American Foreign Policy : The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century

by Jentleson, Bruce W.

• ISBN13: 9780393974782
• ISBN10: 0393974782
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-02-01
• Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc

Summary

A primary text for courses on American foreign policy, encompassing both foreign policy strategy and foreign policy politics. Part I provides theory and history for establishing a framework for the dynamics of choice, and Part II applies this framework to the post-Cold War foreign policy agenda and major choices the US now faces. Pedagogical features include boxes on major policy and theoretical debates, and excerpts from speeches and documents. Jentleson is director of the Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy and professor of public policy and political science at Duke University.

Table of Contents

List of Maps and Boxed Features	xiv
Preface	xvii
PART I The Context of U.S. Foreign Policy: Theory and History
The Strategic Context: Foreign Policy Strategy and the Essence of Choice	2	(24)
Introdction: Foreign Policy in a Time of Transition	2	(6)
The Context of the International System	8	(2)
Quasi-anarchy	8	(1)
System Structure	9	(1)
State Structural Position	9	(1)
The National Interest: The 4Ps Framework	10	(9)
Power	10	(3)
Peace	13	(1)
Prosperity	14	(2)
Principles	16	(3)
Dilemmas of Foreign Policy Choice: 4Ps Complementarity and Tradeoffs	19	(5)
4Ps Complementarity: Optimal, but Infrequent	19	(2)
4Ps Tradeoffs: More Frequent, More Problematic	21	(3)
Summary	24	(2)
The Domestic Context: Foreign Policy Politics and the Process of Choice	26	(40)
Introduction: Dispelling the ``Water's Edge'' Myth	26	(2)
The President, Congress, and ``Pennsylvania Avenue Diplomacy''	28	(9)
War Powers	30	(1)
Treaties and Other International Commitments	31	(1)
Appointments of Foreign Policy Officials	32	(1)
``Commerce with Foreign Nations''	33	(1)
General Powers	33	(2)
The Supreme Court as Referee?	35	(2)
Executive-Branch Politics	37	(7)
Presidents as Foreign Policy Leaders	37	(3)
Roles of Senior Foreign Policy Advisers	40	(1)
Bureaucratic Politics and Organizational Dynamics	41	(3)
Interest Groups and Their Influence	44	(9)
A Typology of Foreign Policy Interest Groups	44	(3)
Strategies and Techniques of Influence	47	(2)
The Extent of Interest-Group Influence: Analytic and Normative Considerations	49	(4)
The Impact of the News Media	53	(4)
Role of the Media: Cheerleader or Critic?	54	(1)
Modes of Influence	54	(2)
Freedom of the Press vs. National Security	56	(1)
The Nature and Influence of Public Opinion	57	(5)
Ignorant or Sensible? The Nature of Public Opinion about Foreign Policy	57	(3)
The Influence of Public Opinion on Foreign Policy	60	(2)
Summary	62	(4)
The Historical Context: Great Debates in American Foreign Policy, 1789--1945	66	(33)
Introduction: ``The Past Is Prologue''	66	(1)
Great Debates over Foreign Policy Strategy	67	(21)
Isolationism vs. Internationalism	67	(5)
Power, Peace: How Big a Military, How Much for Defense?	72	(3)
Principles: True to American Democratic Ideals?	75	(4)
Prosperity: U.S. Imperialism?	79	(3)
Key Case: U.S. Relations with Latin America---Good Neighbor or Regional Hegemon?	82	(3)
Key Case: The United States as a Pacific Power	85	(3)
Great Debates in Foreign Policy Politics	88	(7)
Going to War	88	(3)
National Security vs. the Bill of Rights	91	(2)
