Annual Plant Reviews, Plant Hormone Signaling

by Hedden, Peter; Thomas, Stephen G.

• ISBN13: 9781405138871
• ISBN10: 1405138874
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-09-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Plant growth is regulated by developmental programmes that can be modified by environmental cues acting through endogenous signalling molecules including plant hormones. This volume provides an overview of the biosynthesis, catabolism, perception and signal transduction of the individual hormone classes, followed by chapters on hormone distribution and transport, and the roles of hormone signalling in specific developmental processes. Particular attention is paid to the regulation of hormone signalling by environmental and developmental cues, sites of hormone metabolism and action, and interactions between hormone signalling pathways. The book is directed at researchers and professionals in plant biochemistry and molecular biology.

Author Biography

Professor Peter Hedden and Dr Stephen Thomas, both Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xiii
Preface	xv
1 Abscisic acid synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction	1	(36)
ANNIE MARION-POLL and JEFFREY LEUNG
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Biosynthesis and catabolism pathways	2	(5)
1.2.1 Main early steps of ABA biosynthesis	2	(2)
1.2.2 Epoxy-carotenoid cleavage	4	(2)
1.2.3 The conversion of xanthoxin to ABA	6	(1)
1.2.4 ABA catabolism	6	(1)
1.3 Regulation of ABA synthesis and metabolism	7	(5)
1.3.1 Developmental regulation	7	(1)
1.3.1.1 Vegetative tissues	7	(1)
1.3.1.2 Reproductive organs	8	(1)
1.3.2 Regulation in response to abiotic stresses	9	(1)
1.3.3 Regulation by endogenous signals and factors	10	(2)
1.4 ABA signaling in seed maturation processes: proteolysis and combinatorial protein interactions	12	(3)
1.5 Stress responses in vegetative tissues: the five major nexuses	15	(7)
1.5.1 ABA recognition sites and the search for the receptors	15	(2)
1.5.2 Transcriptional network as the readout	17	(1)
1.5.3 RNA metabolism	17	(2)
1.5.4 Protein phosphatases 2C	19	(1)
1.5.5 Sucrose non-fermenting-related kinases	19	(3)
1.6 ABA signaling in guard cells: simple movements controlled by complex mechanisms	22	(1)
1.7 ABA as antagonizing signal to light in stomatal movement	23	(1)
1.8 Concluding remarks	24	(1)
Acknowledgements	25	(1)
References	26	(11)
2 Auxin metabolism and signaling	37	(30)
JERRY D. COHEN and WILLIAM M. GRAY
2.1 Introduction	37	(1)
2.2 Auxin metabolism	37	(9)
2.2.1 Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis	37	(1)
2.2.1.1 The tryptophan-independent pathway	37	(1)
2.2.1.2 IAA biosynthesis from tryptophan	40	(2)
2.2.2 IAA conjugates in plants	42	(1)
2.2.2.1 IAA-peptide conjugates	42	(1)
2.2.2.2 Amino acid conjugates	43	(1)
2.2.2.3 Amide conjugate hydrolysis	43	(1)
2.2.2.4 Ester conjugates	44	(2)
2.2.3 IAA degradation	46	(1)
2.3 Auxin signaling	46	(12)
2.3.1 Auxin-responsive genes	46	(1)
2.3.2 Auxin response factors	47	(4)
2.3.3 Regulation of auxin response by the SCFTIR1 ubiquitin–ligase	51	(2)
