Annual Review of Microbiology 2004

by Ornston, L. Nicholas; Balows, Albert; Gottesman, Susan; Tow, Lemese Ah (CON); Anderson, Jon P. (CON)

• ISBN13: 9780824311582
• ISBN10: 0824311582
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-10-01
• Publisher: Annual Reviews

Table of Contents

Frontispiece	xii
Arnold L. Demain
Pickles, Pectin, and Penicillin	1	(42)
Arnold L. Demain
Early Days in New York City	2	(1)
Michigan State College and The U.S. Navy	3	(1)
Off to Berkeley	4	(1)
The Move To Davis	5	(1)
The Merck Penicillin Factory	6	(2)
The Rahway Days	8	(6)
A Faculty Position at Mit	14	(1)
The β-Lactam Antibiotics	14	(8)
Peptides and Spore Germination	22	(3)
Mycotoxins	25	(1)
Mutational Biosynthesis	26	(1)
Regulation of Secondary Metabolism	26	(1)
Cellulases and Ethanologenic Clostridia	27	(2)
Vitamin B12	29	(1)
Additional Antibiotics, Amino Acids, Organic Acids, Vitamins, and Polymers	30	(1)
Gel Microdroplets	31	(1)
Media, Assays, and Plasmid Stability	31	(1)
Rapamycin	32	(1)
Statins	33	(1)
Pigments	34	(1)
Simulated Microgravity	34	(1)
Fumagillin	35	(1)
Vaccines	35	(1)
Drew University: There is Life After Mit	36	(1)
Final Comments	36	(7)
Anaerobic Microbial Dehalogenation	43	(32)
Hauke Smidt
Willem M. de Vos
Introduction	44	(1)
Functional and Phylogenetic Diversity of Anaerobic Dehalogenating Microorganisms	45	(7)
Thermodynamic Feasibility of Dehalogenation Mechanisms in Anaerobic Ecosystems	45	(1)
Organohalides as Sole Sources of Carbon and Energy	46	(1)
Reductive Dehalogenation	47	(4)
Competition for Resources and Syntrophy	51	(1)
Reductive Dehalogenases: Key Enzymes in Halorespiration	52	(7)
Biochemical and Molecular Characteristics	52	(6)
RDs: Diversity and Evolution	58	(1)
Regulation of Reductive Dehalogenase Activity	59	(2)
Molecular Ecology and Detection of Dehalogenation Potential and Activity in Anaerobic Ecosystems	61	(2)
Outlook	63	(12)
Signaling in Myxobacteria	75	(24)
Dale Kaiser
Introduction	76	(1)
A-Signal	77	(3)
A-Signal Production	77	(1)
Assessing Starvation	78	(1)
Response to A-Signal	79	(1)
C-Signal	80	(6)
Identification of C-Signal	80	(1)
Cell Alignment and C-Signal Transmission	81	(1)
C-Signal Transduction	82	(4)
Mutations That Alter the Timing of Fruiting Body Development	86	(1)
Inferred Signals	87	(2)
bsg	87	(1)
dsg	88	(1)
esg	88	(1)
Group S	89	(1)
Stigmalone	89	(1)
Perspectives	90	(9)
Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane and Ammonium	99	(20)
Marc Strous
Mike S.M. Jetten
Introduction	100	(2)
Role in Global Nutrient Cycling	102	(2)
Marine Sediments	102	(2)
Marine Water Column	104	(1)
Other Habitats	104	(1)
Microbial Physiology	104	(2)
Biochemistry and Cell Structure	106	(4)
Phylogeny and Evolution	110	(2)
Application	112	(1)
Perspectives	113	(6)
Selection for Gene Clustering by Tandem Duplication	119	(24)
Andrew B. Reams
Ellen L. Neidle
Overview	120	(1)
Gene Clustering	121	(5)
Organizational Patterns Emerging from Whole Genome Analyses	121	(1)
Genetic Regions Involved in Common Function	122	(1)
Aromatic Compound Degradation: Gene Cluster Shuffling	123	(3)
Models for the Evolution and Maintenance of Clusters	126	(4)
The Coamplification Model	126	(3)
Selfishness and Horizontal Gene Transfer	129	(1)
Assessing the Validity of Different Models	129	(1)
Tandem Gene Duplication and Further Amplification	130	(13)
General Characteristics	130	(13)
The Vibrio Shiloi/Oculina Patagonica Model System of Coral Bleaching	143	(18)
Eugene Rosenberg
Leah Falkovitz
