Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 2004

by Kayser, Boris; Holstein, Barry R.; Jawahery, Abolhassan

• ISBN13: 9780824315542
• ISBN10: 0824315545
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-01
• Publisher: Annual Reviews

Table of Contents

Frontispiece	xii
Lincoln Wolfenstein
The Strength of The Weak Interactions	1	(18)
Lincoln Wolfenstein
Introduction	1	(3)
Symmetries Found and Lost: C, P, and T	4	(2)
CP Violation and the Superweak Interaction	6	(3)
Aspen Center for Physics	9	(1)
The Neutrino, Weakest of All	10	(1)
Ambulance Chasing and Other Diversions	11	(1)
On Teaching Physics and the Methodology of Science	12	(2)
Beyond Theoretical Physics	14	(1)
Colleagues and Students	15	(4)
The Solar hep Process	19	(20)
Kuniharu Kubodera
Tae-Sun Park
Introduction	20	(4)
Earlier Calculations	24	(1)
Recent Calculations---Theoretical Framework	25	(5)
Standard Nuclear Physics Approach (SNPA)	25	(1)
Effective Field Theory (EFT)	26	(2)
Nuclear EFT in the Weinberg Scheme---Λ-Counting	28	(1)
Nuclear EFT in the KSW Scheme---Q-Counting	29	(1)
Hybrid EFT	29	(1)
EFT* or MEEFT	29	(1)
Numerical Results	30	(9)
hep Calculation Based on SNPA	30	(1)
hep Calculation Based on EFT*	30	(1)
Off-Shell Problem	31	(8)
Tracing Noble Gas Radionuclides in the Environment	39	(30)
Philippe Collon
Walter Kutschera
Zheng-Tian Lu
Introduction	40	(2)
Origin and Classification of Radionuclides	40	(1)
Noble Gases	41	(1)
Properties of 39Ar, 81Kr, and 85Kr	42	(3)
39Ar	42	(1)
81Kr	43	(1)
85Kr	44	(1)
Detection Techniques	45	(24)
Low-Level Counting (LLC)	46	(3)
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)	49	(4)
Laser-Based Methods	53	(5)
Comparison of LLC, AMS, and ATTA	58	(11)
The Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Sum Rule and the Spin Structure of the Nucleon	69	(46)
Dieter Drechsel
Lothar Tiator
Introduction	70	(4)
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Nucleon	74	(2)
Compton Scattering of Real Photons and the Helicity Structure of Photoabsorption	76	(15)
Forward Dispersion Relations, Low-Energy Theorems, and Sum Rules	76	(3)
Photoabsorption Cross Sections for the Proton	79	(2)
The GDH Sum Rule for the Proton	81	(2)
The Helicity Structure of the Decay Channels	83	(4)
The GDH Sum Rule for the Neutron	87	(3)
Predictions for the Spin Polarizabilities	90	(1)
Doubly Virtual Compton Scattering and Generalized GDH Integrals	91	(18)
Doubly Virtual Compton Scattering and Inclusive Lepton Scattering	91	(3)
Dispersion Relations and Sum Rules	94	(5)
The Helicity Structure of the Cross Sections	99	(1)
Recent Data for GDH-Like Integrals	100	(6)
Generalized Polarizabilities and Higher Twists	106	(3)
Summary	109	(6)
The Theoretical Prediction for the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment	115	(26)
Michel Davier
William J. Marciano
Introduction	116	(3)
Qed Contributions	119	(1)
Electroweak Contributions	119	(2)
Hadronic Vacuum Polarization at Lowest Order	121	(12)
Outline of the Calculation	121	(2)
The Input Data from e+e- Annihilation	123	(2)
The Input Data from τ Decays	125	(2)
Confronting e+e- and τ Data	127	(3)
Special Cases	130	(1)
Results for the Leading-Order Hadronic Vacuum Polarization	131	(1)
Comparison of Different Analyses	132	(1)
