American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, Future

by Hastedt, Glenn

• ISBN13: 9780130975171
• ISBN10: 0130975176
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This book brings together 3 key elements for readers. It provides an overview of the historical information to make sense of current U.S. foreign policy; it supplies case studies to give readers grounding in key events in U.S. foreign policy and information on contemporary issues; and it incorporates concepts that structure an investigation into U.S. foreign policy. The focus is on U.S. policy itself and not on U.S. foreign policy toward specific regions or issues. The volume addresses the global, historical and domestic contexts of American policy, foreign affairs government, how the constitution, presidency and congress relate to foreign affairs, foreign policy making and policy tools and alternative futures. For those interested in a thorough, up-to-date, yet concise presentation of American foreign policy.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Part I The Global Context of American Foreign Policy
The Global Setting of American Foreign Policy	1	(15)
Why the International System Matters	1	(2)
Globalization	1	(1)
What Type of International System Exists Today?	2	(1)
The International System: Structural Constants	3	(2)
Decentralization	3	(1)
Self-Help System	3	(1)
A Stratified System	4	(1)
The International System: Postwar Trends	5	(5)
Diffusion of Power	5	(1)
Issue Proliferation	6	(1)
Actor Proliferation	7	(2)
Regional Diversity	9	(1)
The International System: Emerging Characteristics of the Post-Cold War World	10	(4)
Plan of the Text	14	(2)
The Emerging Foreign Policy Agenda	16	(14)
Foreign Policy Problems	16	(3)
Thinking about Foreign Policy Problems	17	(2)
The National Interest	19	(4)
The Evolving Foreign Policy Agenda	23	(5)
Economic Development: From Producing Growth to Managing Capital Flows	23	(1)
Terrorism: From Contesting Isolated Attacks to Conducting a Global Crusade	24	(1)
Military Strategy: From Interstate War to Peacemaking and (Perhaps) Cyberwarfare	25	(1)
Arms Control: From Limiting Nuclear Weapons to Controlling the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction	26	(1)
Human Rights: From Political Rights and Genocide to Social and Economic Rights	27	(1)
The Global Environment: From Exploitation to Protection?	28	(1)
Summary and the Future	28	(2)
Part II The Historical Context of American Foreign Policy
The American National Style	30	(19)
Isolationism versus Internationalism	32	(2)
Sources of the American National Style	34	(2)
Patterns	36	(5)
Unilateralism	36	(2)
Moral Pragmatism	38	(2)
Legalism	40	(1)
Consequences of the American National Style	41	(2)
A Revival of Wilsonianism?	43	(3)
Other Voices from the Past	45	(1)
Summary and the Future	46	(3)
Post-Vietnam U.S. Foreign Policy	49	(37)
The Nixon (and Ford) Administration: Leaving Vietnam and Entering Detente	49	(5)
Nixon Foreign Policy Evaluated	53	(1)
The Carter Administration: American Foreign Policy with a Purpose: Promoting Human Rights	54	(5)
Carter's Foreign Policy Evaluated	58	(1)
The Reagan Administration: A Renewed Cold War	59	(7)
Reagan's Foreign Policy Evaluated	65	(1)
The George Bush Administration: Leaving the Cold War and Entering a New World	66	(7)
George Bush's Foreign Policy Evaluated	72	(1)
The Clinton Administration: The First Post-Cold War Presidency	73	(9)
Clinton's Foreign Policy Evaluated	80	(2)
The George W. Bush Administration: Year One	82	(1)
Summary and the Future	83	(3)
Learning From The Past	86	(39)
How Do Policy Makers Learn from the Past?	86	(2)
Events Policy Makers Learn From	88	(1)
Types of Calculations Made about Those Event	89	(1)
Lessons Learned	90	(2)
Learning from the Past: Case Studies	92	(30)
The Cold War	92	(10)
Vietnam	102	(8)
The Persian Gulf War	110	(12)
Summary	122	(3)
Part III The Foreign Affairs Government
The Domestic Context of American Foreign Policy	125	(35)
The Media and American Foreign Policy	127	(5)
The Media and the Gulf War	130	(2)
The Media and the War against Terrorism	132	(1)
Public Opinion	132	(7)
Trends and Content	134	(2)
Public opinion and the Use of Force	136	(2)
Impact	138	(1)
Elections	139	(4)
Voter Knowledge and Issue Voting	140	(1)
Party and Candidate Differences	141	(1)
Impact	142	(1)
Interest Groups	143	(9)
Types of Groups	146	(5)
Impact	151	(1)
Political Protest	152	(1)
Policy Maker Response	152	(3)
An Example: U.S. Policy toward El Salvador	153	(2)
Summary and Future Issues	155	(5)
The Constitution and Foreign Affairs	160	(24)
Treaty-Making Powers	160	(9)
Senatorial Advice and Consent	160	(4)
Executive Agreements	164	(3)
The Role of the House and the Panama Canal Treaties	167	(2)
Appointment Powers	169	(2)
War Powers	171	(4)
Commerce Powers	175	(2)
Federalism and the States	177	(3)
Summary and Future Issues	180	(4)