Introduction	144	(1)
The Coral O. Patagonica	145	(1)
Vibrio Shiloi: Causative Agent of Bleaching O. Patagonica	146	(1)
Effect of Temperature on Bleaching	147	(1)
Classification of V. shiloi	147	(1)
Temperature-Regulated Mechanisms of Infection	147	(3)
Adhesion and Chemotaxis	147	(2)
Penetration and Intracellular Multiplication	149	(1)
Differentiation into the Viable-but-not-Culturable State	149	(1)
Toxin P Production and Mode of Action	150	(1)
Role of Superoxide Dismutase	150	(1)
Transmission of the Disease	150	(1)
Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Bleaching	151	(1)
The Generality of the Bacterial Infection Hypothesis of Coral Bleaching	152	(9)
Indirect Evidence: Spreading and Patchy Bleaching on Coral Reefs	152	(9)
Stationary-Phase Physiology	161	(22)
Thomas Nystrom
Introduction	162	(1)
Bacterial Cell Age and Death	162	(1)
Stationary-Phase Morphology	163	(1)
Reductive Division	163	(1)
Dwarfing	164	(1)
Stationary-Phase Autophagy	164	(3)
FadR-Dependent Autophagy	165	(1)
Emergency Derepression	165	(1)
Catabolic Control	166	(1)
Peptidase-Dependent Autophagy	167	(1)
The Stationary-Phase Proteome	167	(4)
Sigmas and Stationary-Phase Cross Protection	167	(1)
Oxidative Modification of the Stationary-Phase Proteome	168	(1)
Protein Oxidation and Metabolic Activity	169	(1)
Protein Oxidation and Error Propagation	170	(1)
Protein Oxidation and Life Expectancy	170	(1)
Transcriptional Trade-Offs	171	(2)
Sigma Factor Competition	171	(2)
Programmed Cell Death	173	(1)
The Stationary-Phase Genome	174	(1)
Concluding Remarks	175	(8)
Viral Error Catastrophe by Mutagenic Nucleosides	183	(24)
Jon P. Anderson
Richard Daifuku
Lawrence A. Loeb
Introduction	184	(1)
Mutation Rate and Viral Fitness	184	(4)
Mutation Rate Versus Genome Size	184	(1)
Retroviruses' and Riboviruses' Mutation Rates	185	(1)
RNA Viruses Exist as a Quasispecies	186	(1)
Error Tolerance for Mutations	187	(1)
Lethal Mutagenesis	188	(5)
Practical Considerations	188	(1)
Theoretical Considerations	189	(1)
Mutation Induction by 5-OH-dC	190	(2)
Mutation Induction by the Deoxycytidine Analog SN1212	192	(1)
Lethal Mutagenesis of RNA Viruses	193	(4)
Prescient Studies with QB Phage	193	(1)
Poliovirus and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus	194	(1)
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus	194	(1)
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus	194	(1)
Hantaviruses	195	(1)
Viral Hepatitis C and Ribavirin	195	(2)
Other Viruses	197	(1)
Viral Hepatitis B	197	(1)
Emerging Viral Infections	198	(1)
Advantages of Mutagenic Nucleoside Analogs	198	(2)
Potential for Resistance to Mutagenic Deoxynucleoside Analogs	198	(1)
Potential for Resistance to Mutagenic Ribonucleoside Analogs	198	(1)
Combination Therapy	199	(1)
Perspectives	200	(7)
The Ecology and Genetics of Microbial Diversity	207	(26)
Rees Kassen
Paul B. Rainey
The Problem of Diversity and the Niche Exclusion Principle	208	(1)
The Reverend Dallinger and Mechanism in Microbiology	209	(1)
Techniques and Methods	210	(1)
The Structure of The Environment and the Maintenance of Diversity	211	(8)
Simple Environments Composed of a Single Niche	211	(3)
Complex Environments Composed of Many Niches	214	(3)
Complex Environments Created by the Growth of Competitors	217	(1)
Complex Environments Created Through the Growth of Predators	218	(1)
Patterns of Diversity in a Collection of Communities	219	(1)
The Genetic Causes of Diversity in an Ecological Context	219	(4)
Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Diversification Through Adaptive Radiation	220	(1)
Fitness Effects of Mutations	221	(2)
Concluding Remarks: Life in the Tangled Bank	223	(10)
Ribosomal Crystallography: Initiation, Peptide Bond Formation, and Amino Acid Polymerization are Hampered by Antibiotics	233	(20)
Ada Yonath
Anat Bashan
Introduction	234	(1)
Initiation of the Translation Process	235	(3)
Initiation Factor 3: A Flexible Protein Factor	235	(2)
Edeine: An Antibiotic Interfering with Initiation by Limiting the Platform Mobility	237	(1)
Peptide Bond Formation and Amino Acid Polymerization	238	(5)
The PTC and Its Vicinity: A Sizable Symmetry-Related Region	238	(2)
Clinically Relevant PTC Targeting	240	(1)
Sparsomycin, Puromycin, and the ``Fragment Reaction''	241	(2)
Post Peptide Bond Formation	243	(10)
Macrolides and Ketolides: Resistance and Selectivity	243	(3)
Tunnel Mobility and Ribosomal Involvement in Cellular Regulation	246	(7)
Herpes Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer in Treatment of Diseases of the Nervous System	253	(20)
Joseph C. Glorioso
David J. Fink
Introduction	254	(1)
Biology of HSV	255	(2)
Viral Life Cycle	255	(1)
Creation of HSV Vectors	256	(1)
Therapeutic Applications of HSV Vectors to Diseases of the Nervous System	257	(8)
Gene Transfer by Intraparenchymal Inoculation	259	(1)
Gene Transfer by Subcutaneous Inoculation of HSV Vectors	260	(5)
Summary	265	(8)
Early Molecular Investigations of Lichen-Forming Symbionts: 1986-2001	273	(30)
Paula T. DePriest
Introduction	274	(1)
The Nature of the Lichen Symbiosis	274	(1)
Development of Molecular Techniques in Lichenology	275	(1)
Fungal Partners in Lichen Associations	276	(8)
Origins of Lichenization in the Fungi	276	(1)
Phylogenetic Classification	277	(4)
Delimiting Species: Relationships and Identity	281	(3)
Algal Partners in Lichen Associations	284	(5)
Cyanobionts of Lichen Associations	284	(1)
Bipartite and Tripartite Associations	285	(1)
Phycobionts in Lichen Associations	285	(1)
Coevolution of the Lichen Symbionts	286	(3)
Molecular Evolution of rDNA Insertions and Introns	289	(2)
Positions of Insertions and Introns in rDNA	289	(1)
Group I Introns	290	(1)
Spliceosomal Introns	290	(1)
Nested Insertions and Deletions	291	(1)
The Evolution of Symbiosis	291	(2)
The Transition to Lichenization	291	(1)
Beyond Mutualism: Parasitic Associations	292	(1)
Conclusions	293	(10)
The Small RNA Regulators of Escherichia Coli: Roles and Mechanisms	303	(26)
Susan Gottesman
Introduction	304	(1)
The History and Range of sRNAs in E. coli	304	(5)
Metabolic Labeling and Serendipity: The Classic Phase of sRNA Discovery	305	(2)
Computation and Global Detection: The Modern Phase of RNA Hunting	307	(2)
Functional Classes of RNAs: An Emphasis on Translational Regulation	309	(3)
Structural and Enzymatic RNAs	309	(1)
Quality Control	309	(1)
RNA Regulators	310	(2)
Defining a Role for Hfq in sRNA Function	312	(1)
Physiological Function of Hfq-Binding sRNAs	312	(4)
Regulation of RpoS Translation	313	(1)
RyhB and Iron Metabolism	314	(1)
Spot 42 and Sugar Metabolism	315	(1)
Other Antisense RNA Roles	315	(1)
The Mechanism of Antisense RNA Activity	316	(4)
Pairing and a Role for Hfq	316	(1)
Outcomes of Pairing: Changing Translation and mRNA Stability	317	(1)
Beyond Pairing: Role of RNase E in sRNA Action	318	(1)
Our Current Picture of Antisense RNA Action: Summary and Unsolved Problems	319	(1)
Signs of sRNAs	320	(1)
Conclusions	321	(8)