2.3.4 Regulation of SCFTIR1 activity	53	(2)
2.3.5 Identification of an auxin receptor	55	(3)
2.4 Conclusions and future perspectives	58	(1)
Acknowledgements	59	(1)
References	59	(8)
3 Integration of brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling	67	(26)
MIKLOS SZEKERES and GERARD J. BISHOP
3.1 Introduction	67	(1)
3.2 Metabolism	67	(13)
3.2.1 Biosynthesis	67	(1)
3.2.1.1 DET2	69	(1)
3.2.1.2 SAX I	72	(1)
3.2.1.3 DWF4	72	(1)
3.2.1.4 CPD	73	(1)
3.2.1.5 ROT3 and CYP9ODJ	73	(1)
3.2.1.6 CYP85A1 and CYP85A2	74	(1)
3.2.1.7 Other biosynthetic functions	74	(1)
3.2.2 Inactivation	75	(1)
3.2.2.1 BAST	75	(1)
3.2.2.2 CHI2/SHK1/SOB7	76	(1)
3.2.2.3 UGT73C5	77	(1)
3.2.2.4 BNST3 and BNST4	77	(1)
3.2.3 Functional aspects of BR metabolism	77	(1)
3.2.3.1 Regulation of biosynthetic genes	77	(1)
3.2.3.2 Regulation of BR-inactivating genes	78	(1)
3.2.3.3 Conservation of BR synthesis in higher plants	79	(1)
3.3 Signal transduction	80	(4)
3.3.1 BRI1 and BAK1	80	(1)
3.3.2 BIN2 and BSU1	81	(1)
3.3.3 BZR1 and BZR2/BES1	82	(1)
3.3.4 BIM1	82	(1)
3.3.5 Signaling mechanism and other putative components	83	(1)
3.4 Future prospectives	84	(3)
3.4.1 Metabolism	84	(2)
3.4.2 Signal transduction	86	(1)
3.4.3 Crops	86	(1)
Acknowledgements	87	(1)
References	87	(6)
4 Cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction	93	(32)
ALEXANDER HEYL, TOMÁS WERNER and THOMAS SCHMÜLLING
4.1 Introduction	93	(1)
4.2 Cytokinin metabolism	93	(8)
4.2.1 Cytokinin biosynthesis	94	(3)
4.2.2 Cytokinin interconversion and conjugation	97	(1)
4.2.3 Cytokinin catabolism	98	(3)
4.3 Cytokinin signal transduction	101	(16)
4.3.1 Cytokinin signal perception	101	(4)
4.3.2 Cytokinin signal transduction	105	(12)
4.4 Conclusions	117	(1)
References	118	(7)
5 Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling: a puzzle yet to be completed	125	(22)
FILIP VANDENBUSSCHE, WIM H. VRIEZEN and DOMINIQUE VAN DER STRAETEN
5.1 Introduction	125	(1)
5.2 Ethylene biosynthesis	126	(5)
5.2.1 ACC synthase	127	(3)
5.2.2 ACC oxidase	130	(1)
5.3 Ethylene signal transduction	131	(6)
5.4 A complex network	137	(2)
Acknowledgements	139	(1)
References	139	(8)
6 Gibberellin metabolism and signal transduction	147	(38)
STEPHEN G. THOMAS and PETER HEDDEN
6.1 Introduction	147	(1)
6.2 The gibberellin metabolic pathway	148	(3)
6.2.1 Biosynthesis of bioactive GAs	148	(2)
6.2.2 GA deactivation	150	(1)
6.3 Genes of GA biosynthesis and their regulation	151	(6)
6.3.1 Developmental regulation	151	(3)
6.3.2 Hormonal regulation	154	(1)
6.3.3 Environmental regulation	154	(3)
6.4 The gibberellin signal transduction pathway	157	(9)
6.4.1 The gibberellin receptor	159	(1)
6.4.2 DELLA proteins act as repressors of GA signaling	159	(2)
6.4.3 GAs promote rapid degradation of DELLA proteins	161	(1)
6.4.4 SCFSLY/GID-mediated degradation of DELLA proteins	162	(2)
6.4.5 The role of GID1 in DELLA degradation	164	(1)
6.4.6 Additional GA-signaling components	164	(1)
6.4.6.1 A role for O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferases in GA signaling	164	(1)
6.4.6.2 DWARF1 and PHOR1, possible positive regulators of GA signaling	165	(1)