The Presidency	184	(17)
Presidential Personality	186	(4)
When Does the Individual Matter?	188	(2)
Presidential Bureaucracy	190	(1)
The National Security Council	190	(4)
Presidential Decision Making	194	(4)
Presidential Transitions	195	(3)
Summary and Future Issues	198	(3)
Congress and Foreign Policy	201	(17)
Congressional Structure and Foreign Policy	202	(7)
Blunt Foreign Policy Tools	202	(4)
Decentralization	206	(1)
Policy Entrepreneurship	207	(1)
Staff Aids	208	(1)
The Influence of Party and Region	209	(1)
Foreign Policy Impact	210	(2)
Congress and the President: The Changing Relationship	212	(3)
Changes over Time	212	(2)
Changes by Policy Area	214	(1)
Summary and Future Issues	215	(3)
The Foreign Affairs Bureaucracy	218	(26)
The State Department	219	(7)
Structure and Growth	219	(2)
The State Department's Value System	221	(4)
Foreign Policy Impact	225	(1)
The Defense Department	226	(5)
Structure and Growth	226	(2)
The Defense Department's Value System	228	(2)
Foreign Policy Impact	230	(1)
The CIA and the Intelligence Community	231	(7)
Structure and Growth	231	(4)
The Intelligence Community's Value System	235	(2)
Foreign Policy Impact	237	(1)
The Domestic Bureaucracies: Treasury, Commerce, and Agriculture	238	(2)
Summary and Future Issues	240	(4)
Part IV Foreign Policy Making
Models of Policy Making: Overview	244	(15)
The Rational Actor Model	245	(1)
Bureaucratic Politics	246	(2)
Small Group Decision Making	248	(5)
Elite Theory and Pluralism	253	(2)
Summary: Integrating Models and Additional Responsibilities	255	(4)
Decision Making: Case Studies	259	(30)
The Cuban Missile Crisis	259	(6)
The Crisis: An Overview	259	(3)
Three Views of the Cuban Missile Crisis	262	(3)
The MX	265	(9)
First Stages: A Bureaucratic Perspective	266	(3)
Later Stages: A Pluralist Perspective	269	(5)
The Alliance for Progress and the Caribbean Basin Initiative	274	(6)
Alliance for Progress	275	(3)
Caribbean Basin Initiative	278	(2)
Negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	280	(6)
The Bargaining Phase	281	(3)
The Ratification Phase	284	(2)
Summary	286	(3)
Part V Policy Tools
Diplomacy	289	(22)
Selecting a Policy Instrument	289	(2)
Bilateral Diplomacy	291	(3)
Incentives versus Sanctions	293	(1)
Summit Diplomacy	294	(3)
East-West Superpower Summits	295	(1)
Western Economic Summits	296	(1)
Conference Diplomacy	297	(4)
GAIT	297	(1)
Environmental Conferences	298	(2)
UN Diplomacy	300	(1)
The Political Use of Force	301	(3)
Arms Transfers	304	(3)
Summary and the Future	307	(4)
Covert Action	311	(24)
Techniques of Covert Action	312	(10)
Post-Cold War Covert Action	319	(1)
The Covert War against Osama bin Laden	320	(2)
Congress and the CIA	322	(8)
Era or Trust	322	(2)
Era of Skepticism	324	(2)
Era or Uneasy Partnership	326	(2)
Congress as Impatient Overseer	328	(2)
Summary and the Future	330	(5)
The Economic Instruments	335	(20)
Strategic Outlooks	336	(4)
Trade Strategies	336	(3)
Monetary Strategies	339	(1)
Economic Sanctions	340	(7)
Inventory of Options	340	(3)
Case Studies	343	(1)
Economic Sanctions in the Persian Gulf War	344	(1)
Rules of Economic Conflict	345	(2)
Foreign Aid	347	(5)
Types of Foreign Aid	347	(2)
U.S. foreign Aid: A Historical Overview	349	(1)
Post-Cold War Foreign Aid	350	(2)
Summary and the Future	352	(3)
Military Power	355	(32)
Development of U.S. and Soviet Nuclear Arsenals	356	(2)
What Does It All Mean?	358	(4)
A Historical Survey of U.S. Nuclear Strategy	362	(4)
Post-Cold War Nuclear Strategy	366	(5)
The U.S. Strategic Nuclear Arsenal	366	(2)
U.S. Nuclear Strategy	368	(1)
Current Issues	368	(3)
Strategies for the Use of Conventional Military Force	371	(5)
Post-Cold War Scenarios and Threat Assessments	371	(5)
Issues in the Post-Cold War Use of Conventional Military Power	376	(7)
Alliances and Coalitions	377	(2)
The Post-Cold War Purposes of American Military Power	379	(2)
The Nature of Post-Cold War Conflict	381	(1)
International Terrorism	382	(1)
Summary and the Future	383	(4)
Arms Control and Missile Defense	387	(22)
Success or Failure?	387	(2)
A Historical Survey of Arms Control	389	(7)
1946 to 1957	389	(1)
1958 to 1972	390	(1)
1973 to 1988	391	(2)
1989 to 2001	393	(2)
2001	395	(1)
Defense	396	(3)
The Strategic Defense Initiative	396	(1)
Missile Defense Systems	397	(2)
The Post-Cold War Agenda	399	(7)
The Proliferation Challenge	399	(1)
Why Proliferation?	399	(1)
Policy Choices: Goals	400	(2)
Strategies and Tactics	402	(4)
Summary and the Future	406	(3)
Part VI Conclusion
Alternative Futures	409	(15)
Choices	409	(1)
Alternative Futures	410	(11)
The United States as an Ordinary State	410	(1)
Reformed America	411	(2)
The United States as a Global Manager	413	(1)
Pragmatic America	414	(1)
Neo-Containment	415	(2)
Triumphant America	417	(1)
American Crusader	418	(1)
America the Balancer	419	(1)
Disengaged America	420	(1)
The Future	421	(3)
Index	424