sRNAs Provide some Unique Advantages	321	(1)
Where Did They Come From?	321	(8)
Johne's Disease, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis	329	(36)
Ofelia Chacon
Luiz E. Bermudez
Raul G. Barletta
Introduction	330	(1)
The Microorganism	330	(6)
Animal and Human Isolates	331	(2)
Genomics	333	(1)
Antigens and Virulence Determinants	334	(2)
Johne's Disease	336	(5)
The Disease in Ruminants	336	(1)
The Koch's Postulates: Application to Johne's Disease	336	(2)
Animal Reservoirs and Diagnostics from Clinical Samples	338	(1)
Pathological and Immunopathological Findings in Diseased Animals	338	(2)
Genetic Basis of Resistance and Susceptibility	340	(1)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	341	(10)
Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis	341	(1)
Pathological and Immunopathological Findings in Inflammatory Bowel Disease	342	(1)
Possible Etiologies of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Humans	343	(4)
Genetic Factors Underlying Resistance and Susceptibility	347	(1)
Serological Studies	348	(2)
Chemotherapy	350	(1)
Animal Models	350	(1)
Concluding Remarks	351	(14)
Molecular and Cellular Basis of Bartonella Pathogenesis	365	(26)
Christoph Dehio
Introduction	366	(1)
Natural History and Epidemiology	366	(4)
Bartonella bacilliformis	368	(1)
Bartonella quintana	368	(1)
Bartonella henselae	368	(1)
Other Human-Pathogenic Bartonellae	369	(1)
Bartonella--Host Cell Interactions	370	(5)
Erythrocyte Interaction	370	(2)
Endothelial Cell Interaction	372	(2)
Macrophage Interaction: The Paracrine Loop of Vasoproliferation	374	(1)
Bacterial Factors Involved in Pathogenesis	375	(7)
Type IV Secretion Systems	375	(3)
Angiogenic Factor: Trigger of Vasoproliferation	378	(1)
Deformin: Deformation of Erythrocyte Membranes	379	(1)
Flagella: Strengthening Erythrocyte Interaction	380	(1)
Lipopolysaccharide: Unique Structure with Low Endotoxicity	380	(1)
Pili: Binding to Nucleated Cells	381	(1)
Other Putative Pathogenesis Factors of Bartonella	381	(1)
Concluding Remarks	382	(9)
Cell-Mediated Immunity and the Outcome of Hepatitis C Virus Infection	391	(34)
Naglaa H. Shoukry
Andrew G. Cawthon
Christopher M. Walker
Introduction	392	(1)
The Virus	393	(2)
Genetic Organization, Diversity, and Host Cell Range	393	(1)
Virus Replication Patterns	394	(1)
Early Events in the Host Response to Hepatitis C	395	(1)
Genes Associated with Innate Immunity	395	(1)
Genes Associated with Adaptive Immunity	396	(1)
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Acute Hepatitis C	396	(7)
CD4+ T Cells in Acute Hepatitis C	396	(4)
CD8+ T Cells in Acute Hepatitis C	400	(3)
Summary of Acute-Phase CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses	403	(1)
Memory T Cells and Protection From HCV Persistence	404	(2)
Durable T Cell Memory to HCV	404	(1)
Memory T Cells and Protection from HCV Persistence	404	(1)
Role of Memory CD4+ Versus CD8+ T Cells in Protection from HCV Persistence	405	(1)
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Chronic Hepatitis C	406	(6)
CD4+ T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C	406	(2)
CD8+ T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C	408	(1)
Why Do CD8+ T Cells Fail to Control Viral Replication?	409	(3)
Conclusions and Speculation on the Causes of Persistent HCV Infections	412	(13)
Recent Advances in the Characterization of Ambient pH Regulation of Gene Expression in Filamentous Fungi and Yeasts	425	(28)
Miguel A. Penalva
Herbert N. Arst, Jr.
