American Government With Infotrac

by Welch, Susan

• ISBN13: 9780534596347
• ISBN10: 0534596347
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-04-30
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT is highly respected and trusted for its attention to research and issues of diversity as well as its award-winning team of authors. While covering the basic foundations and features of American Government, this text also moves beyond the nuts and bolts, to explain why and how important features of government have evolved, their impact on government and individuals, and why these features are controversial (if they are) and worth learning. More than just narrating facts and current issues, AMERICAN GOVERNMENT attempts to leave the students with an understanding of the "why", so their knowledge can be applied long after the course is completed. AMERICAN GOVERNMENT is a three-time winner of the American Government Textbook Award for the Best Treatment of Women in Politics, by the Women's Caucus for Political Science.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
About the Authors	xxi
PART ONE The American System
American Democracy	2	(20)
You Are There Who, Me?	3	(2)
The American People	5	(6)
Immigration and Ethnic Diversity	5	(2)
Immigration and Political Cleavage	7	(1)
Religious Diversity	7	(1)
After 9/11 Immigration: Is the Door Still Open?	8	(2)
Economic and Geographic Diversity	10	(1)
Diversity and Identity Politics	11	(1)
Political Culture	11	(3)
The Significance of Political Culture	11	(1)
Learning Political Culture	11	(1)
American Diversity Census and Sensibility	12	(2)
American Democracy: The Core Values	14	(2)
Individual Liberty	14	(1)
Political Equality	15	(1)
Majority Rule	15	(1)
Minority Rights	16	(1)
Economic Rights	16	(1)
American Democracy in Practice	16	(3)
Classical Democracy	16	(1)
Pluralism	17	(1)
Elitism	18	(1)
Pluralism Reconsidered	18	(1)
Conclusion: Is Government Responsive?	19	(3)
Epilogue Who, Me?	20	(1)
Key Terms	21	(1)
Further Reading	21	(1)
Electronic Resources	21	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	21	(1)
American Government Resources	21	(1)
The Constitution	22	(28)
You Are There The Case of the Confidential Tapes	23	(2)
The Articles of Confederation	25	(2)
National Government Problems	25	(1)
State Government Problems	26	(1)
American Diversity Founding Mothers	27	(1)
The Constitution	27	(13)
The Constitutional Convention	27	(3)
Features of the Constitution	30	(3)
Motives of the Founders	33	(1)
American Diversity Did the Iroquois Influence the Founders?	34	(3)
Ratification of the Constitution	37	(1)
Changing the Constitution	38	(2)
After 9/11 Interrogating Terrorists	40	(1)
Impact of the Civil War and the Great Depression	40	(5)
The Civil War and Reconstruction	40	(4)
The Great Depression and New Deal	44	(1)
A Combination of Constitutions	45	(1)
Conclusion: Does the Constitution Allow Government to be Responsive?	45	(5)
Epilogue The President Complies in the Case of the Confidential Tapes	47	(2)
Key Terms	49	(1)
Further Reading	49	(1)
Electronic Resources	49	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	49	(1)
American Government Resources	49	(1)
Federalism and the Growth of Government	50	(28)
You Are There Should the President Expand Federal Lands?	51	(1)
Federal and Unitary Systems	52	(2)
Federal Systems	52	(1)
Unitary Systems	53	(1)
Why Choose Federalism?	53	(1)
The Political Bases of American Federalism	54	(2)
Political Benefits of Federalism	54	(1)
Political Costs of Federalism	55	(1)
Political Culture and Federalism	55	(1)
The Constitutional Bases of Federalism	56	(3)
