American Government : Freedom and Power

by Lowi, Theodore J.; Ginsberg, Benjamin; Shepsle, Kenneth A.

• ISBN13: 9780393977073
• ISBN10: 0393977072
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-05-01
• Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
PART 1 FOUNDATIONS	1	(156)
Five Principles of Politics	3	(26)
What Is Government and Why Is It Necessary?	8	(5)
Forms of Government s	8	(1)
Foundations of Government	9	(1)
Why Is Government Necessary?	10	(2)
Influencing the Government: Politics	12	(1)
Why Do Governments Do What They Do?	13	(14)
Principle 1: All Political Behavior Has a Purpose-or, People Have Goals	14	(2)
Principle 2: Cooperation through Bargaining and Collective Action Is Difficult, and the Difficulty Mounts as the Number of People Grows-or, All Politics Is Collective Action	16	(4)
Principle 3: Rules and Procedures Matter-or, Institutions Are the Forces That Shape Politics	20	(3)
Principle 4: Political Outcomes Are the Products of Individual Preferences and Institutional Procedures-or, Policy Results When Political Goals Meet Institutions	23	(2)
Principle 5: History Matters-or, How Did We Get to Where We Are?	25	(2)
Summary	27	(1)
For Further Reading	28	(1)
Constructing a Government: The Founding and the Constitution	29	(42)
The First Founding; Interests and Conflicts	33	(4)
British Taxes and Colonial Interests	34	(1)
Political Strife and the Radicalizing of the Colonists	35	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	36	(1)
The Articles of Confederation	37	(1)
The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution	37	(7)
International Standing and Balance of Power	38	(1)
The Annapolis Convention	38	(1)
Shays's Rebellion	39	(1)
The Constitutional Convention	40	(4)
The Constitution	44	(8)
The Legislative Branch	45	(1)
The Executive Branch	46	(1)
The Judicial Branch	47	(1)
National Unity and Power	48	(1)
Amending the Constitution	48	(1)
Ratifying the Constitution	49	(1)
Constitutional Limits on the National Government's Power	49	(3)
The Fight for Ratification	52	(7)
Federalists versus Antifederalists	54	(5)
Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment	59	(6)
Amendments: Many Are Called, Few Are Chosen	59	(1)
The Twenty-Seven Amendments	60	(5)
Reflections on the Founding: Principles or Interests?	65	(2)
Summary	67	(1)
For Further Reading	68	(3)
The Constitutional Framework: Federalism and the Separation of Powers	71	(40)
The Federal Framework	76	(22)
Who Does What? Restraining National Power with Dual Federalism 1789-1937	76	(3)
The Changing Role of the National Government	79	(3)
The Role of the States Vis-a-Vis the National Government	82	(9)
Who Does What? The Changing Federal Framework	91	(7)
The Separation of Powers	98	(7)
Checks and Balances	99	(1)
Legislative Supremacy	99	(6)
Federalism and the Separation of Powers as Political Institutions	105	(2)
Altering the Balance of Power: What Are the Consequences?	106	(1)
Summary	107	(2)
For Further Reading	109	(2)
The Constitutional Framework and the Individual: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights	111	(46)
Civil Liberties: Nationalizing the Bill of Rights	117	(12)
Dual Citizenship	118	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	119	(4)
The Constitutional Revolution in Civil Liberties	123	(3)
Rehnquist: A De-Nationalizing Trend?	126	(3)
Civil Rights	129	(24)
Plessy v, Ferguson, ``Separate but Equal''	130	(1)
Racial Discrimination after World War II	130	(4)
Simple Justice: The Courts, the Constitution, and Civil Rights after Brown v. Board of Education	134	(7)
The Rise of the Politics of Rights	141	(5)
Affirmative Action	146	(7)
Summary	153	(2)
For Further Reading	155	(2)
PART 2 INSTITUTIONS	157	(202)
Congress: The First Branch	159	(58)
Representation	164	(11)
House and Senate: Differences in Representation	166	(2)
The Electoral System	168	(7)
The Organization of Congress	175	(19)
Cooperation in Congress	175	(2)
Other Underlying Problems	177	(2)
Party Leadership in the House and the Senate	179	(5)
The Committee System: The Core of Congress	184	(8)
The Staff System: Staffers and Agencies	192	(1)
Informal Organization: The Caucuses	193	(1)
Rules of lawmaking; Mow a Bill Becomes a law	194	(7)
Committee Deliberation	194	(1)
