Annelids in Modern Biology

by Shain, Daniel H.

• ISBN13: 9780470344217
• ISBN10: 0470344210
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780470455197
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-04-13
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• More Book Details

Summary

The only resource available on the utility of annelids as a research model

Author Biography

Daniel H. Shain, PhD, is a Professor at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, where he serves as the Graduate Program Director of Biology. Dr. Shain's current research areas involve ice worm bioenergetics and phylogeography, clitellate cocoons and their secretion, and genes differentially expressed during embryonic stem cell formation.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Contributors	p. xiii
Annelids as Model Systems in Biology
Developing Models for Lophotrochozoan and Annelid Biology	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Phylogenetic Considerations	p. 4
Genetic and Developmental Tools	p. 5
Annelid Model Organisms	p. 6
Other Potential Annelid Models	p. 8
Annelid Phylogeny-Molecular Analysis with an Emphasis on Model Annelids	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Genes	p. 14
Molecular Annelid Phylogeny	p. 16
Choosing Model Organisms	p. 24
Branch Lengths	p. 24
Problems in Inferring Annelid Phylogeny	p. 24
Conclusions	p. 25
Cryptic Speciation in Clitellate Model Organisms	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Sources and Kinds of Variation	p. 32
Examples of Clitellate Model Organisms	p. 34
Cryptic Speciation	p. 41
Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 41
Annelid Life Cycle Cultures	p. 47
Introduction	p. 47
Criteria for the Selection of Species	p. 48
Summary of Culture Techniques	p. 48
Life Cycle Cultures of Polychaeta	p. 50
Life Cycle Cultures of Oligochaeta	p. 56
Life Cycle Cultures of Hirudinea (Leeches)	p. 58
Evolution and Development
Annelids in Evolutionary Developmental Biology	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Evo-Devo Today	p. 66
Evo-Devo as Comparative Biology	p. 66
Why Annelid Development Is Interesting for Metazoan Evo-Devo Biologists	p. 67
Case Study 1: Segmentation	p. 68
Case Study 2: Spiral Cleavage and Axis Specification	p. 74
Tools for Analyzing Molecular Mechanisms of Development	p. 79
The Future of the Annelid Model Systems for Evo-Devo	p. 81
Evolution, Development and Ecology of Capitella sp. I: A Waxing Model for Polychaete Studies	p. 88
Introduction	p. 88
Speciation Studies	p. 89
Capitella Sp. 1 Morphology	p. 91
Replacement of Lost Segments and Reproductive Trade-Offs	p. 92
Metatrochophores, Ciliary Bands and Musculature	p. 93
Gene Expression during the Specification and Differentiation of Germ Layers	p. 95
Sex among the Vermes	p. 100
Annelids and the Segmentation Debate	p. 101
A-P Polarity-Hox and ParaHox Genes	p. 106
Annelid Genomics: Draft Genome Sequence	p. 108
The Future-Where Is This Going?	p. 109
Stem Cell Genesis and Differentiation in Leech	p. 116
Introduction	p. 116
Stem Cell Genesis and Development	p. 117
Factors Affecting Stem Cell Genesis	p. 121
Stem Cell Differentiation	p. 124
Gene Expression	p. 128
Conclusion	p. 130
Neurobiology and Regeneration
Cellular and Behavioral Properties of Learning in Leech and Other Annelids	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Learning in the Leech Whole-Body Shortening Reflex and Role of the S Interneuron	p. 137
Role of the S Interneuron: Modulation of Excitability	p. 139
Learning in the Leech Swim Circuit	p. 144
Using the Leech to Study Intrinsic Forms of Sensitization	p. 146
Synaptic Plasticity in Leech CNS	p. 147
Conclusions	p. 150
Development, Regeneration and Immune Responses of the Leech Nervous System	p. 156
Introduction	p. 156
Background	p. 157