Major Features of American Federalism	56	(1)
Interpretations of the Constitutional Provisions	57	(2)
Federalism and the Growth of Government	59	(11)
Small-Scale Government	59	(1)
The Civil War	60	(1)
Government as a ``Bully Pulpit''	60	(1)
The New Deal and World War II	61	(1)
Social Justice and the Great Society	62	(1)
New Federalism	63	(1)
The New New Federalism	63	(3)
A Return to State-Centered Federalism?	66	(4)
The Practice of Federalism	70	(4)
Federal-State Relations	70	(1)
Interstate Relations	71	(1)
After 9/11 The States' Role in National Defense	72	(1)
State-Local Relations	73	(1)
People, States, and the Federal Government	74	(1)
Conclusion: Is Federalism Responsive?	75	(3)
Epilogue Clinton Expands Federal Lands	76	(1)
Key Terms	76	(1)
Further Reading	77	(1)
Electronic Resources	77	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	77	(1)
American Government Resources	77	(1)
PART TWO Links between People and Government
Public Opinion	78	(30)
You Are There How Can the President Maintain Popularity and Help Republican Candidates?	79	(1)
Nature of Public Opinion	80	(1)
Formation of Public Opinion	81	(7)
Agents of Political Socialization	82	(4)
Impact of Political Socialization	86	(1)
After 9/11 Attacks Affect Opinion about Government	87	(1)
Measuring Public Opinion	88	(6)
Early Polling Efforts	88	(1)
Emergence of Scientific Polling	88	(1)
Polls and Politics	89	(5)
How Informed Is Public Opinion?	94	(1)
Public Opinion	95	(9)
Ideology	95	(2)
Social Welfare and the Proper Role of Government	97	(1)
Social Issues	98	(2)
Race	100	(2)
Political Tolerance	102	(1)
Trust in Government	102	(2)
Conclusion: Is Government Responsive to Public Opinion?	104	(4)
Epilogue President Bush Ties the Economy to the War on Terrorism	105	(1)
Key Terms	106	(1)
Further Reading	106	(1)
Electronic Resources	106	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	107	(1)
American Government Resources	107	(1)
News Media	108	(36)
You Are There Should You Torpedo the Admiral?	109	(1)
The Media State	110	(6)
Roles of the Media	111	(1)
Concentration of the Media	112	(1)
Atomization of the Media	113	(3)
Relationship between the Media and Politicians	116	(8)
Symbiotic Relationship	116	(3)
Adversarial Relationship	119	(2)
Relationship between the Media and Recent Administrations	121	(3)
Relationship between the Media and Congress	124	(1)
Relationship between the Media and the Supreme Court	124	(1)
Bias of the Media	124	(10)
Political Bias	125	(4)
Commercial Bias	129	(1)
American Diversity Color and the Clicker	130	(4)
Impact of the Media on Politics	134	(6)
Impact on the Public Agenda	135	(1)
Impact on Political Parties and Elections	135	(2)
Impact on Public Opinion	137	(1)
After 9/11 The CNN of the Middle East	138	(2)
Conclusion: Are the Media Responsive?	140	(4)
Epilogue Evans Pursued the Admiral	142	(1)
Key Terms	143	(1)
Further Reading	143	(1)
Electronic Resources	143	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	143	(1)
American Government Resources	143	(1)
Interest Groups	144	(32)
You Are There Do You Make More Concessions, or Do You Fight?	145	(2)
Group Formation	147	(2)
Why Interest Groups Form	147	(1)
Why People Join	148	(1)
Who Joins?	148	(1)
Have Americans Stopped Joining?	148	(1)
Types of Interest Groups	149	(13)
Private Interest Groups	150	(2)
After 9/11 Feeding Frenzy	152	(3)
Public Interest Groups	155	(7)
Tactics of Interest Groups	162	(8)
Direct Lobbying Techniques	162	(3)
Indirect Lobbying Techniques	165	(3)
Protest and Civil Disobedience	168	(2)
Success of Interest Groups	170	(2)
Resources	170	(2)
Competition and Goals	172	(1)