6.5 Downstream transcriptional events induced by GAs	166	(4)
6.5.1 GAMYBs	167	(2)
6.5.2 Homoeostatic regulation of GA metabolism	169	(1)
6.6 Sites of GA signaling	170	(4)
6.6.1 Germinating seeds	170	(1)
6.6.2 Stems	171	(1)
6.6.3 Flower initiation and development	171	(1)
6.6.4 The Arabidopsis root	172	(2)
6.7 Conclusions	174	(2)
Acknowledgements	176	(1)
References	176	(9)
7 Oxylipins: biosynthesis, signal transduction and action	185	(44)
CLAUS WASTERNACK
7.1 Introduction	185	(2)
7.2 α-Dioxygenase, phytoprostanes and electrophile compounds	187	(2)
7.2.1 α-Dioxygenase	187	(1)
7.2.2 Phytoprostanes and electrophile compounds	187	(2)
7.3 The LOX pathway	189	(10)
7.3.1 The LOX	190	(1)
7.3.2 HPOT/HPOD: the branch point in the LOX pathway	191	(1)
7.3.3 The AOS branch: jasmonate biosynthesis	192	(1)
7.3.3.1 The AOS	192	(1)
7.3.3.2 The allene oxide cyclase	193	(1)
7.3.3.3 OPR3	194	(1)
7.3.3.4 β-oxidation in JA biosynthesis	194	(1)
7.3.3.5 Jasmonate metabolites	197	(2)
7.4 Mutants in JA biosynthesis and in JA signaling	199	(6)
7.4.1 Mutants in JA biosynthesis	199	(2)
7.4.2 Mutants in JA signaling	201	(2)
7.4.3 Proteasome-mediated JA signaling	203	(2)
7.5 JA, OPDA and related compounds in plant-defense reactions	205	(8)
7.5.1 Plant-microbe interactions	205	(1)
7.5.1.1 Symbiontic interactions	205	(1)
7.5.1.2 Plant pathogen interactions	206	(1)
7.5.1.3 Cross-talk between JA, SA, ethylene and ABA	207	(1)
7.5.2 The wound-response pathway	208	(3)
7.5.3 Direct and indirect defense	211	(2)
7.6 JA in development	213	(3)
7.6.1 Seedling development and root growth	213	(1)
7.6.2 Tuber formation	214	(1)
7.6.3 Flower formation	214	(1)
7.6.4 Senescence	215	(1)
7.7 Concluding remarks	216	(1)
Acknowledgements	217	(1)
References	217	(12)
8 Salicylic acid	229	(28)
CHRISTOPHE GARCION and JEAN-PIERRE MÉTRAUX
8.1 Introduction	229	(1)
8.2 Biosynthesis and metabolism of SA	230	(7)
8.2.1 SA biosynthesis via the phenylpropanoid pathway	230	(3)
8.2.2 SA biosynthesis through the isochorismate pathway	233	(1)
8.2.3 Relative contribution of the isochorismate and BA pathway	234	(1)
8.2.4 Regulation and localization of SA biosynthesis	234	(1)
8.2.5 Metabolism of SA	235	(1)
8.2.6 Biosynthesis of MeSA	236	(1)
8.3 Signal transduction and mode of action	237	(10)
8.3.1 SA-binding sites	238	(1)
8.3.2 SA and signal transduction mediated by MAP kinases	239	(1)
8.3.3 SA and the central role of NPR1	240	(3)
8.3.4 SA and other regulatory proteins	243	(1)
8.3.5 SA and the mobile signal	243	(1)
8.3.6 SA and global gene expression	244	(2)
8.3.7 SA and virus resistance	246	(1)
8.4 Conclusions	247	(10)
References	257	(1)
9 Hormone distribution and transport	257	(36)
JOHN J. ROSS, GREGORY M. SYMONS, LINDY ABAS, JAMES B. REID and CHRISTIAN LUSCHNIG
9.1 Concepts and definitions	257	(1)
9.2 Auxins: distribution and transport	257	(3)
9.2.1 Auxin distribution: old views and new developments	257	(1)
9.2.2 Auxin biosynthesis: not restricted to the shoot anymore	258	(2)
9.3 Auxin transport	260	(9)
9.3.1 Mass-flow-dependent distribution of auxin	260	(1)
9.3.2 Polar auxin transport	260	(1)
9.3.2.1 Physiological aspects	260	(1)
9.3.2.2 Auxin transporters	263	(1)