Hadronic Three-Loop Effects	133	(1)
Comparison of Theory and Experiment	134	(2)
New-Physics Contributions	136	(1)
Outlook	137	(4)
The Brookhaven Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment Experiment	141	(34)
David W. Hertzog
William M. Morse
Introduction	142	(3)
Vernon W. Hughes and the Muon	144	(1)
The Principle of the Measurement	145	(3)
Blind Data Analysis Philosophy	147	(1)
Running Periods and Data Collected	148	(1)
Beamline and Storage Ring	148	(7)
Precision Measurement of the Magnetic Field	155	(2)
Measurement of ωa	157	(18)
Kinematic Considerations	157	(3)
Electron Detector System	160	(2)
Determination of ωa	162	(13)
The Nuclear Structure of Heavy-Actinide and Transactinide Nuclei	175	(42)
M. Leino
F.P. Heßberger
Introduction	176	(3)
Recoil Decay Tagging Experiments	179	(6)
Even-Even Nuclei	180	(4)
Odd-Mass Nuclei	184	(1)
Spin Dependence of the Fission Barrier	185	(1)
α-Decay Studies	185	(10)
New Isotopes and Isomeric States	186	(5)
Synthesis of Elements with Z > 110	191	(4)
Discussion	195	(14)
Ground-State Quadrupole Deformation and Moment of Inertia	195	(2)
Calculated Fission Barriers in the Nobelium Region	197	(1)
Nuclear Levels in N = 151 and N = 153 Isotones	197	(3)
Nuclear Levels in N = 149 Isotones	200	(3)
Nuclear Levels in Odd-Z Nuclei with N-Z = (45-47)	203	(2)
Stability of the Heaviest Nuclei	205	(4)
Conclusions	209	(8)
Electromagnetic Form Factors of the Nucleon and Compton Scattering	217	(52)
Charles Earl Hyde-Wright
Kees de Jager
General Introduction	217	(1)
Nucleon Form Factors	218	(22)
Theory of Electron Scattering and Form Factor Measurements	218	(2)
Instrumentation for Form Factor Measurements	220	(4)
Experimental Results	224	(11)
Model Calculations	235	(5)
Generalized Polarizabilities of the Nucleon	240	(19)
Introduction	240	(1)
Proton Polarizabilities	241	(5)
Theoretical Perspective	246	(1)
Neutron Polarizabilities	247	(1)
Virtual Compton Scattering	248	(9)
Inclusive Electron Scattering and Forward Polarizabilities	257	(2)
Summary, Outlook, and Conclusions	259	(10)
Physics Opportunities with a TeV Linear Collider	269	(46)
Sally Dawson
Mark Oreglia
Introduction	270	(13)
The Legacy of LEP and SLC	270	(2)
New Realities and Possibilities	272	(1)
A Roadmap for High-Energy Physics	272	(1)
Physics-Driven Accelerator Requirements	273	(2)
Technologies and Issues for a Linear Collider	275	(5)
Collision Options	280	(1)
Detector Challenges	281	(2)
Higgs Bosons	283	(5)
Producing the Higgs Boson at a Linear Collider	283	(1)
Measuring the Higgs Boson Couplings	284	(2)
Measuring the Higgs Boson Quantum Numbers	286	(1)
Higgs Spectroscopy in a Supersymmetric Model	286	(2)
Supersymmetry	288	(8)
Sleptons	290	(2)
Charginos and Neutralinos	292	(1)
The Minimal Supergravity Model	293	(1)
Gauge-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking	294	(1)
Extracting the Underlying Supersymmetry Parameters	295	(1)
Other Extensions to the Standard Model	296	(6)
Strongly Interacting Electroweak Symmetry Breaking	296	(2)
Top Mass Measurements	298	(1)
Extra Dimensions	298	(4)
The Linear Collider and Cosmology	302	(6)
The Linear Collider and Astrophysics	302	(2)
Dark Matter	304	(2)
Baryogenesis	306	(2)
Dark Energy	308	(1)
Conclusions	308	(7)
