American Foreign Policy History, Politics, and Policy

by Papp, Daniel S.; Johnson, Loch K; Endicott, John

• ISBN13: 9780321079022
• ISBN10: 0321079027
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-12-08
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Yields a comprehensive 360 degree understanding of U.S. foreign policy from the perspectives of history, policy making, and policy implementation. The three of the major approaches to foreign policy analysis; the five major U.S. foreign policy issue-areas; and current issues and concerns with historical issues. Instructors would prefer to introduce American diplomacy through a structure of the three major approaches and five major foreign policy issue-areas.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Introduction: Why Study American Foreign Policy?	1	(8)
PART ONE The Study of American Foreign Policy	9	(58)
CHAPTER 1 Key Dimensions of Foreign Policy Analysis	11	(27)
Hiroshima, Truman, and the Levels of Analysis	12	(2)
Level One: The International Setting	14	(9)
The Balance of Power	16	(1)
Realism versus Idealism	17	(3)
Geopolitics	20	(1)
Strategic Resources	20	(1)
Falling Dominoes	20	(1)
Globalization	21	(2)
Level Two: The National Setting	23	(5)
Historical Experiences	23	(1)
Constitutional Framework	24	(1)
Institutional Fragmentation	25	(2)
Pluralism	27	(1)
Level Three: The Individual Decision Maker	28	(3)
Role-Playing	29	(1)
Distorted Perceptions	29	(2)
A Road Map for Foreign Policy Analysis	31	(1)
Summary	32	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	33	(1)
Thinking Critically	34	(1)
Notes	34	(4)
CHAPTER 2 Unifying Concepts and Competing Themes	38	(29)
American Missions	40	(2)
American National Interests	42	(3)
Defining Interests	42	(1)
Identifying National Interests	43	(2)
American Principles	45	(6)
Isolationism	45	(2)
Moralism	47	(2)
Pragmatism	49	(1)
Unilateralism	50	(1)
Competing Themes	51	(8)
Idealism versus Realism	51	(4)
Isolationism versus Involvement	55	(2)
Unilateralism versus Multilateralism	57	(2)
Change, Continuity, and Other Viewpoints	59	(8)
PART TWO The Background and History of American Foreign Policy	67	(170)
CHAPTER 3 Finding a Place in the World: 1756-1865	69	(26)
The American Colonies and States in a Global Context: 1756-1789	70	(2)
Before Independence	70	(1)
The American War of Independence	71	(1)
Foreign Policy under the Articles of Confederation	71	(1)
The Foreign Policy of an Infant State: 1789-1815	72	(5)
Washington's Foreign Policy	73	(1)
Adams's Foreign Policy	74	(1)
Jefferson's Foreign Policy	75	(1)
Madison's Foreign Policy	76	(1)
Continental Expansion and Hemispheric Interests: 1815-1848	77	(6)
Relations with Great Britain	78	(1)
The Monroe Doctrine	79	(1)
Continental Expansion	80	(1)
Relations with Mexico	81	(2)
Trade, Hopes of Empire, and Civil War: 1848-1865	83	(6)
U.S. Trade and Commerce	84	(1)
Slavery and Southern Hopes of Empire	85	(2)
Foreign Policy during the Civil War	87	(2)
Whither America?	89	(6)
CHAPTER 4 Building an Empire: 1865-1914	95	(29)
Territorial Acquisitions, Foreign Trade, and Regional and Global Interests: 1865-1895	96	(5)
Post-Civil War Territorial Acquisitions	96	(1)
Economic Growth, Foreign Trade, and Foreign Policy	97	(2)
Regional and Global Interests	99	(2)
Imperialism in Earnest: 1895-1900	101	(7)
The Venezuela Crisis	102	(1)
Cuba and the Spanish-American War	103	(3)
Issues in Asia	106	(1)
The Debate over Empire	107	(1)
Expanding and Consolidating the Empire: 1900-1914	108	(10)
Latin American Interests and Interventions	109	(3)
The United States in Mexico	112	(3)
Balancing Act in Asia	115	(1)
Anglo-American Rapprochement and the Prelude to World War I	116	(2)