Conclusion: Do Interest Groups Help Make Government Responsive?	172	(4)
Epilogue The Tobacco Industry Fights Back	173	(2)
Key Terms	175
Further Reading	174	(1)
Electronic Resources	175	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	175	(1)
American Government Resources	175	(1)
Political Parties	176	(30)
You Are There Should You Switch Parties?	177	(2)
What Are Political Parties?	179	(1)
Development and Change in the Party System	180	(8)
Preparty Politics: The Founders' Views of Political Parties	181	(1)
First Party System: Development of Parties	182	(1)
Second Party System: Rise of the Democrats	182	(1)
Third Party System: Rise of the Republicans	182	(1)
Fourth Party System: Republican Dominance	183	(1)
Fifth Party System: Democratic Dominance	183	(1)
The Post--Fifth Party System: Disengagement and Competition	184	(4)
After 9/11 Bipartisanship for a While	188	(1)
Characteristics of the Party System	188	(6)
Two Parties	188	(2)
Fragmentation	190	(1)
Moderation	191	(1)
Minor Parties in American Politics	191	(3)
Party in the Electorate	194	(1)
Party Identification	194	(1)
Characteristics of Democrats and Republicans	194	(1)
Party in Government	195	(1)
Party Organization	196	(4)
National Party Organization	197	(1)
State and Local Party Organizations	198	(1)
Big-City Party Organizations	198	(2)
The Nominating Process	200	(2)
Caucuses	200	(1)
Conventions	200	(1)
Primaries	200	(2)
Conclusion: Do Political Parties Make Government More Responsive?	202	(4)
Epilogue Jeffords Switches	203	(1)
Key Terms	204	(1)
Further Reading	204	(1)
Electronic Resources	204	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	205	(1)
American Government Resources	205	(1)
Elections	206	(44)
You Are There How Do You Recount?	207	(3)
The American Electorate	210	(7)
Early Limits on Voting Rights	210	(1)
Blacks and the Right to Vote	210	(2)
The Voting Rights Act and Redistricting	212	(1)
American Diversity Blacks and Hispanics in Office	212	(1)
Women and the Right to Vote	213	(3)
American Diversity Women in Office	216	(1)
Young People and the Right to Vote	216	(1)
Felons and the Right to Vote	216	(1)
Voter Turnout	217	(6)
Political Activism in the Nineteenth Century	217	(1)
Progressive Reforms	218	(1)
Recent Turnout	218	(1)
Who Does Not Vote?	218	(1)
Why Turnout Is Low	219	(4)
Other Campaign Participation	223	(1)
Presidential Nominating Campaigns	223	(9)
Who Runs for President and Why?	223	(1)
How a Candidate Wins the Nomination	224	(1)
American Diversity Can An African American Be Elected President?	225	(2)
Presidential Caucuses and Conventions	227	(1)
Presidential Primaries	227	(1)
Reforming the Nomination Process	228	(1)
The National Conventions	229	(3)
Independent and Third-Party Nominees	232	(1)
The General Election Campaign	232	(6)
Campaign Organization	233	(1)
Images and Issues	233	(1)
The Electoral College	233	(1)
Campaign Strategies	234	(1)
The Media Campaign	235	(1)
Use of the Media	236	(2)
Campaign Funding	238	(1)
The Permanent Campaign	238	(1)
Congressional Campaigns	239	(2)
Incumbents: Unsafe at Any Margin?	239	(1)
Challengers	239	(1)
After 9/11 Patriotism and Partisanship	240	(1)
Campaigns	240	(1)
Voting Choices	241	(4)
Party Loyalties	242	(1)
Candidate Evaluations	243	(1)
Issues	243	(1)
Parties, Candidates, and Issues	244	(1)
Voting for Congress	244	(1)
Conclusion: Do Elections Make Government Responsive?	245	(5)
Epilogue Gore Asks for a Limited Recount	246	(2)
Key Terms	248	(1)
Further Reading	249	(1)
Electronic Resources	249	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	249	(1)
American Government Resources	249	(1)
Money and Politics	250	(28)