Direct Detection of Dark Matter	315	(46)
Richard J. Gaitskell
Introduction	316	(9)
Pursuit of the Grail	316	(1)
Current Cosmology	316	(7)
Detailed Discussion of SUSY Theoretical Models for WIMPs	323	(2)
Dark Matter Direct Detection Rates	325	(4)
WIMP Signatures in Experiments	325	(3)
Quenching Factors and Discrimination	328	(1)
Past, Present, and Future Experimental Searches	329	(18)
The Rate of Change of Progress	334	(2)
Ionization Detectors	336	(1)
Solid Scintillation Detectors: NaI/CsI	336	(4)
Cryogenic Detectors: Sub-Kelvin	340	(3)
Liquid Noble Elements	343	(2)
Gaseous Detectors	345	(1)
Axion Detectors	346	(1)
Backgrounds in Search Experiments and Their Reduction	347	(3)
Radioactive Backgrounds	347	(1)
Confusion Thresholds and Anomalous Events	348	(2)
Perspectives and Conclusion	350	(11)
Resolving the Existing Annual Modulation Positive Signal	350	(5)
Have We Got What It Takes to Discover Dark Matter Directly?	355	(6)
Backgrounds to Sensitive Experiments Underground	361	(52)
Joseph A. Formaggio
C.J. Martoff
Introduction	362	(1)
Sensitive Underground Experiments	363	(11)
Atmospheric Neutrino and Proton Decay Experiments	363	(1)
Solar Neutrino Experiments	364	(3)
Double Beta Decay Experiments	367	(2)
Dark Matter Experiments	369	(2)
Backgrounds Common to Different Underground Experiments	371	(1)
Underground Laboratories	372	(2)
Direct Interactions of High-Energy Cosmic Rays	374	(1)
Muons	375	(10)
Neutrinos	377	(1)
Secondary Products of Cosmic Ray Interactions	378	(7)
Monte Carlo Modeling of Neutron Production Underground	385	(7)
Techniques and Limitations	385	(1)
Experimental Data on Total Neutron Production Rates Underground	386	(2)
Total Neutron Energy Spectra	388	(1)
Pion and Hadron Production	389	(2)
Systematic Uncertainties	391	(1)
Low-Energy Backgrounds	392	(9)
Primordial Radionuclides in Experimental Hardware	392	(1)
Uranium and Thorium Contamination Levels Achieved in Practice	393	(3)
Neutrons from Uranium and Thorium in Rock	396	(1)
Neutron Energy Spectra and Direct Measurements	397	(1)
Rock Composition and Geology	398	(1)
Radon	398	(2)
Other Airborne Activity	400	(1)
Cosmic Rays and Activation	401	(6)
Significance and Composition of Terrestrial Cosmic Rays	401	(1)
Spallation in Shallow Underground Sites	402	(1)
Spallation Deep Underground	403	(1)
Spallation Simulations	404	(1)
Case Study: HDMS	404	(2)
Comparison of COSMO Results with Another Experiment	406	(1)
Conclusions	407	(6)
Generalized Parton Distributions	413	(38)
Xiangdong Ji
Introduction	414	(2)
Physics of Form Factors and Parton Distributions	416	(4)
Form Factors and Scheme-Dependent Charge Distributions	416	(2)
Physics of Parton Distributions in the Rest Frame	418	(2)
Quantum Phase-Space Distributions and Their Offspring	420	(8)
A Brief Introduction to Wigner Distribution	421	(1)
Quantum Phase-Space Parton Distributions	422	(2)
Transverse-Momentum-Dependent Parton Distributions	424	(1)
Generalized Parton Distributions and Phase-Space Quark Images	425	(3)
Impact-Parameter Space	428	(1)
Properties of Generalized Parton Distributions	428	(13)
Generalized Form Factors and Polynomiality Condition	429	(2)
Form Factors of Energy-Momentum Tensor and Spin Structure of the Nucleon	431	(2)
Chiral Properties of GPDs	433	(1)