9.3.2.3 Regulation of the carriers	265	(4)
9.3.3 Conclusion: a joint effort required for auxin transport?	269	(1)
9.4 GAs: distribution and transport	269	(8)
9.4.1 Seeds and fruits	270	(1)
9.4.2 Vegetative tissues	270	(1)
9.4.2.1 Grafting studies	270	(1)
9.4.2.2 Can mature shoot tissue synthesise GAs?	272	(1)
9.4.2.3 Monocotyledonous species	274	(3)
9.4.3 Conclusion: some GAs can undergo long-distance transport, at least in some circumstances	277	(1)
9.5 BRs: distribution and transport	277	(6)
9.5.1 BR distribution	278	(1)
9.5.2 BR transport	278	(1)
9.5.2.1 Exogenous BRs	278	(1)
9.5.2.2 Endogenous BRs: grafting studies	279	(1)
9.5.2.3 BR transport within the shoot?	281	(1)
9.5.2.4 "Short-distance" BR transport?	282	(1)
9.5.3 Conclusion: endogenous BRs do not undergo long-distance transport	283	(1)
9.6 General discussion	283	(1)
Acknowledgements	284	(1)
References	284	(9)
10 Reproductive development	293	(18)
MIGUEL A. BLÁZQUEZ and JOSÉ LEÓN
10.1 Introduction	293	(1)
10.2 Flowering time	293	(4)
10.2.1 Gibberellins	294	(1)
10.2.2 Brassinosteroids	295	(1)
10.2.3 Auxins, cytokinins and ethylene	295	(1)
10.2.4 Abscisic acid	296	(1)
10.2.5 Salicylic acid and the stress-activated transition to flowering	296	(1)
10.3 Flower development	297	(2)
10.4 Early fruit development	299	(3)
10.4.1 Gibberellins	299	(1)
10.4.2 Auxin	300	(1)
10.4.3 Polyamines	301	(1)
10.5 Fruit maturation	302	(2)
10.5.1 Ethylene	302	(1)
10.5.2 Auxin	303	(1)
10.5.3 BRs and ABA	303	(1)
10.5.4 Salicylic acid	304	(1)
10.6 Conclusions	304	(1)
References	304	(7)
11 Seed development and germination	311	(28)
SHINJIRO YAMAGUCHI and EIJI NAMBARA
11.1 Introduction	311	(1)
11.2 Hormonal control of seed development	311	(8)
11.2.1 Developmental and physiological phases in seed development	312	(1)
11.2.2 Developmental regulators for seed development	313	(3)
11.2.3 Regulators of ABA responses in the seed	316	(1)
11.2.4 ABA and GA metabolism genes during seed development	317	(1)
11.2.5 Regulation of balancing ABA and GA levels during seed development	318	(1)
11.2.6 Regulation of ABA and GA action during seed development	319	(1)
11.3 Hormonal control of seed germination and post-germinative growth	319	(12)
11.3.1 Regulation of GA levels in imbibed seeds	319	(1)
11.3.1.1 Light-regulation of GA biosynthesis	320	(1)
11.3.1.2 Temperature-regulation of GA biosynthesis	321	(1)
11.3.1.3 GA response components in germinating seeds	322	(1)
11.3.2 Regulation of ABA levels in imbibed seeds	323	(1)
11.3.2.1 De novo ABA biosynthesis and catabolism are involved in regulation of ABA levels	323	(1)
11.3.2.2 Light, high temperature, and GA regulation of ABA metabolism	323	(1)
11.3.3 Sites of GA biosynthesis and response in imbibed seeds	324	(3)
11.3.4 GA and ABA action in the cereal aleurone	327	(1)
11.3.4.1 GA and ABA perception	327	(1)
11.3.4.2 Crosstalk between GA and ABA action	328	(1)
11.3.5 Other hormones: actions of ethylene and brassinosteroids during seed germination	329	(1)
11.3.5.1 Ethylene	329	(1)
11.3.5.2 Brassinosteroids	330	(1)
11.4 Conclusions and perspectives	331	(1)
References	331	(8)
Index	339