You Are There Should You Vote to Regulate?	251	(3)
Money and Politics in Earlier America	254	(1)
Money in Nineteenth-Century American Politics	254	(1)
Early Reforms	255	(1)
Regulating Money in Modern Campaigns	255	(9)
Reforms of the 1970s	255	(1)
Failures of the Campaign Finance Laws	256	(4)
Reforms in 2002	260	(1)
Sources of Campaign Funds	261	(3)
The Impact of Campaign Money	264	(8)
Does the Campaign Finance System Deter Good Candidates?	264	(1)
Does Money Win Elections?	265	(1)
Does Money Buy Favorable Policies?	266	(5)
Campaign Money and Public Cynicism	271	(1)
Conflicts of Interest	272	(1)
Conclusion: Does the Influence of Money Make Government Less Responsive?	273	(5)
Epilogue Schumer Discourages Tighter Accounting Regulations	275	(2)
Key Terms	277	(1)
Further Reading	277	(1)
Electronic Resources	277	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	277	(1)
American Government Resources	277	(1)
PART THREE Institutions
Congress	278	(38)
You Are There Should the President Be Removed from Office?	279	(2)
Members and Constituencies	281	(4)
Members	281	(2)
Constituencies	283	(2)
The Representative on the Job	285	(9)
The Advantages of Incumbency	285	(3)
Working with Colleagues	288	(1)
``Going Public''	289	(1)
American Diversity Women in Congress	290	(2)
Voting as Representation	292	(1)
Party and Constituency	292	(2)
How Congress Is Organized	294	(10)
How Congressional Organization Evolved	294	(1)
Contemporary Leadership Positions	295	(3)
Committees	298	(4)
American Diversity Minority Power in Congress	302	(1)
Staff	302	(2)
What Congress Does	304	(7)
Lawmaking	304	(2)
After 9/11 Continuity in Government	306	(3)
Overseeing the Federal Bureaucracy	309	(1)
Budget Making	310	(1)
Congress and the Public	311	(2)
Conclusion: Is Congress Responsive?	313	(3)
Epilogue Snowe Votes against Removal	314	(1)
Key Terms	314	(1)
Further Reading	315	(1)
Electronic Resources	315	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	315	(1)
American Government Resources	315	(1)
The Presidency	316	(42)
You Are There Should the President Get a New Cabinet Department?	317	(3)
The Growth of the Presidency	320	(1)
Terms of Office	321	(3)
Qualifications	321	(1)
Rewards	321	(1)
Tenure	322	(1)
Succession	323	(1)
Duties and Powers of Office	324	(8)
Chief Executive	324	(4)
After 9/11 A Return of the Imperial Presidency?	328	(1)
Head of State	328	(2)
Chief Diplomat	330	(1)
Commander in Chief	331	(1)
Presidential Staff and Advisors	332	(7)
The Executive Office of the President	333	(1)
The White House Office	333	(2)
Office of the First Lady	335	(3)
Office of the Vice President	338	(1)
The President and the People	339	(5)
The Personal Presidency	339	(1)
Persuading the Public	340	(3)
Public Opinion and Effectiveness in Office	343	(1)
The President and Congress	344	(7)
Party Leadership	344	(1)
Divided Government	345	(1)
Legislative Leadership	345	(4)
Foreign Policy and Military Leadership	349	(2)
Limits on Presidential Power	351	(2)
What Makes an Effective President?	353	(2)
Conclusion: Is the Presidency Responsive?	355	(3)
Epilogue Harman Votes with the President	355	(1)
Key Terms	356	(1)
Further Reading	356	(1)
Electronic Resources	356	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	356	(1)
American Government Resources	357	(1)
The Bureaucracy	358	(30)
You Are There Can the FBI Hold Its Ground?	359	(3)
The Nature of Bureaucracies	362	(4)
Goals	363	(1)
Performance Standards	363	(1)
Openness	364	(2)
After 9/11 Veil of Secrecy	366	(1)
Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy	366	(8)
Periods of Growth	367	(1)
Why the Bureaucracy Has Grown	368	(1)
American Diversity Women and Minorities in the Civil Service	369	(1)