Missions, Interests, Principles, and Competing Themes at the Start of the Twentieth Century	118	(6)
CHAPTER 5 Becoming a Global Power: 1914-1945	124	(28)
American Foreign Policy during World War I: 1914-1918	125	(9)
The Rhetoric of Neutrality	125	(3)
Winning the War	128	(1)
Winning the Peace	128	(5)
The United States and the Russian Revolution	133	(1)
America's Interwar Years: 1918-1941	134	(9)
The Roaring Twenties	134	(2)
New Approaches in the Thirties	136	(1)
Careening toward Conflict	136	(3)
American Isolationism and Neutrality before World War II	139	(1)
From Neutrality to War	140	(3)
American Foreign Policy during World War II: 1941-1945	143	(2)
How Do You Rebuild a Shattered World?	145	(7)
CHAPTER 6 Fighting the Cold War: 1945-1989	152	(40)
The Postwar World before the Cold War: 1945-1947	155	(7)
New International Institutions	156	(1)
Why Did the Cold War Happen?	157	(1)
The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and Containment	158	(2)
Europe Divided	160	(2)
Truman, Eisenhower, and the Cold War: 1948-1961	162	(4)
NATO, Foreign Aid, and Korea	162	(1)
Eisenhower and Containment	163	(2)
The Cold War, Power, and American Foreign Policy Principles	165	(1)
Kennedy, Johnson, and the Crises of the 1960's	166	(3)
The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its Aftermath	166	(1)
Vietnam	167	(2)
Grand Strategy under Nixon and Ford: 1969-1977	169	(4)
Détente	170	(1)
Relations with China	171	(1)
Vietnamization and the Nixon Doctrine	171	(1)
The Middle East	172	(1)
Economic Issues	172	(1)
The Ford Interregnum	173	(1)
From Détente to Renewed Confrontation: 1977-1989	173	(10)
Carter's Early Presidency	174	(1)
Carter's Crises: 1979-1981	175	(1)
Reagan and Renewed Containment	175	(4)
Morality and Economics	179	(2)
Revolution and Democratization in Latin America and Asia	181	(1)
Moving toward an End to the Cold War: 1987-1989	182	(1)
A World Transformed?	183	(9)
CHAPTER 7 Shaping the Post-Cold War World: 1989-Today	192	(45)
George H.W. Bush and a New World Order: 1989-1993	194	(10)
The Collapse of Eastern European Communism	194	(2)
Crises in Asia and Latin America	196	(1)
The Persian Gulf War	197	(1)
The Collapse of the Soviet Union	198	(2)
The Western Hemisphere	200	(1)
The Politics of International Economics	201	(1)
The Environment, Drugs, and Immigration	202	(1)
The Bush Presidency	203	(1)
The Clinton Presidency: 1993-2001	204	(13)
New Strategies	204	(1)
Political and Economic Policies toward Former Communist States	205	(1)
Security Policies toward Former Communist States	206	(2)
Trouble in the Balkans	208	(1)
Intervening Overseas	209	(4)
The World Economy	213	(2)
Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism	215	(1)
The Environment, Drugs, and Immigration	216	(1)
George W. Bush's Foreign Policy: 2001-2005	217	(9)
The First Eight Months	218	(1)
September 11 and the War on Terrorism	218	(3)
Unilateralism, Imperialism, or Both?	221	(3)
The Iraq War and Its Aftermath	224	(2)
The Future of American Foreign Policy	226	(11)
PART THREE The Politics and Process of American Foreign Policy	237	(132)
CHAPTER 8 The Presidency and the Executive Branch in American Foreign Policy	239	(35)
Models of Presidential Power	240	(3)
Presidents versus Lawmakers	241	(1)
A Foreign Policy Compact?	242	(1)
The Presidency	243	(6)
Sources of Presidential Power	244	(1)
Limits on Presidential Power	244	(1)
The International Setting	245	(1)
Information Problems	245	(1)
Time Constraints	246	(1)
Issues of Permissibility	246	(1)
Available Resources	246	(1)
Previous Commitments	247	(1)
Bureaucratic Limits	248	(1)
The View from the Oval Office	248	(1)
The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy	249	(19)
A Bureaucratic Behemoth	249	(3)
The National Security Council	252	(5)