Partonic Interpretation	434	(2)
Scale Evolution	436	(1)
Inequalities	437	(2)
GPDs at Large x and t	439	(2)
GPDs From Hard Scattering, Lattice Qcd, and Models	441	(6)
Hard Exclusive Processes	441	(2)
Lattice QCD	443	(1)
GPDs from Nucleon Models and Parameterizations	444	(3)
Summary	447	(4)
Heavy Quarks on the Lattice	451	(36)
Shoji Hashimoto
Tetsuya Onogi
Introduction	452	(2)
HQET and NRQCD	454	(7)
Continuum HQET and NRQCD	455	(1)
Lattice HQET and NRQCD	456	(2)
Renormalization and Continuum Limit of the Effective Theories	458	(2)
Relativistic Lattice Actions Used for Heavy Quarks	460	(1)
Quarkonia	461	(5)
Mass Spectrum	462	(2)
Matrix Elements	464	(1)
Exotics	465	(1)
B Physics	466	(13)
B0-B0 Mixing	467	(1)
B0-B0 Mixing: Quenched Lattice Results	468	(1)
B0-B0 Mixing: Unquenching	469	(2)
B → D(*) lv Form Factors	471	(2)
B → πlv Form Factors	473	(2)
B → plv and Other Form Factors	475	(1)
HQET Parameters	476	(2)
B* Bπ Coupling	478	(1)
Light-Cone Wave Function	478	(1)
Future Perspectives	479	(8)
The Gribov Conception of Quantum Chromodynamics	487	(38)
Yuri L. Dokshitzer
Dmitri E. Kharzeev
Introduction	488	(2)
Hadron Interactions at High Energies	490	(6)
Asymptotic Behavior sα(t)	490	(3)
Complex Angular Momenta in Relativistic Theory	493	(1)
Interacting Pomerons	493	(1)
Gribov Partons and Feynman Partons	494	(1)
Gribov Reggeon Field Theory	494	(1)
Reggeization and Pomeron Singularity in Gauge Theories	495	(1)
Non-Abelian Gauge Theories	496	(11)
Anatomy of Asymptotic Freedom	496	(2)
Infrared Instability	498	(2)
Gribov Copies	500	(2)
Coulomb Confinement	502	(1)
Perturbative (Gluon) Confinement	503	(2)
The Operator Product Expansion and Linear Potential	505	(1)
Infrared-Finite QCD Coupling	506	(1)
Gribov Confinement	507	(8)
Perturbative Light Quark Confinement	508	(1)
Supercritical Binding	509	(1)
Gribov Equation	510	(2)
Critical Coupling and Chiral Symmetry Breaking	512	(2)
Quarks, Pions, and Confinement	514	(1)
Gluon Sector	515	(1)
QED at Short Distances	515	(5)
Equation for Photon Polarization Operator	516	(2)
Small and Large Coupling Regimes	518	(1)
Composite Higgs as a Supercritically Bound tt Pair	519	(1)
Conclusions	520	(5)
Gravitational Wave Astronomy	525	(57)
Jordan B. Camp
Neil J. Cornish
Introduction to Gravitational Waves	526	(10)
History of Field	527	(3)
Physics of Gravitational Waves	530	(4)
Basic Analysis Concepts	534	(2)
Sources: Models, Strengths, and Rates	536	(11)
Source Modeling	536	(1)
Extremely Low Frequency (10-18 Hz to 10-15 Hz)	537	(1)
Very Low Frequency (10-9 Hz to 10--7 Hz)	537	(1)
Low Frequency (10--4 Hz to 1 Hz)	538	(5)
High Frequency (101 Hz to 104 Hz)	543	(4)
Measurement Techniques	547	(13)
Experimental Noise Sources	547	(2)
Requirements and Principles of Detectors	549	(3)
Descriptions of Facilities	552	(6)
Planned Facility Upgrades	558	(2)
Data Analysis	560	(13)
Data-Analysis Techniques	560	(3)
Ground-Based Interferometer Results	563	(6)
Resonant Mass Detector (Bar) Results	569	(1)
Doppler Tracking Results	570	(1)
Pulsar Timing Results	571	(1)
Space-Based Interferometer Analysis	572	(1)
Conclusions	573	(6)
Indexes
Cumulative Index of Contributing Authors, Volumes 45--54	579	(3)
Cumulative Index of Chapter Titles, Volumes 45--54	582