Free Trade vs. Protectionism	93	(2)
Summary	95	(4)
The Cold War Context: Origins and First Stages	99	(37)
Introduction: ``Present at the Creation''	99	(2)
Peace: Liberal Internationalism and the United Nations	101	(3)
The Original Vision of the United Nations	101	(2)
The Scaled-Back Reality	103	(1)
Power: Nuclear Deterrence and Containment	104	(9)
Formative Period, 1947--50	105	(6)
Intensification, 1950s to the Early 1960s	111	(2)
Principles: Ideological Bipolarity and the Third World ``ABC'' Approach	113	(4)
Support for ABC Democrats''	114	(2)
CIA Covert Action	116	(1)
Prosperity: Creation of the Liberal International Economic Order	117	(2)
The Major International Economic Institutions	117	(1)
Critiques: Hegemony? Neo-Imperialism?	118	(1)
Foreign Policy Politics and the Cold War Consensus	119	(13)
Pennsylvania Avenue Diplomacy: A One-Way Street	119	(4)
Executive-Branch Politics and the Creation of the ``National Security State''	123	(4)
Interest Groups, the Media, and Public Opinion: Benefits and Dangers of Consensus	127	(5)
Summary	132	(4)
The Cold War Context: Lessons and Legacies	136	(50)
Introduction: Turbulent Decades	136	(1)
The Vietnam War: America's Most Profound Foreign Policy Setback	137	(10)
Foreign Policy Strategy: Failure on all Counts	140	(2)
Foreign Policy Politics: Shattering the Cold War Consensus	142	(5)
The Rise and Fall of Detente: Major Foreign Policy Shifts	147	(12)
Nixon, Kissinger, and the Rise of Detente	147	(7)
Reasons for the Fall of Detente	154	(5)
1970s Economic Shocks	159	(6)
The Nixon Shock, 1971	159	(1)
The OPEC Shocks, 1973 and 1979	160	(1)
The North-South Conflict and Demands for an ``NIEO''	161	(3)
Trade with Japan	164	(1)
Reagan, Gorbachev, and the End of the Cold War	165	(13)
The 4Ps under Reagan	165	(5)
Confrontational Foreign Policy Politics	170	(2)
The End of the Cold War: Why Did the Cold War End, and End Peacefully?	172	(6)
Summary	178	(8)
PART II American Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century: Choices and Challenges
Foreign Policy Politics: Diplomacy Begins at Home	186	(43)
Introduction: Politics without an Enemy	186	(2)
Presidential-Congressional Relations: Post--Cold War Pennsylvania Avenue Diplomacy	188	(10)
Interbranch Conflict	188	(5)
Institutional Competition	193	(2)
Constructive Compromise	195	(2)
Cooperation	197	(1)
Executive-Branch Politics: Issues of Leadership and Bureaucracy	198	(11)
Presidents as Foreign Policy Decision-Makers: George Bush and Bill Clinton	200	(2)
The Senior Advisory Process: Greater Consensus, and Its Positives and Negatives	202	(4)
Bureaucratic Politics: Assertive New Actors, Troubled Old Ones	206	(3)
Foreign Policy Interest Groups: Proliferation and Intensification	209	(5)
Economic Globalization and Interest Groups	209	(1)
Identity Groups	210	(2)
The Explosion of NGOs	212	(1)
The Madisonian Dilemma of Interest-Group Influence	213	(1)
The News Media: General Trends and the Persian Gulf War Case	214	(6)
General Trends	215	(3)
The Persian Gulf War Case	218	(2)
Post--Cold War Public Opinion: Currents and Cross-Currents	220	(5)
Neo-Isolationism vs. Neo-Internationalism	220	(3)
Foreign-Domestic ``Nexus'' Issues	223	(2)
Summary	225	(4)
Peace: Building a Post--Cold War World Order?	229	(42)
Introduction: The Liberal Internationalist Paradigm and the Post--Cold War Era	229	(2)
The United Nations	231	(15)
Peace and Power: Policy Enhancement vs. Prerogative Encroachment	233	(4)