Debate	195	(2)
Conference Committee; Reconciling House and Senate Versions of a Bill	197	(1)
Presidential Action	197	(3)
The Distributive Tendency in Congress	200	(1)
How Congress Decides	201	(7)
Constituency	201	(1)
Interest Groups	202	(1)
Party Discipline	203	(5)
Weighing Diverse Influences	208	(1)
Beyond Legislation: Additional Congressional Powers	208	(2)
Advice and Consent: Special Senate Powers	208	(2)
Impeachment	210	(1)
Power and Representation	210	(3)
Summary	213	(2)
For Further Reading	215	(2)
The President: From Chief Clerk to Chief Executive	217	(52)
The Constitutional Basis of the Presidency	222	(13)
The President As Head of State: Some Imperial Qualities	223	(3)
The Domestic Presidency: The President As Head of Government	226	(9)
The Rise of Presidential Government	235	(7)
The legislative Epoch 1800-1933	236	(3)
The New Deal and the Presidency	239	(3)
Presidential Government	242	(19)
Formal Resources of Presidential Power	243	(6)
Informal Resources of Presidential Power	249	(12)
Is a Parliamentary System Better?	261	(4)
Governmental Arrangements	261	(1)
The Government Formation Process	262	(3)
Summary	265	(2)
For Further Reading	267	(2)
The Executive Branch: Bureaucracy in a Democracy	269	(44)
The Bureaucratic Phenomenon	274	(9)
Bureaucratic Organization	274	(1)
The Size of the Federal Service	275	(4)
Bureaucrats	279	(4)
Agencies and Their Politics	283	(16)
The Clientele Agencies: Structures and Politics	285	(3)
Agencies for the Maintenance of the Union	288	(6)
The Regulatory Agencies	294	(2)
Redistributive Administration: Fiscal/Monetary and Welfare Agencies	296	(3)
Controlling the Bureaucracy	299	(10)
President as Chief Executive	300	(3)
Congress and Responsible Bureaucracy	303	(2)
Control of the Bureaucracy As a Principal-Agent Problem	305	(4)
Downsizing Government	309	(2)
Summary	311	(1)
For Further Reading	312	(1)
The Federal Courts: Least Dangerous Branch or Imperial Judiciary?	313	(46)
The Judicial Process	318	(2)
Cases and the Law	318	(2)
The Organization of the Court System	320	(5)
Types of Courts	320	(2)
Federal Jurisdiction	322	(1)
The Lower Federal Courts	323	(1)
The Appellate Courts	323	(1)
The Supreme Court	324	(1)
Judges	325	(3)
How Judges Are Appointed	325	(3)
Courts as Political Institutions	328	(3)
Dispute Resolution	328	(1)
Coordination	329	(1)
Rule Interpretation	329	(2)
The Power of Judicial Review	331	(5)
Judicial Review of Acts of Congress	331	(2)
Judicial Review of State Actions	333	(1)
Judicial Review and Lawmaking	334	(2)
The Supreme Court in Action	336	(10)
How Cases Reach the Supreme Court	336	(3)
Controlling the Flow of Cases	339	(2)
The Case Pattern	341	(2)
The Supreme Court's Procedures	343	(3)
Judicial Decision Making	346	(5)
The Supreme Court Justices	347	(2)
Other Institutions of Government	349	(2)
Judicial Power and Politics	351	(5)
Traditional Limitations on the Federal Courts	351	(1)
Two Judicial Revolutions	352	(4)
Summary	356	(2)
For Further Reading	358	(1)
PART 3 POLITICS	359	(216)
Public Opinion	361	(48)
The Marketplace of Ideas	366	(11)
Origins of the Idea Market	366	(2)
The Idea Market Today	368	(6)
How Are Political Opinions Formed?	374	(3)
Shaping Public Opinion	377	(10)
Enlisting Public Support for Government	377	(4)
Marketing Political Issues	381	(6)
Measuring Public Opinion	387	(15)
Getting Public Opinion Directly from People	388	(2)
Constructing Public Opinion from Surveys	390	(6)
Limits to Assessing Political Knowledge with Polls	396	(5)
Public Opinion, Political Knowledge, and the Importance of Ignorance	401	(1)
Public Opinion and Government Policy	402	(3)
Summary	405	(1)
For Further Reading	406	(3)
Elections	409	(50)
Political Participation	415	(9)
Encouraging Electoral Participation	417	(4)
Is It Rational to Vote?	421	(3)
Regulating the Electoral Process	424	(14)
Electoral Composition	424	(4)
Translating Voters' Choices into Electoral Outcomes	428	(4)
Insulating Decision-Making Processes	432	(6)
How Voters Decide	438	(4)
The Bases of Electoral Choice	438	(4)
The 2000 Elections	442	(5)
Campaign Finance	447	(6)
Sources of Campaign Funds	447	(4)
Campaign Finance Reform	451	(1)
Implications for Democracy	452	(1)
Do Elections Matter?	453	(3)
Why Is There a Decline in Voter Turnout?	453	(1)