The Department of Defense	257	(3)
The Department of State	260	(3)
Tensions between the Departments of Defense and State	263	(1)
Bureaucratic Balkanization	264	(1)
Fissures within the CIA	265	(1)
Fissures within the Intelligence Community	266	(2)
Executive Command and Control over Foreign Policy	268	(6)
CHAPTER 9 Congress, the Courts, and the Public in American Foreign Policy	274	(31)
Congress and Foreign Policy	275	(4)
Congressional Leadership	275	(1)
Congressional Oversight	275	(1)
Treaties and Other International Agreements	276	(1)
Appointments	277	(1)
Appropriations	278	(1)
The War Power	278	(1)
The Resurgence of Congress in Foreign Policymaking	279	(3)
Taking the Nation to War	282	(8)
Questioning Presidential Authority over the War Power	282	(1)
The War Powers Resolution	283	(2)
The War Powers Resolution in Practice	285	(1)
The Mayaguez Rescue	286	(1)
Peacekeeping in Lebanon	287	(1)
The Grenada Invasion	288	(1)
Reforming the War Powers Resolution	288	(2)
Death Knell of the War Powers Resolution?	290	(1)
A More Complicated Foreign Policy	290	(3)
Lawmakers as Foreign Policy Watchdogs	291	(2)
The Judiciary in Foreign Policymaking	293	(1)
Public Opinion and Interest Groups	294	(5)
Public Opinion	294	(2)
Domestic Interest Groups	296	(2)
Foreign Lobbies	298	(1)
International Interest Groups	299	(1)
The Challenge of a Democratic Foreign Policy	299	(6)
CHAPTER 10 The Open Instruments of American Foreign Policy: War, Diplomacy, Trade, Aid, and Reputation	305	(32)
The War Power	306	(11)
The Dimensions of Warfare	307	(1)
America's Modern Weapons of War	308	(2)
The Effects of Nuclear Weapons	310	(1)
Conventional Weapons	311	(1)
The Dangers of Chemical and Biological Weapons	312	(1)
Military Power and Deterrence as Policy Instruments	313	(1)
The Triad	314	(1)
Ballistic Missile Defense	315	(1)
The Doctrine of Preemptive Defense	315	(1)
How Much Is Enough?	316	(1)
The Power of Diplomacy	317	(6)
Entering into International Agreements	318	(1)
Controversy over Executive Agreements	319	(2)
How Commitments Expand	321	(1)
Placing Limits on Executive Agreements and Creeping Commitments	322	(1)
The Value of Opportune Civilities	323	(1)
Instruments of Trade and Aid	323	(6)
In Search of Commercial Opportunities	323	(1)
Protectionism versus Free Trade	324	(1)
Imports and Exports	325	(1)
The Multinationals	325	(1)
The Use of Trade Sanctions	326	(2)
Foreign Aid as an Instrument of Foreign Policy	328	(1)
Moral Suasion and Soft Power: The Importance of Reputation, Ideology, and Culture	329	(8)
Morality versus Pragmatism	330	(1)
Hard Power versus Soft Power	331	(6)
CHAPTER 11 The Secret Instruments of American Foreign Policy: Espionage, Counterintelligence, and Covert Action	337	(32)
Intelligence: The Nation's First Line of Defense	339	(8)
The Origins of Modern Intelligence Gathering	339	(1)
The Intelligence Cycle	340	(5)
The Challenges for Intelligence	345	(2)
Counterintelligence: A Wilderness of Mirrors	347	(5)
The Concerns of Counterintelligence	347	(1)
Counterintelligence as a Product and an Activity	348	(1)
Counterintelligence as Organization	349	(1)
The Penetration and the Double Agent	349	(1)
The Defector	350	(1)
Counterintelligence Interrogation	351	(1)
Counterintelligence and Accountability	351	(1)
Covert Action: The Third Option	352	(19)
The Evolution of Covert Action in the United States	352	(2)
The Methods of Covert Action	354	(1)
Propaganda	354	(3)
Political Covert Action	357	(1)
Economic Covert Action	357	(1)
Paramilitary Covert Action	358	(2)
Assassination Plots	360	(1)
The Cuban Plots	361	(2)
A Covert Action Balance Sheet	363	(6)
PART FOUR Issues of American Foreign Policy	369	(144)
CHAPTER 12 Defending the Homeland	371	(35)