How Effective is the U.N.?	237	(5)
The U.N. and U.S. Domestic Politics	242	(4)
Regional Multilateral Organizations	246	(6)
Europe: The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe	247	(1)
The Western Hemisphere: The Organization of American States	248	(1)
Africa: The Organization for African Unity	249	(1)
Asia: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Its Regional Forum	250	(1)
The Middle East: The Multilateral Peace Process	251	(1)
Nonproliferation Regimes	252	(7)
Nuclear Nonproliferation	252	(2)
Chemical and Biological Weapons	254	(2)
Lessons of the Iraq Case	256	(2)
Land Mines and the Regime-Creating Role of NGOs	258	(1)
The United States as a Peace Broker	259	(8)
The Middle East Peace Process	260	(4)
Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union's Nuclear Weapons, 1991--94	264	(1)
Bosnia and the Dayton Accords, 1995	265	(2)
Summary	267	(4)
Power: Still the Name of the Game?	271	(48)
Introduction: The Realist Paradigm and the Post--Cold War Era	271	(2)
Major-Power Geopolitics	273	(10)
Russia	274	(4)
China	278	(3)
Western Europe	281	(1)
Japan	282	(1)
Rethinking Defense Strategy	283	(15)
The Persian Gulf War and Its Lessons	284	(1)
The Future of NATO	285	(5)
Deterrence and the ``Two MRC'' Strategy	290	(2)
Nuclear Deterrence, Nuclear ``Abolition,'' Nuclear Defense?	292	(5)
Defense Spending: How Much Is Enough?	297	(1)
Ethnic and Other Deadly Conflicts	298	(12)
Military Intervention	298	(4)
The Politics of Military Intervention	302	(4)
Preventive Statecraft	306	(4)
Security Threats from Nonstate Actors	310	(5)
Terrorism	310	(2)
Drug Wars	312	(2)
Global Crime Rings	314	(1)
Summary	315	(4)
Prosperity: Foreign Economic and Social Policy in an Age of Globalization	319	(43)
Introduction: The International Political Economy paradigm and the Post--Cold War Era	319	(2)
International Trade	321	(15)
Making U.S. Trade Policy	323	(6)
The Uruguay Round and the WTO System	329	(2)
Geo-Economics: Friends as Foes?	331	(5)
International Finance	336	(6)
1990s Financial Crises	336	(4)
Policy Debates over the IMF	340	(2)
Social Stewardship	342	(11)
Poverty and the Human Condition	342	(8)
Global Environmental Issues	350	(3)
Economic Sanctions	353	(5)
Policy Choice: 4Ps Tensions and Tradeoffs	354	(2)
Policy Efficacy: Do Sanctions Work?	356	(2)
Summary	358	(4)
Principles: The Coming of a Democratic Century?	362
Introduction: The Democratic Idealist Paradigm and the Post--Cold War Era	362	(3)
Global Democracy and Human Rights: Status and Prospects	365	(11)
1990s Democratic Success Stories	366	(2)
Limits and Setbacks	368	(2)
Uncertainties: Challenges of Democratic Consolidation and Institutionalization	370	(6)
Principles and Peace: The Democratic Peace Debate	376	(5)
The Democratic Peace Theory	377	(2)
Critiques and Caveats	379	(2)
Policy Strategies for Promoting Democracy and Protecting Human Rights	381	(19)
U.S. Government	381	(2)
International Organizations	383	(2)
Other Governments	385	(1)
NGOs	385	(1)
Facilitating Free and Fair Elections	386	(2)
Building Strong and Accountable Political Institutions	388	(2)
Strengthening the Rule of Law	390	(3)
Protecting Human Rights	393	(4)
Cultivating Civil Society	397	(3)
Principles and Power: Significance and Sources of Soft Power	400	(2)
Principles as Power: Soft Power's Significance	400	(1)
Domestic Policy as Foreign Policy: Sources of Soft Power	401	(1)
Summary	402
Index	A-1