Why Do Elections Matter As Political Institutions?	454	(2)
Summary	456	(1)
For Further Reading	457	(2)
Political Parties	459	(44)
What Are Political Parties?	464	(7)
Facilitating Collective Action in the Electoral Process	464	(1)
Resolving Collective Choice in the Policy-making Process	465	(1)
Dealing with the Problem of Ambition	466	(1)
Party Organization: The Committees	466	(5)
The Two-Party System in America	471	(11)
Historical Origins	471	(5)
Electoral Alignments and Realignments	476	(3)
American Third Parties	479	(3)
Functions of the Parties	482	(10)
Recruiting Candidates	482	(1)
Nominations	483	(4)
The Role of the Parties in Getting Out the Vote	487	(1)
Facilitation of Mass Electoral Choice	488	(1)
The Parties' Influence on National Government	489	(3)
Weakening of Party Organization	492	(7)
High-Tech Politics	493	(3)
From Labor-Intensive to Capital-Intensive Politics	496	(2)
The Role of the Parties in Contemporary Politics	498	(1)
Summary	499	(2)
For Further Reading	501	(2)
Groups and Interests	503	(44)
The Group Basis of Politics	509	(8)
Cooperation in Groups	510	(4)
Why Join? A Solution to the Collective Action Problem	514	(2)
The Role of Political Entrepreneurs	516	(1)
Interest Groups in the United states	517	(3)
What Interests Are Represented?	518	(1)
Organizational Components	518	(2)
The Characteristics of Members	520	(1)
The Proliferation of Groups	520	(5)
The Expansion of Government	521	(1)
The New Politics Movement and Public Interest Groups	522	(1)
Conservative Interest Groups	523	(2)
Strategies: The Quest for Political Power	525	(18)
Lobbying	525	(3)
Gaining Access	528	(3)
Using the Courts (Litigation)	531	(3)
Going Public	534	(2)
Using Electoral Politics	536	(7)
Groups and Interests; The Dilemma of Reform	543	(1)
Summary	544	(1)
For Further Reading	545	(2)
The Media	547	(28)
The Media Industry and Government	552	(7)
Types of Media	553	(2)
Organization and Ownership of the Media	555	(1)
Nationalization of the News	556	(1)
Regulation of the Broadcast and Electronic Media	557	(1)
Freedom of the Press	558	(1)
News Coverage	559	(7)
Journalists	560	(1)
The Newsmakers: Politicians	561	(2)
The Power of Consumers	563	(3)
Media Power in American Politics	566	(6)
Shaping Events	566	(1)
The Sources of Media Power	567	(3)
The Rise of Adversarial Journalism	570	(2)
Media Power and Responsibility	572	(2)
Summary	574	(1)
For Further Reading	574	(1)
PART 4 GOVERNANCE	575	(2)
Government in Action: Public Policy and the Economy	577	(42)
Government and the Market	583	(3)
The Bases of the Market Economy	583	(3)
Goals: Substantive Uses of Economic Policy	586	(20)
Policies for Public Order and Private Property	587	(1)
Making and Maintaining a National Market Economy	588	(7)
Maintaining a Capitalist Economy	595	(11)
Implementing Public Policy: The Techniques of Control	606	(10)
Promotional Techniques	606	(3)
Regulatory Techniques	609	(3)
Redistributive Techniques	612	(4)
Summary	616	(1)
For Further Reading	617	(2)
Government and Society	619	(32)
The Welfare State	625	(21)
Foundations of the Welfare State	627	(8)
The Welfare State Evaluated	635	(4)
Breaking Out of the Cycle of Poverty	639	(7)
Who Is Poor? What Can Government Do?	646	(1)
Summary	647	(2)
For Further Reading	649	(2)
Foreign Policy and Democracy	651	(5)
The Players: The Makers and Shapers of Foreign Policy	656	(6)
Who Makes Foreign Policy?	657	(2)
Who Shapes Foreign Policy?	659	(2)
Putting It Together	661	(1)
The Values in American Foreign Policy	662	(4)
Legacies of the Traditional System	663	(1)
The Great Leap to World Power	664	(2)
The Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy	666	(12)
Diplomacy	666	(2)
The United Nations	668	(2)
The International Monetary Structure	670	(1)
Economic Aid	671	(2)
Collective Security	673	(3)
Military Deterrence	676	(2)
Roles Nations Play	678	(8)
Choosing a Role	678	(2)
Roles for America Today	680	(6)
Summary	686	(2)
For Further Reading	688
APPENDIX	1	(43)
The Declaration of Independence	3	(4)
The Articles of Confederation	7	(6)
The Constitution of the United States of America	13	(12)
Amendments to the Constitution	25	(10)
Federalist Papers, Nos. 10, 51	35	(9)
Glossary of Terms	44	(19)
Glossary of Court Cases	63	(14)
Index	77