Among Cultures The Challenge of Communication (with InfoTrac)

by Hall, Bradford J.

• ISBN13: 9780534642488
• ISBN10: 0534642489
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-06-16
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Enhance your understanding of intercultural interaction with AMONG CULTURES: THE CHALLENGE OF COMMUNICATION with InfoTrac?! With coverage of how cultural and communication are intimately related, this communication text provides you with practical applications that you can incorporate into your own life and interactions with others. Exercises, applications, and reflection questions are found throughout the text and help you understand your own culture, as well as the cultures of others.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	xix
1. WHAT IS MEANT BY INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION?
Overview	1	(2)
Culture	3	(13)
System	4	(2)
Historically Shared	6	(2)
Symbolic Resources	8	(3)
Make Our World Meaningful	11	(5)
Communication	16	(3)
Interdependent	17	(2)
Situational	19	(1)
Intercultural Communication as a Field of Study	19	(1)
Hazards of Studying Intercultural Communication	20	(1)
Oversimplification	20	(1)
Overgeneralization	21	(1)
Exaggeration	21	(1)
Benefits of Studying Intercultural Communication	21	(1)
Personal Empowerment	21	(1)
Freedom from Ignorance	22	(1)
Productive Relationships	22	(1)
Summary	22	(1)
Reflection Questions	23	(1)
Activities	24	(1)
Notes	24	(3)
2. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE?	27	(36)
Overview	27	(3)
Manifestations of Culture	30	(26)
Worldviews	31	(18)
Values	49	(3)
Norms	52	(4)
Two Perspectives on the Culture-Communication Connection	56	(2)
Monolithic Force	56	(1)
Reflexive Force	56	(2)
Summary	58	(1)
Reflection Questions	58	(1)
Activities	59	(1)
Notes	60	(3)
3. HOW CAN WE LEARN ABOUT OUR OWN AND OTHERS' CULTURES?	63	(36)
Overview	63	(3)
The Learning Process	66	(2)
Need	66	(1)
Precedent	67	(1)
The Etic/Emic Distinction	68	(5)
Hymes's Speaking Framework: An Etic Grid	69	(4)
Narratives	73	(12)
Narrative Teaching Functions	74	(9)
Interpreting Narratives	83	(2)
Ritual	85	(9)
(Mis)impressions about the Nature of Rituals	85	(7)
Recognizing Rituals around Us	92	(1)
The Worth of Rituals	93	(1)
Summary	94	(1)
Reflection Questions	95	(1)
Activities	95	(1)
Notes	96	(3)
4. HOW IS CULTURE RELATED TO OUR IDENTITIES?	99	(30)
Overview	99	(3)
Identity	102	(11)
Expectations Related to Ourselves and Others	102	(4)
Interplay of Similarities and Differences	106	(2)
Personal, Relational, and Communal Levels of Identity	108	(5)
Communication's Relationship to Identity	113	(4)
Reflective	113	(1)
Constitutive	114	(3)
Pathways to Identity	117	(8)
Avowal	118	(2)
Ascription	120	(5)
Summary	125	(1)
Reflection Questions	126	(1)
Activities	127	(1)
Notes	127	(2)
5. WHERE CAN WE LOOK TO EXPLAIN VERBAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS?	129	(28)
Overview	129	(3)
Verbal Communication and Context	132	(7)
Contextual Frames	133	(6)
Verbal Communication: Structure and Content	139	(10)
Quality	139	(3)
Quantity	142	(1)
Relevance	143	(2)
Manner	145	(4)
Face Considerations	149	(1)
Language and Thought	149	(3)
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis	151	(1)
Summary	152	(1)
Reflection Questions	153	(1)
Activities	153	(1)
Notes	154	(3)
6. WHERE CAN WE LOOK TO EXPLAIN NONVERBAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS?	157	(30)
Overview	157	(3)
Roles of Nonverbal Communication	160	(2)
Repetition	161	(1)
Contradiction	161	(1)
Substitution	161	(1)
Accentuation	161	(1)
Complement	162	(1)