Controlling Growth	370	(2)
Types of Offices within the Federal Bureaucracy	372	(2)
What Bureaucracies Do	374	(3)
Administering Policy	374	(1)
Making Policy	374	(2)
Data Collection and Analysis	376	(1)
Politics and Professional Standards	377	(5)
Patronage	377	(1)
Neutral Competence	378	(4)
Overseeing the Bureaucracy	382	(3)
President	382	(1)
Congress	383	(1)
Courts	383	(1)
Interest Groups and Individuals	383	(2)
Conclusion: Is the Bureaucracy Responsive?	385	(3)
Epilogue Mueller Keeps the FBI Out of the Homeland Security Department	386	(1)
Key Terms	387	(1)
Further Reading	387	(1)
Electronic Resources	387	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	387	(1)
American Government Resources	387	(1)
The Judiciary	388	(32)
You Are There Do You Plunge into the Political Thicket?	389	(2)
Development of the Courts' Role in Government	391	(7)
Founding to the Civil War	392	(3)
Civil War to the Depression	395	(1)
Depression to the Present	396	(1)
The Next Era	397	(1)
Courts	398	(1)
Structure of the Courts	398	(1)
Jurisdiction of the Courts	398	(1)
Judges	399	(7)
Selection of Judges	399	(1)
After 9/11 Surveillance Court	400	(2)
American Diversity Do Women Judges Make a Difference?	402	(2)
Tenure of Judges	404	(1)
Qualifications of Judges	405	(1)
Independence of Judges	405	(1)
Access to the Courts	406	(2)
Wealth Discrimination in Access	406	(1)
Interest Group Help in Access	406	(1)
Restrictions on Access	407	(1)
Proceeding through the Courts	407	(1)
Deciding Cases	408	(6)
Interpreting Statutes	408	(1)
Interpreting the Constitution	408	(1)
Restraint and Activism	409	(2)
Following Precedents	411	(1)
Making Law	411	(1)
Deciding Cases at the Supreme Court	412	(2)
The Power of the Courts	414	(1)
Use of Judicial Review	414	(1)
Use of Political Checks against the Courts	415	(1)
Conclusion: Are the Courts Responsive?	415	(5)
Epilogue O'Connor Plunges into the Political Thicket	416	(3)
Key Terms	419	(1)
Further Reading	419	(1)
Electronic Resources	419	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	419	(1)
American Government Resources	419	(1)
PART FOUR Civil Liberties and Rights
Civil Liberties	420	(40)
You Are There Can the Boy Scouts Discriminate against Homosexuals?	421	(2)
The Constitution and the Bill of Rights	423	(1)
Individual Rights in the Constitution	423	(1)
The Bill of Rights	423	(1)
Freedom of Expression	424	(17)
Freedom of Speech	424	(5)
Freedom of the Press	429	(2)
Libel and Obscenity	431	(3)
Freedom of Religion	434	(7)
Rights of Criminal Defendants	441	(8)
Search and Seizure	441	(2)
Self-Incrimination	443	(1)
Counsel	444	(2)
After 9/11 Civil Liberties at Risk?	446	(2)
Jury Trial	448	(1)
Cruel and Unusual Punishment	448	(1)
Rights in Theory and in Practice	449	(1)
Right to Privacy	449	(7)
Birth Control	449	(1)
Abortion	449	(5)
Homosexuality	454	(1)
Right to Die	455	(1)
Conclusion: Are the Courts Responsive in Interpreting Civil Liberties?	456	(4)
Epilogue The Court Allows the Boy Scouts to Discriminate against Homosexuals	457	(1)
Key Terms	458	(1)
Further Reading	458	(1)
Electronic Resources	458	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	458	(1)
American Government Resources	459	(1)
Civil Rights	460	(44)
You Are There Friend or Foe?	461	(1)
Race Discrimination	462	(27)
Discrimination against African Americans	462	(2)
American Diversity Black Masters	464	(3)
Overcoming Discrimination against African Americans	467	(7)
Continuing Discrimination against African Americans	474	(7)
After 9/11 Profiling of Arabs?	481	(1)
Improving Conditions for African Americans?	481	(2)
Discrimination against Hispanics	483	(4)