Introduction	426	(1)
PacC-Mediated pH Regulation in Aspergillus Nidulans	426	(8)
How It Works	426	(1)
How It is Triggered	427	(1)
How It is Affected by Mutation	428	(1)
Why Processing of the PacC Transcription Factor is Necessary	429	(1)
How to Recognize It	429	(1)
What It Controls	430	(1)
Some Questions Answered	431	(3)
pH Regulation in Yeasts	434	(2)
Rim101p-Mediated pH Regulation and How It Differs from the PacC System	434	(1)
Rim101p-Independent pH Regulation	435	(1)
The Late Endosome Connection	436	(6)
The PalA Pedigree	436	(1)
Bro1p/Vps31p Family Proteins and the Multivesicular Body Pathway	437	(3)
How does the Plasma Membrane pH Reception System Connect to the Late Endosome?	440	(1)
ALG-2	440	(1)
AIP1/Alix is Involved in Retroviral Budding	441	(1)
A Role for Ca2+?	442	(1)
Fungal Pathogenicity	443	(10)
Biosynthesis of Nonribosomal Peptides	453	(36)
Robert Finking
Mohamed A. Marahiel
Introduction	454	(1)
Nonribosomal Versus Ribosomal Machinery	455	(1)
Structural Diversity of Nonribosomal Peptides	455	(2)
Dissecting the Modules Into Catalytic Domains	457	(1)
Structure-Function Relationship of the Core-Domains	458	(31)
Circadian Rhythms in Microorganisms: New Complexities	489	(32)
Patricia L. Lakin-Thomas
Stuart Brody
General Introduction	489	(3)
Definition of Circadian Rhythms	489	(1)
The Input-Oscillator-Output Structure	490	(1)
Definition of Complexity	490	(2)
Filamentous Fungi (Neurospora and Aspergillus)	492	(16)
Neurospora	492	(16)
Aspergillus	508	(1)
Other Microorganisms	508	(3)
Gonyaulax	508	(2)
Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus)	510	(1)
Conclusions	511	(10)
The Cellulosomes: Multienzyme Machines for Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides	521	(34)
Edward A. Bayer
Jean-Pierre Belaich
Yuval Shoham
Raphael Lamed
Introduction	522	(2)
Cellulosome Architecture and Function	524	(10)
The Scaffoldins	524	(2)
``Plug-and-Socket'': The Cohesin-Dockerin Interaction	526	(5)
Substrate Binding	531	(1)
The Enzymatic Subunits and Enhanced Synergy	532	(2)
Regulation of Expression of Cellulosome Constituents	534	(4)
Regulation in C. thermocellum	535	(2)
Regulation in C. cellulovorans	537	(1)
Regulation in C. cellulolyticum	537	(1)
Cellulosome Gene Clusters	538	(3)
Multiple-Scaffoldin Gene Clusters	538	(2)
Enzyme-Linked Gene Clusters of Mesophilic Clostridia	540	(1)
Emerging Genomics of Cellulosome-Producing Bacteria	541	(3)
Draft Sequence of the C. thermocellum Genome	542	(1)
Ongoing R. albus Genome Project	543	(1)
Foreward Prospects	544	(11)
Biophysical Analyses of Designed and Selected Mutants of Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase	555	(32)
C. Kent Brown
Matthew W. Vetting
Cathleen A. Earhart
Douglas H. Ohlendorf
Introduction	556	(2)
Catechol Dioxygenases as Metalloenzymes	558	(2)
Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase	560	(4)
Site-Directed Mutants of Fe+3 Ligands	564	(6)
Y447H	564	(3)
Y408C, Y408H, and Y408E	567	(3)
Selected Mutants of 3,4-PCD	570	(7)
Generating the Mutants	570	(1)
Structure of Acinetobacter 3,4-PCD	571	(2)
Analysis of Selected Mutants	573	(1)
T12I	573	(1)
G14S	573	(1)
H460Y	573	(1)
R457S	573	(2)
R133H	575	(1)
Suppressors of Deletion Mutants	576	(1)
Remaining Questions to Be Addressed	577	(1)
Trp-449/IIe-491	577	(1)
Arg-457/Gln-477 Pair	578	(1)
Tyr-16/Asp-461	578	(1)
Direct Ligation of Mutant Fe+3 Ligands	578	(1)
Recovery of Function Through Second-Site Mutations	578	(1)
Conclusion	578	(9)
Molecular Determinants of Listeria Monocytogenes Virulence	587	(24)
Olivier Dussurget
Javier Pizarro-Cerda
Pascale Cossart
Introduction	588	(1)
Molecular Determinants Involved in Adhesion and Invasion of Eukaryotic Cells	589	(5)
Internalin: An LPXTG Protein Involved in Entry into Epithelial Cells that Plays a Key Role in the Crossing of the Intestinal Barrier	589	(2)