Regulation	162	(1)
Forms of Nonverbal Communication	162	(18)
Kinesics	162	(9)
Proxemics	171	(2)
Paralanguage	173	(2)
Other Forms of Nonverbal Communication	175	(5)
Intercultural Listening and Nonverbal Communication	180	(1)
Summary	181	(1)
Reflection Questions	182	(1)
Activities	183	(2)
Notes	185	(2)
7. WHY DO SO MANY PEOPLE GET TREATED POORLY?	187	(38)
Overview	187	(5)
Stereotypes	192	(6)
Categorization	192	(1)
Fundamental Attribution Error	193	(2)
Points of Variance	195	(3)
Ethnocentrism	198	(4)
Concern versus Indifference	200	(1)
Involvement versus Avoidance	201	(1)
Enjoyment versus Intolerance	201	(1)
Prejudice	202	(18)
Forms of Prejudice	204	(2)
Rationalizing Narratives of Prejudice	206	(12)
Functions of Prejudice	218	(2)
Summary	220	(1)
Reflection Questions	221	(1)
Activities	222	(1)
Notes	223	(2)
8. HOW CAN WE MANAGE CONFLICT IN INTERCULTURAL SETTINGS?	225	(40)
Overview	225	(4)
Cultural Approaches to Conflict	229	(4)
Avoiding	229	(1)
Accommodating	230	(1)
Competing	231	(1)
Compromising	231	(1)
Collaborating	231	(2)
Types of Intercultural Conflict	233	(10)
Object Conflicts	233	(3)
Relationship Conflicts	236	(2)
Priority Conflicts	238	(5)
Intergroup Conflict	243	(10)
Group Membership and Communication	243	(2)
Group Membership and Conflict	245	(3)
Origins of Intergroup Conflict	248	(5)
Strategies for Managing Intercultural and Intergroup Conflict	253	(5)
Appropriate Conditions for Successful Contact	253	(2)
Recognizing Reasonableness	255	(2)
Factoring in Face	257	(1)
One Final Point to Ponder: Forgiveness	258	(2)
Summary	260	(1)
Reflection Questions	260	(1)
Activities	261	(1)
Notes	262	(3)
9. How CAN WE SUCCEED IN OUR INTERCULTURAL TRAVELS?	265	(34)
Overview	265	(3)
Hierarchy of Human Needs	268	(2)
Acculturation	270	(17)
The U-Curve Model	271	(4)
The Hero's Journey: Osland's Model of Working
Abroad	275	(3)
Surprise and Sense-Making Model	278	(5)
Kim's Adaptation Model	283	(4)
Returning Home: Readapting to Our Own Cultural Community	287	(7)
Change in Self and Others	288	(2)
Unrealistic Expectations	290	(2)
Lack of Appreciation in Home Community	292	(2)
Final Thoughts on Cultural Transitions	294	(1)
Summary	295	(1)
Reflection Questions	296	(1)
Activities	296	(1)
Notes	297	(2)
10. WHAT DIVERSITY EXISTS IN THE STUDY OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION?	299	(30)
Overview	299	(5)
Major Perspectives in Intercultural Communication	304	(4)
Interpretive Perspective	304	(1)
Critical Perspective	305	(2)
Traditional Perspective	307	(1)
Popular Culture	308	(8)
Characteristics of Popular Culture	308	(4)
Popular Culture Artifacts	312	(4)
Critical Perspectives on Popular Culture and the Media	316	(4)
Traditional Perspectives on Popular Culture and the Media	320	(5)
Impact of the Media on Culture	320	(1)
Impact of Culture on the Media	321	(1)
Culture as an Intervening Variable	322	(3)
Summary	325	(1)
Reflection Questions	325	(1)
Activities	326	(1)
Notes	326	(3)
11. CAN JUDGMENTS OF RIGHT AND WRONG BE MADE WHEN DEALING WITH OTHER CULTURES?	329	(40)
Overview	329	(5)
Ethics	334	(6)
General Perspective	334	(1)
Five Golden Approaches	335	(5)
Ethics and Communication	340	(3)
Constraint	340	(2)
Empowerment	342	(1)
Ethics and Culture	343	(4)
Universalism	344	(1)
Relativism	344	(2)
Critique	346	(1)
Efforts to Find Universal Ethics That Acknowledge the Relativistic Nature of Cultures	347	(1)
Ethical Principles for Intercultural Relations	348	(21)
Effort to Understand	348	(7)
Peaceful Disagreement	355	(4)
Loving Relationships	359	(5)
Summary	364	(1)
Reflection Questions	365	(1)
Activities	365	(1)
Notes	366	(3)
INDEX	369