Discrimination against Native Americans	487	(2)
Sex Discrimination	489	(9)
Discrimination against Women	489	(7)
Discrimination against Men	496	(2)
Affirmative Action	498	(2)
Conclusion: Is Government Responsive in Granting Civil Rights?	500	(4)
Epilogue Exclusion of Japanese Is Upheld	501	(1)
Key Terms	502	(1)
Further Reading	502	(1)
Electronic Resources	503	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	503	(1)
American Government Resources	503	(1)
PART FIVE Public Policies
Economic Policy	504	(32)
You are There Can the Country Afford a Permanent Tax Cut?	505	(2)
Types of Economic Systems	507	(1)
Capitalism	507	(1)
Socialism and Communism	507	(1)
Mixed Economies	507	(1)
Economic Systems and Political Systems	508	(1)
Regulating the Economy	508	(9)
Economic Problems	509	(1)
Government's Economic Tools	510	(4)
Managing the Economy for Political Purposes	514	(2)
After 9/11 Budgetary Politics: Business as Usual	516	(1)
The Budget in the Economy	517	(7)
Our Tax Burden	518	(1)
Tax Policies	519	(2)
Spending Policies	521	(1)
Budget Forecasting	522	(1)
Deficits and Debt	523	(1)
Postwar Boom and Bust	524	(6)
The American Quarter Century	525	(1)
The Reagan--Bush Years	526	(1)
Age of Diminished Expectations	527	(1)
Recovery and Recession	527	(1)
American Diversity Does Immigration Benefit the Economy?	528	(2)
The American Economy in the Twenty-First Century	530	(2)
Conclusion: Is Our Economic Policy Responsive?	532	(4)
Epilogue Murray Says No to a Permanent Tax Cut	533	(1)
Key Terms	534	(1)
Further Reading	534	(1)
Electronic Resources	534	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	535	(1)
American Government Resources	535	(1)
Social Welfare and Health Policy	536	(26)
You Are There Should the Government Subsidize Corporate Farming?	537	(2)
The Political and Legal Bases of Social Welfare Policies	539	(1)
The Evolution of Social Welfare Policies	540	(1)
Income Support Programs	541	(7)
Retirees and Their Dependents	541	(2)
Aid to the Poor	543	(4)
Farmers	547	(1)
Veterans	548	(1)
Health Care Programs	548	(1)
Health Care for Seniors	548	(1)
Health Care for the Poor and Disabled	548	(1)
Other Aid for the Poor	549	(1)
Other Subsidized Services	549	(3)
Education	549	(1)
Insurance	550	(1)
Mortgages	551	(1)
Agriculture	552	(1)
Tax Subsidies	552	(2)
Corporations	552	(2)
Families and Homeowners	554	(1)
The Future of Social Welfare Policies	554	(5)
Health Care Reforms	554	(2)
Social Security	556	(1)
Reforming Aid to the Poor	557	(2)
Farm Subsidies	559	(1)
Conclusion: Are Social Welfare Programs Responsive?	559	(3)
Epilogue Hutchinson Votes to Subsidize Big Farmers	560	(1)
Key Terms	560	(1)
Further Reading	561	(1)
Electronic Resources	561	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	561	(1)
American Government Resources	561	(1)
Regulation and Environmental Policy	562	(26)
You Are There Should Nevada Become the Country's Nuclear Waste Dump?	563	(2)
Reasons for Regulation	565	(3)
Damage to Common Property	565	(1)
Inefficient Competition	566	(1)
Lack of Necessary Coordination	567	(1)
Unacceptable Inequities	567	(1)
Kinds of Regulation	568	(2)
The Regulatory Process	570	(4)
Writing Regulations	570	(2)
Regulatory Oversight	572	(1)
Implementing and Enforcing Regulations	573	(1)
Cycles of Regulation	574	(10)
Deregulation	576	(2)
Reregulation	578	(2)
After 9/11 Reregulating the Airlines	580	(1)
Deregulation: The Next Round	580	(3)
Keeping Pace with Change	583	(1)
Regulatory Politics and Environmental Protection	584	(4)
Evolution of Government's Role	584	(2)
Implementing Environmental Regulations	586	(2)
Reforming Environmental Regulations	588