American Foreign Policy : Past, Present and Future

by Hastedt, Glenn P.

• ISBN13: 9780130835796
• ISBN10: 013083579X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For courses in upper-level American Foreign Policy. This text brings together 3 key elements for both students and professors. It provides an overview of the historical information to make sense of current U.S. foreign policy; it supplies case studies to give students a grounding in key events in U.S. foreign policy and information on contemporary issues; and it incorporates concepts that structure an investigation into U.S. foreign policy. The focus is on U.S. policy itself and not on U.S. foreign policy toward specific regions or issues.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
PART I THE GLOBAL CONTEXT OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY	1	(29)
CHAPTER 1 The Global Setting of American Foreign Policy	1	(15)
Why the International System Matters	1	(1)
Globalization	1	(1)
What Type of International System Exists Today?	2	(1)
The International System: Structural Constants	2	(2)
Decentralization	2	(1)
Self-Help System	3	(1)
A Stratified Systnn	3	(1)
The International System: Postwar Trends	4	(6)
Diffusion of Power	4	(2)
Issue Proliferation	6	(1)
Actor Proliferation	6	(3)
Regional Diversity	9	(1)
The International System: Emerging Characteristics of the Post-Cold War World	10	(4)
Plan of the Text	14	(1)
Notes	14	(2)
CHAPTER 2 The Emerging Foreign Policy Agenda	16	(14)
Foreign Policy Problems	16	(3)
Thinking about Foreign Policy Problems	17	(2)
The National Interest	19	(5)
The Evolving Foreign Policy Agenda	24	(4)
Economic Development: From Producing Growth to Managing Capital Flows	24	(1)
Covert Action: From Targeting Communists to Targeting International Crime Organizations	25	(1)
Military Strategy: From Interstate War to Peacemaking and (Perhaps) Cyber-Warfare	26	(1)
Arms Control From Limiting Nuclear Weapons to Controlling the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction	26	(1)
Human Rights: From Political Rights to Social and Economic Rights?	27	(1)
Summary and the Future	28	(1)
Notes	29	(1)
PART II THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY	30	(96)
CHAPTER 3 The American National Style	30	(18)
Isolationism versus Internationalism	32	(1)
Sources of the American National Style	33	(2)
Patterns	35	(5)
Unilateralism	35	(2)
Moral Pragmatism	37	(2)
Legalism	39	(1)
Consequences of the American National Style	40	(3)
A Revival of Wilsonianism?	43	(2)
Summary and the Future	45	(1)
Notes	46	(2)
CHAPTER 4 Post-Vietnam U.S. Foreign Policy	48	(36)
The Nixon (and Ford) Administration: Leaving Vietnam and Entering Detente	48	(5)
Nixon's Foreign Policy Evaluated	52	(1)
The Carter Administration: American Foreign Policy with a Purpose: Promoting Human Rights	53	(6)
Carter's Foreign Policy Evaluated	58	(1)
The Reagan Administration: A Renewed Cold War	59	(7)
Reagan's Foreign Policy Evaluated	65	(1)
The Bush Administration: Leaving the Cold War and Entering a New World	66	(7)
Bush's Foreign Policy Evaluated	72	(1)
The Clinton Administration: Into the Breach	73	(9)
Clinton's Foreign Policy Evaluated	81	(1)
Summary and the Future	82	(1)
Notes	82	(2)
CHAPTER 5 Learning from the Past	84	(42)
How Do Policy Makers Learn from the Past?	84	(2)
Events Policy Makers Learn From	86	(1)
Types of Calculations Made about Those Events	87	(1)
Lessons Learned	88	(2)
Learning from the Past: Case Studies	90	(32)
The Cold War	90	(9)
Vietnam	99	(9)
The Persian Gulf War	108	(14)
Summary	122	(1)
Notes	123	(3)
PART III THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS GOVERNMENT	126	(114)
CHAPTER 6 The Domestic Context of American Foreign Policy	126	(35)
The Media and American Foreign Policy	127	(6)
The Media and the Gulf War	131	(2)
Public Opinion	133	(7)
Trends and Content	134	(4)
Public Opinion and the Use of Force	138	(1)
Impact	139	(1)
Elections	140	(4)
Voter Knowledge and issue Voting	141	(1)
Party and Candidate Differences	142	(1)
Impact	143	(1)
Interest Groups	144	(9)
Types of Groups	147	(5)
Impact	152	(1)
Policy Maker Response	153	(2)
An Example: U.S. Policy toward El Salvador	154	(1)
Summary and Future Issues	155	(3)
Notes	158	(3)
CHAPTER 7 The Constitution and Foreign Affairs	161	(21)
Treaty-Making Powers	161	(8)
Senatorial Advice and Consent	161	(3)
Executive Agreements	164	(3)
The Role of the House and the Panama Canal Treaties	167	(2)
Appointment Powers	169	(2)
War Powers	171	(3)
Commerce Powers	174	(2)
Federalism and the States	176	(2)
Summary and Future Issues	178	(2)
Notes	180	(2)
CHAPTER 8 The Presidency	182	(16)
Presidential Personality	183	(4)
When Does the Individual Matter?	186	(1)
Presidential Bureaucracy	187	(1)
The National Security Council	188	(4)