Early Issues of Homeland Defense	372	(3)
Post-Independence Dangers and Threats	372	(1)
World Wars I and II	373	(1)
The Cold War	374	(1)
Modern Terrorism and Responses to It	375	(15)
Responses to Homeland Vulnerability before September 11, 2001	380	(2)
Homeland Defense utter- September 11, 2001	382	(1)
The Department of Homeland Security	383	(4)
Alliances, Coalitions, and Homeland Defense	387	(2)
Preemptive Defense	389	(1)
The Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction	390	(7)
The Nuclear Threat	390	(3)
Biological Weapons	393	(2)
Chemical Weapons	395	(1)
U.S. Policies to Contain Weapons of Mass Destruction	396	(1)
Other Homeland Defense Issues	397	(9)
Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD)	398	(1)
Enhanced Intelligence	399	(2)
Cyber Security	401	(5)
CHAPTER 13 Economics and Foreign Policy: Trade, Finance, and Currency	406	(33)
Early Issues of International Economics	407	(5)
International Economics and the War of Independence	407	(1)
Trade Conflicts in the Early Years	408	(1)
The Evolution of Tariff Policy	409	(1)
America Becomes a Global Economic Power	410	(1)
Trade Policy before World War II	411	(1)
The Rise and Fall of the Bretton Woods System	412	(6)
The Bretton Woods System and GATT	412	(2)
The Marshall Plan	414	(1)
Official Development Assistance	415	(1)
Currency Intervention	416	(1)
The Fall of the Bretton Woods System	417	(1)
Anarchy and Interdependence: 1974-1995	418	(1)
The Global Economic System	418	(6)
Why the New System Emerged	419	(1)
Global Financial and Economic Institutions	419	(1)
Free Trade Areas	420	(1)
G-7 and G-8 Meetings	421	(3)
Current Debates over Economic Policies	424	(15)
Free Trade and Globalization	424	(3)
The Role of the WTO	427	(1)
The Role of Tariffs and Quotas	427	(2)
The Pros and Cons of Sanctions and Embargoes	429	(4)
Revising Foreign Aid Policy	433	(6)
CHAPTER 14 Using the American Military Overseas	439	(40)
The Dilemmas of Power and Presence	440	(11)
Reasons to Use Military Force	441	(2)
The Complexities of Using Force	443	(1)
To Intervene or Not to Intervene	443	(7)
The Ongoing Debate	450	(1)
Early Issues of American Use of Armed Force	451	(7)
The Early Years: Defense and Expansion	451	(1)
Imperial America	452	(2)
From World War I to World War II	454	(3)
The Cold War and Containment	457	(1)
American Use of Armed Force after the Cold War	458	(10)
The Emerging Global Setting	458	(2)
The Persian Gulf War	460	(2)
Somalia	462	(1)
Bosnia	463	(1)
North Korea	464	(1)
Rwanda	464	(1)
Haiti	465	(1)
Iraq	465	(1)
Kosovo	465	(1)
The Iraq War	466	(2)
Interim Conclusions	468	(1)
Using Military Force in the War on Terrorism	468	(11)
Historical Precedents	469	(1)
Armed Force in Afghanistan	469	(2)
The Global War on Terrorism outside Afghanistan	471	(8)
CHAPTER 15 Human Rights and Democratization	479	(34)
Early Issues of Human Rights and Democratization	480	(10)
The American Role	481	(1)
World War II and Its Aftermath	481	(1)
The Cold War	482	(8)
Human Rights and Democratization after the Cold War	490	(5)
The Presidency of George H.W. Bush	491	(1)
The Clinton Legacy	492	(2)
George W. Bush, Human Rights, and Democratization	494	(1)
Twenty-First-Century Human Rights Debates	495	(5)
Broad versus Narrow Definitions of Human Rights	495	(1)
Universal versus Relativist Human Rights	496	(2)
Sovereignty and Human Rights	498	(1)
Enforcing Standards and Agreements	499	(1)
Debating Democratization	500	(3)
Human Rights, Democracy, and the War on Terrorism	503	(10)
Is the United States Ignoring Human Rights and Democracy?	503	(2)
Does the United States Have a Double Standard?	505	(2)
Changes in Aid Policies	507	(1)
Reemphasizing Universal Human Rights	507	(6)
Concluding Thoughts	513	(4)
Index	517