial Speech	455	(3)
Rights of Public Employees and Beneficiaries	458	(2)
Freedom of Association	460	(2)
Conclusion	462	(1)
Key Terms	463	(1)
For Further Reading	463	(1)
Internet Resources	463	(1)
Near v. Minnesota (1931)	464	(2)
New York Times Company v. United States (1971)	466	(5)
Schenck v. United States (1919)	471	(1)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)	472	(1)
Cohen v. California (1971)	473	(3)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)	476	(4)
Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc. (1991)	480	(3)
New York Times Company v. Sullivan (1964)	483	(3)
Miller v. California (1973)	486	(2)
Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)	488	(3)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)	491	(3)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)	494	(2)
Adderley v. Florida (1966)	496	(3)
Lorillard Tobacco Company v. Reilly (2001)	499	(2)
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley (1998)	501	(3)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)	504	(5)
Religious Liberty and Church-State Relations	509	(63)
Introduction	510	(2)
Religious Belief and the Right to Proselytize	512	(1)
Unconventional Religious Practices	513	(4)
Patriotic Rituals and Civic Duties	517	(1)
Freedom of Religion versus Parens Patriae	518	(1)
The Wall of Separation	519	(2)
Religion and Public Education	521	(6)
Governmental Affirmations of Religious Belief	527	(2)
The Problem of Tax Exemptions	529	(2)
Conclusion	531	(1)
Key Terms	531	(1)
For Further Reading	532	(1)
Internet Resources	532	(1)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)	533	(2)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)	535	(4)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)	539	(4)
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah (1993)	543	(3)
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)	546	(2)
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)	548	(2)
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)	550	(3)
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)	553	(4)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)	557	(3)
Agostini v. Felton (1997)	560	(3)
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)	563	(2)
Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)	565	(3)
Walz v. Tax Commission (1970)	568	(4)
The Constitution and Criminal Justice	572	(87)
Introduction	573	(1)
Search and Seizure	573	(8)
The Exclusionary Rule	581	(3)
Arrest	584	(2)
Police Interrogation and Confessions of Guilt	586	(4)
The Right to Counsel	590	(2)
Bail and Pretrial Detention	592	(1)
Plea Bargaining	593	(1)
Trial by Jury	594	(4)
The Protection Against Double Jeopardy	598	(2)
Incarceration and the Rights of Prisoners	600	(2)
The Death Penalty	602	(4)
Appeal and Postconviction Relief	606	(3)
Juvenile Justice	609	(1)
Conclusion	610	(1)
Key Terms	611	(1)
For Further Reading	612	(1)
Internet Resources	612	(1)
Olmstead v. United States (1928)	613	(2)
Katz v. United States (1967)	615	(2)
Kyllo v. United States (2001)	617	(3)
Weeks v. United States (1914)	620	(2)
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)	622	(4)
United States v. Leon (1984)	626	(4)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	630	(4)
Dickerson v. United States (2000)	634	(3)
Powell v. Alabama (1932)	637	(3)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	640	(2)
Batson v. Kentucky (1986)	642	(4)
Kansas v. Hendricks (1997)	646	(4)
Furman v. Georgia (1972)	650	(4)
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)	654	(1)
Payne v. Tennessee (1991)	655	(4)
Personal Autonomy and the Constitutional Right of Privacy	659	(61)
Introduction	660	(1)
Constitutional Foundations of the Right of Privacy	661	(2)
Procreation and Birth Control	663	(3)
The Abortion Controversy	666	(8)
The Right of Privacy and Living Arrangements	674	(1)
Privacy and Gay Rights	675	(2)
Other Applications of the Right of Privacy	677	(1)
A Right to Die?	677	(3)
Conclusion	680	(1)
Key Terms	681	(1)
For Further Reading	681	(1)
Internet Resources	681	(1)
Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905)	682	(1)
Meyer v. Nebraska (1923)	683	(1)
Buck v. Bell (1927)	684	(1)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)	685	(5)
Roe v. Wade (1973)	690	(5)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)	695	(7)
Stenberg v. Carhart (2000)	702	(5)
Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)	707	(4)
Powell v. State (1998)	711	(3)
Washington v. Glucksberg (1997)	714	(6)
Equal Protection and the Antidiscrimination Principle	720	(78)
Introduction	721	(1)
Levels of Judicial Scrutiny in Equal Protection Cases	722	(2)
The Struggle for Racial Equity	724	(7)
The Affirmative Action Controversy	731	(6)
Gender-Based Discrimination	737	(5)
Other Forms of Discrimination	742	(8)
The Ongoing Problem of Private Discrimination	750	(2)
Conclusion	752	(1)
Key Terms	753	(1)
For Further Reading	753	(1)
Internet Resources	754	(1)
The Civil Rights Cases (1883)	755	(3)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	758	(3)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka I (1954)	761	(2)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II (1955)	763	(1)
Loving v. Virginia (1967)	764	(3)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)	767	(2)
Missouri v. Jenkins (1995)	769	(4)
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena (1995)	773	(4)
Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)	777	(4)
United States v. Virgina (1996)	781	(2)
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett (2001)	783	(5)
Romer v. Evans (1996)	788	(5)
Baker v. State of Vermont (1999)	793	(5)
Elections, Representation, and Voting Rights	798	(1)
Introduction	799	(1)
Racial Discrimination in Voting Rights	800	(8)
The Reapportionment Decisions	808	(4)
Political Parties and Electoral Fairness	812	(2)
The Problem of Campaign Finance	814	(2)
Conclusion	816	(1)
Key Terms	816	(1)
For Further Reading	817	(1)
Internet Resources	817	(1)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)	818	(2)
Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960)	820	(1)
Mobile v. Bolden (1980)	821	(3)
Rogers v. Lodge (1982)	824	(4)
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)	828	(3)
Karcher v. Daggett (1983)	831	(4)
Bush v. Gore (2000)	835
Appendix A The Constitution of the United States of America	1	(1)
Appendix B Chronology of Justices of the United States Supreme Court	1	(1)
Appendix C Supreme Court Justices by Appointing President, State Appointed From, and Political Party	1	(1)
Appendix D Glossary	1	(1)
Table of Cases	1	(1)
Index	1