Presidential Decision Making	192	(2)
The Iran-Contra Initiative	192	(1)
Bosnia	193	(1)
Summary and Future Issues	194	(2)
Notes	196	(2)
CHAPTER 9 Congress and Foreign Policy	198	(17)
Congressional Structure and Foreign Policy	198	(7)
Blunt Foreign Policy Tools	198	(4)
Decentralization	202	(1)
Policy Entrepreneurship	203	(1)
Staff Aids	204	(1)
The Influence of Party and Region	205	(1)
Foreign Policy Impact	206	(3)
Congress and the President: The Changing Relationship	209	(2)
Changes over Time	209	(1)
Changes by Policy Area	210	(1)
Summary and Future Issues	211	(1)
Notes	212	(3)
CHAPTER 10 The Foreign Affairs Bureaucracy	215	(25)
The State Department	216	(7)
Structure and Growth	216	(2)
The State Department's Value System	218	(4)
Foreign Policy Impact	222	(1)
The Defense Department	223	(5)
Structure and Growth	223	(2)
The Defense Department's Value System	225	(2)
Foreign Policy Impact	227	(1)
The CIA and the Intelligence Community	228	(6)
Structure and Growth	228	(4)
The Intelligence Community's Value System	232	(2)
Foreign Policy Impact	234	(1)
The Domestic Bureaucracies: Treasury, Commerce, and Agriculture	234	(2)
Summary and Future Issues	236	(1)
Notes	237	(3)
PART IV FOREIGN POLICY MAKING	240	(44)
CHAPTER 11 Models of Policy Making: Overview	240	(15)
The Rational Actor Model	241	(1)
Bureaucratic Politics	242	(3)
Small Group Decision Making	245	(4)
Elite Theory and Pluralism	249	(2)
Summary: Integrating Models	251	(2)
Notes	253	(2)
CHAPTER 12 Decision Making: Case Studies	255	(29)
The Cuban Missile Crisis	255	(6)
The Crisis: An Overview	255	(3)
Three Views of the Cuban Missile Crisis	258	(3)
The MX	261	(8)
First Stages: A Bureaucratic Perspective	262	(3)
Later Stages: A Pluralist Perspective	265	(4)
The Alliance for Progress and the Caribbean Basin Initiative	269	(7)
Alliance for Progress	270	(3)
Caribbean Basin Initiative	273	(3)
Negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	276	(5)
The Bargaining Phase	276	(3)
The Ratification Phase	279	(2)
Summary	281	(1)
Notes	282	(2)
PART V POLICY TOOLS	284	(117)
CHAPTER 13 Diplomacy	284	(20)
Selecting a Policy Instrument	284	(2)
Bilateral Diplomacy	286	(2)
Summit Diplomacy	288	(3)
East-West Superpower Summits	289	(1)
Western Economic Summits	290	(1)
Conference Diplomacy	291	(4)
GATT	291	(2)
Helsinki Accords	293	(1)
Environmental Conferences	294	(1)
The Political Use of Force	295	(3)
Arms Transfers	298	(3)
Summary and the Future	301	(1)
Notes	302	(2)
CHAPTER 14 Covert Action	304	(23)
Techniques of Covert Action	306	(7)
Post-Cold War Covert Action	312	(1)
Congress and the CIA	313	(9)
Era of Trust	313	(3)
Era of Skepticism	316	(1)
Era of Uneasy Partnership	317	(3)
Congress as Impatient Overseer	320	(2)
Summary and the Future	322	(3)
Notes	325	(2)
CHAPTER 15 The Economic Instruments of Foreign Policy	327	(21)
A Survey of Economic Instruments	328	(6)
Economic Instruments: Three Case Studies	334	(5)
Economic Warfare: Cuba and Iran	335	(1)
Food Power: Grain	336	(1)
Economic Sanctions in the Persian Gulf War	337	(1)
Economic Sanctions Evaluated	338	(1)
Foreign Aid	339	(6)
Types of foreign Aid	340	(1)
U.S. Foreign Aid: A Historical Overview	341	(2)
Post-Cold War Foreign Aid	343	(2)
Summary and the Future	345	(1)
Notes	346	(2)
CHAPTER 16 Military Power	348	(31)
Development of U.S. and Soviet Nuclear Arsenals	349	(2)
What Does It All Mean?	351	(3)
A Historical Survey of U.S. Nuclear Strategy	354	(5)
Post-Cold War Nuclear Strategy	359	(5)
The U.S. Strategic Nuclear Arsenal	359	(2)
U.S. Nuclear Strategy	361	(1)
Current Issues	362	(2)
Strategies for the Use of Conventional Military Force	364	(6)
Post-Cold War Scenarios and Threat Assessments	365	(5)
Issues in the Post-Cold War Use of Conventional Military Power	370	(5)
Alliances and Coalitions	370	(2)
The Post-Cold War Purposes of American Military Power	372	(3)
The Nature of Post-Cold War Conflict	375	(1)
Summary and the Future	375	(1)
Notes	376	(3)
CHAPTER 17 Arms Control and Missile Defense	379	(22)
Success or Failure?	379	(2)
A Historical Survey	381	(6)
1946 to 1957	381	(1)
1958 to 1972	382	(1)
1973 to 1988	383	(3)
1989 to 1992	386	(1)
Defense	387	(3)
The Strategic Defense Initiative	387	(2)
Missile Defense Systems	389	(1)
The Post-Cold War Agenda	390	(8)
The Proliferation Challenge	390	(1)
Why Proliferation?	391	(1)
Policy Choices: Goals	391	(2)
Strategies and Tactics	393	(5)
Summary and the Future	398	(1)
Notes	399	(2)
PART VI CONCLUSION	401	(14)
CHAPTER 18 Alternative Futures	401	(14)
Alternative Futures	402	(10)
The United States as an Ordinary State	402	(1)
Reformed America	403	(2)
The United States as a Global Manager	405	(1)
Pragmatic America	406	(1)
Neo-Containment	407	(2)
Triumphant America	409	(1)
America the Balancer	410	(1)
Disengaged America	411	(1)
The Future	412	(1)
Notes	413	(2)
Index	415