Anion Receptor Chemistry

by Sessler, Jonathan L.; Gale, Philip A.; Cho, Won-Seob

• ISBN13: 9780854049745
• ISBN10: 0854049746
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-04-30
• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Summary

Anion recognition plays a critical role in a range of biological processes, and a variety of receptors and carriers can be found throughout the natural world. Chemists working in the area of supramolecular chemistry have created a range of anion receptors, drawing inspiration from nature as well as their own innovative processes. This book traces the origins of anion recognition chemistry as a unique sub-field in supramolecular chemistry, while illustrating the basic approaches currently being used to effect receptor design. The combination of a biological overview and summary of current synthetic approaches provides a coverage that is both comprehensive and comprehensible. First, the authors detail the key design motifs that have been used to generate synthetic receptors and which are likely to provide the basis for further developments. They also highlight briefly some of the features that are present in naturally-occurring anion recognition and transport systems and summarise the applications of anion recognition chemistry. Providing a detailed review for practitioners in the field and a concise introduction to the topic for newcomers, Anion Receptor Chemistry reflects the current state of this exciting research area. Fully-referenced and illustrated in colour, it is a welcome addition to the literature.

Table of Contents

Glossary	xiii
Introduction	1	(26)
Importance of Anions in the Modern World	1	(1)
The Challenges of Anion Complexation	2	(2)
Anions in Biological Systems	4	(8)
Historical Overview of Synthetic Anion Receptor Chemistry	12	(9)
Measurement Methods: Caveats and Limitations	21	(1)
Summary Remarks	22	(5)
References	22	(5)
Classic Charged Non-Metallic Systems	27	(104)
Polyammoniums	27	(33)
Acyclic Systems	27	(6)
Monocyclic Systems	33	(15)
Bicyclic Systems	48	(11)
Polycyclic Systems	59	(1)
Quaternary Ammoniums	60	(17)
Linear Systems	60	(6)
Monocyclic Systems	66	(5)
Polycyclic Systems	71	(6)
Guanidiniums	77	(11)
Amidiniums	88	(15)
Imidazoliums	103	(9)
Acyclic Systems	103	(5)
Cyclic Systems	108	(4)
Thiouronium	112	(5)
Summary Remarks	117	(14)
References	118	(13)
Protonated Expanded Porphyrins and Linear Analogues	131	(40)
Introduction	131	(1)
Cyclic Systems	132	(29)
Tetrapyrrolic Systems	132	(4)
Pentapyrrolic Systems	136	(14)
Hexapyrrolic Systems	150	(4)
Oligopyrrolic Systems	154	(3)
Imine Linked Receptors and Other Related Systems	157	(4)
Linear Receptors	161	(5)
Summary Remarks	166	(5)
References	166	(5)
Neutral Non-Metallic Systems	171	(56)
Amide-Based Anion Receptors	171	(15)
Acyclic Systems	171	(6)
Cyclic Systems	177	(6)
Calixarene and Steroid-Based Systems	183	(3)
Peptide-Based Receptors	186	(7)
Urea-Based Anion Receptors	193	(12)
Acyclic Systems	193	(7)
Cyclic Systems	200	(2)
Receptors Based on Calixarene and Steroid Backbones	202	(3)
Alcohol-Based Anion Receptors	205	(5)
Hybrid Receptors	210	(7)
Amide-Urea Systems	210	(3)
Urea-Alcohol Systems	213	(1)
Alcohol-Amide Systems	214	(2)
Amide-Hydroxy-Urea Systems	216	(1)
Other Systems	217	(3)
Summary Remarks	220	(7)
References	220	(7)
Neutral Pyrrole Systems	227	(32)
Introduction	227	(1)
Cyclic Receptors	227	(24)
Extended Cavity Systems	232	(2)
Higher Order Systems	234	(10)
Strapped Systems and other Related Receptors	244	(7)
Linear Receptors	251	(5)
Summary Remarks	256	(3)
References	256	(3)
Receptors for Ion-Pairs	259	(35)
Introduction	259	(2)
Ditopic Receptors	261	(17)
Cascade Complexes	278	(5)
Receptors for Zwitterions	283	(4)
Dual-Host Extraction of Salts	287	(3)
Summary Remarks	290	(4)
References	290	(4)
Metal and Lewis Acid-Based Receptors	294	(26)
Lewis Acidic Receptors	294	(13)
Metals as Organizers	307	(8)
Other Anion Receptors Containing Metals	315	(1)
Summary Remarks	316	(4)
References	316	(4)
Sensors	320	(50)
Introduction	320	(1)
Devices that Employ Anion-Selective Membranes	320	(7)
Discrete Molecular Electrochemical-Anion Sensors	327	(12)
Discrete Molecular Optical Anion Sensors	339	(17)
Displacement Assays	356	(4)
Assays Based on Deaggregation Phenomena	360	(1)
Summary Remarks	361	(9)
References	363	(7)
Anion-Controlled Assembly and Template-Based Synthesis	370	(32)
Introduction	370	(1)
Halide-Controlled Assemblies	370	(13)
Oxyanion-Directed Assemblies	383	(9)
Polyfluoro-Anion Directed Assemblies	392	(7)
Summary Remarks	399	(3)
References	399	(3)
Afterword	402	(2)
Subject Index	404