In1B: A GW Protein that Behaves Both as a Growth Factor and as an Invasin	591	(2)
Ami: A GW Autolysin Involved in Adhesion	593	(1)
p60: A Cell Wall Hydrolase Involved in Virulence	593	(1)
FbpA: A Multifunctional Surface Protein Lacking a Classical Signal Sequence	593	(1)
LLO: A Pore-Forming Toxin and a Potent Signaling Molecule	594	(1)
Act A: A Surface Actin-Polymerizing Protein also Involved in Heparan Sulfate Recognition	594	(1)
Molecular Determinants Involved in Intracellular Life	594	(2)
LLO and Two PLCs: Three Factors Critical for Escape from Intracellular Vacuoles	595	(1)
ActA: Intracellular Movement and Actin-Based Motility	595	(1)
Hpt: A Sugar-Uptake System Required for Intracytoplasmic Replication	596	(1)
New Molecular Virulence Determinants Revealed by the Genome	596	(5)
Striking Features of the L. monocytogenes Genome	597	(1)
L. monocytogenes Biodiversity	598	(1)
The PrfA Regulon	599	(1)
New Virulence Determinants of L. monocytogenes	600	(1)
Conclusion: Toward a Global View of the Disease	601	(10)
Bacterial Iron Sources: From Siderophores to Hemophores	611	(38)
Cecile Wandersman
Philippe Delepelaire
Introduction	612	(1)
Potential Direct Iron/Heme Sources	613	(3)
Iron Sources	613	(1)
Heme Sources	614	(2)
Indirect Sources	616	(4)
Indirect Iron Sources	616	(2)
Indirect Heme Sources: Hemophores	618	(2)
Recognition at the Cell Surface	620	(5)
Common Structural Characteristics of Outer Membrane Receptors in Gram-Negative Bacteria	620	(1)
Recognition of Small Molecules: Siderophore, Iron, and Heme	621	(2)
Recognition of Ferri- and Hemoproteins	623	(2)
Transport Across the Outer Membrane	625	(5)
An Active Transporter Made from Isolated Plug and β-Barrel	626	(1)
TonB and TonB Complex Function: Experimental Facts and Hypotheses	627	(2)
Outer Membrane Localization of TonB: Artifact, Dead End, or Physiologically Relevant?	629	(1)
Periplasmic Binding Proteins and Transport Through the Inner Membrane	630	(1)
The Intracellular Fate of Iron and Heme	631	(2)
Siderophore Intracellular Metabolism	631	(1)
Heme Intracellular Metabolism	632	(1)
Iron Storage	632	(1)
Heme Storage	633	(1)
Regulation	633	(4)
Fur and DxtR Regulation	633	(2)
Other Iron-Mediated Regulations	635	(1)
Positive Regulation by Specific Iron/Heme Sources	635	(2)
Concluding Remarks	637	(12)
Endangered Antarctic Environments	649	(89)
Don A. Cowan
Lemese Ah Tow
Introduction	650	(1)
Cold Desert Mineral Soils	651	(8)
The Antarctic Dry Valleys	651	(1)
Dry Valley Minerals Soils: The Physical and Chemical Environment	652	(2)
Cold Desert Microbial Communities	654	(3)
Sensitivity to Environmental Impacts	657	(2)
Lithic Microbial Communities	659	(3)
Introduction	659	(1)
The Physical and Chemical Environment	659	(1)
Composition of Lithic Communities	660	(1)
Sensitivity to Environmental Impacts	661	(1)
Lake Communities	662	(6)
Introduction	662	(1)
The Physical and Chemical Environment	662	(2)
Microbial Lake Communities	664	(1)
Water Column Communities	665	(1)
Microbial Mats	665	(2)
Sensitivity to Environmental Impacts	667	(1)
Flowing Water Systems	668	(2)
Introduction	668	(1)
Microbial Communities in Aquatic Systems	668	(2)
Sensitivity to Environmental Impact	670	(1)
ICE Microbiology	670	(7)
Introduction	670	(1)
Sea Ice	671	(1)
Polar and Glacial Ice	671	(2)
Lake Ice	673	(1)
Cryoconites Holes	673	(3)
Sensitivity to Environmental Impacts	676	(1)
Fellfield Communities	677	(2)
Introduction	677	(1)
Fellfield Microbiology	677	(2)
Sensitivity to Environmental Impacts	679	(1)
Ornithogenic Soil Environments	679	(2)
Introduction	679	(1)
The Physical and Chemical Environment	679	(1)
Microbiology of Ornithogenic Soils	680	(1)
Sensitivity to Environmental Impacts	680	(1)
Conclusions	681	(10)
Indexes
Subject Index	691	(44)
Cumulative Index of Contributing Authors, Volumes 54--58	735	(3)
Cumulative Index of Chapter Titles, Volumes 54--58	738