Recent Work on the Development of the Nervous System	p. 157
Neuronal Regeneration and Repair	p. 169
Neuroimmune Responses	p. 173
Cellular and Humoral Immune Mechanisms: A Leech Innate Immune Response	p. 176
Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 179
Lumbriculus variegatus and the Need for Speed: A Model System for Rapid Escape, Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Neural Regeneration in Oligochaetes	p. 187
Lumbriculus variegatus, a Model System for Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction	p. 191
Neural Morphallaxis	p. 192
Accessible Model for Life Science Education	p. 198
Environmental and Ecological Studies
Polychaetes in Environmental Studies	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
Estuarine Occurrence	p. 206
Intertidal Occurrence	p. 207
Mussel Beds	p. 207
Sea Grasses	p. 208
Sabellarid and Serpulid Reefs	p. 209
Benthic Community Structure	p. 209
Unusual Benthic Habitats	p. 210
Feeding Guilds	p. 213
Algal "Gardening" Behavior	p. 214
Polychaetes as Environmental Indicators and Remediators	p. 214
Biomonitoring	p. 217
Toxicological Tests	p. 219
Economic Importance of Polychaetes	p. 221
Conclusions	p. 221
Oligochaete Worms for Ecotoxicological Assessment of Soils and Sediments	p. 228
Introduction	p. 228
Principles of Environmental Risk Assessment	p. 229
Soil Tests with Lumbricidae	p. 230
Soil Tests with Enchytraeidae	p. 232
Sediment Tests with Lumbriculidae and Tubificidae	p. 235
Oligochaetes in Ecotoxicology	p. 237
Conclusions	p. 238
Evolution and Ecology of Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Eunicida)	p. 242
Introduction	p. 242
General Morphology	p. 242
Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Considerations	p. 243
Reproductive Biology	p. 247
Ecology	p. 250
Future Research	p. 252
Cosmopolitan Earthworms-A Global and Historical Perspective	p. 257
Introduction	p. 257
Number of Earthworm Species	p. 267
Characteristics and Origins of Cosmopolitan Earthworms	p. 268
Overview of Results	p. 268
Discussion	p. 269
Regional Species Totals and Proportions of Exotics	p. 271
Earthworms, Archaeology and Human History	p. 273
Benefits and Risks of Earthworm Transportations	p. 277
Conclusions	p. 278
Extreme Environments and Biological Novelties
Hydrothermal Vent Annelids	p. 287
Introduction	p. 287
Alvinella pompejana: a Symbiotic System	p. 289
Temperature Adaptation	p. 290
Temperature Adaptation at a Molecular Level	p. 290
Alvinella Tubes	p. 291
Collagens	p. 292
Temperature Adaptation at a Cellular Level: the Case of Developing Embryos	p. 295
Behavioral Adaptation to a High-Temperature Environment	p. 297
Future Development of Thermal Adaptation Studies	p. 297
Perspectives	p. 298
Glacier Ice Worms	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Natural History	p. 303
Classification and Phylogenetic Relationships	p. 305
Origins	p. 306
Clades	p. 307
Physiology	p. 309
Conservation Status	p. 311
Sperm Ultrastructure in Assessing Phylogenetic Relationships among Clitellate Annelids	p. 314
Introduction	p. 314
The Spermatozoon of Propappus volki (Michaelsen 1916)	p. 317
Sperm Ultrastructure in Branchiobdellids, Acanthobdella peledina, and Hirudineans	p. 320
Sperm Ultrastructure inside Tubificidae	p. 320
Plesiomorphic Spermatozoon of Clitellates and Spermatological Apomorphic Trends	p. 324
Patterns of Spermatological Characters among Clitellates	p. 324
Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion	p. 328
Introduction	p. 328
Reproductive Biology	p. 330
Clitellum and CGCs	p. 330
Cocoon Production	p. 331
Brooding Behavior within Glossiphoniidae	p. 334
Cocoon Structure: Surface Topology and Ultrastructural Properties	p. 335
Evolution of Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion	p. 341
Biomaterials Applications	p. 342
Index	p. 347
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