Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd Edition

by Warren L. Stutzman; Gary A. Thiele

• ISBN13: 9780471025900
• ISBN10: 0471025909
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-12-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Highly respected authors have reunited to update the well known 1981 edition which is still hailed as one of the best in its field. This edition includes recent antenna innovations and applications. It features a succinct treatment of the finite difference, time domain (FDTD) computational technique. It is also the first text to treat physical theory of diffraction (PTD).

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Antenna Fundamentals and Definitions	1	(55)
1.1 Introduction	1	(3)
1.2 How Antennas Radiate	4	(4)
1.3 Overview of Antennas	8	(4)
1.4 Electromagnetic Fundamentals	12	(4)
1.5 Solution of Maxwell's Equations for Radiation Problems	16	(4)
1.6 The Ideal Dipole	20	(4)
1.7 Radiation Patterns	24	(13)
1.7.1 Radiation Pattern Basics	24	(1)
1.7.2 Radiation from Line Currents	25	(3)
1.7.3 Far-Field Conditions and Field Regions	28	(3)
1.7.4 Steps in the Evaluation of Radiation Fields	31	(2)
1.7.5 Radiation Pattern Definitions	33	(2)
1.7.6 Radiation Pattern Parameters	35	(2)
1.8 Directivity and Gain	37	(6)
1.9 Antenna Impedance, Radiation Efficiency, and the Short Dipole	43	(5)
1.10 Antenna Polarization	48	(4)
References	52	(1)
Problems	52	(4)
Chapter 2 Some Simple Radiating Systems and Antenna Practice	56	(31)
2.1 Electrically Small Dipoles	56	(3)
2.2 Dipoles	59	(4)
2.3 Antennas Above a Perfect Ground Plane	63	(5)
2.3.1 Image Theory	63	(3)
2.3.2 Monopoles	66	(2)
2.4 Small Loop Antennas	68	(8)
2.4.1 Duality	68	(3)
2.4.2 The Small Loop Antenna	71	(5)
2.5 Antennas in Communication Systems	76	(6)
2.6 Practical Considerations for Electrically Small Antennas	82	(1)
References	83	(1)
Problems	84	(3)
Chapter 3 Arrays	87	(56)
3.1 The Array Factor for Linear Arrays	88	(11)
3.2 Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays	99	(8)
3.2.1 The Array Factor Expression	99	(3)
3.2.2 Main Beam Scanning and Beamwidth	102	(1)
3.2.3 The Ordinary Endfire Array	103	(2)
3.2.4 The Hansen-Woodyard Endfire Array	105	(2)
3.3 Pattern Multiplication	107	(5)
3.4 Directivity of Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays	112	(4)
3.5 Nonuniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays	116	(5)
3.6 Mutual Coupling	121	(7)
3.6.1 Impedance Effects of Mutual Coupling	122	(3)
3.6.2 Array Pattern Evaluation Including Mutual Coupling	125	(3)
3.7 Multidimensional Arrays	128	(2)
3.8 Phased Arrays and Array Feeding Techniques	130	(6)
3.8.1 Scan Principles	130	(3)
3.8.2 Feed Networks for Beam Scanning	133	(2)
3.8.3 Scan Blindness	135	(1)
3.9 Perspective on Arrays	136	(1)
References	136	(1)
Problems	137	(6)
Chapter 4 Line Sources	143	(21)
4.1 The Uniform Line Source	143	(9)
4.2 Tapered Line Sources	152	(5)
4.3 Fourier Transform Relations Between the Far-Field Pattern and the Source Distribution	157	(2)
4.4 Superdirective Line Sources	159	(4)
References	163	(1)
Problems	163	(1)
Chapter 5 Resonant Antennas: Wires and Patches	164	(61)
5.1 Dipole Antennas	165	(10)
5.1.1 Straight Wire Dipoles	165	(8)
5.1.2 The Vee Dipole	173	(2)
5.2 Folded Dipole Antennas	175	(5)
5.3 Feeding Wire Antennas	180	(7)
5.4 Yagi-Uda Antennas	187	(9)
5.5 Corner Reflector Antennas	196	(2)
5.6 Wire Antennas Above an Imperfect Ground Plane	198	(7)
5.6.1 Pattern Effects of a Real Earth Ground Plane	198	(5)
5.6.2 Ground Plane Construction	203	(2)
5.7 Large Loop Antennas	205	(5)
5.8 Microstrip Antennas	210	(8)
5.8.1 Microstrip Patch Antennas	210	(6)
5.8.2 Microstrip Arrays	216	(2)
References	218	(1)
Problems	219	(6)
Chapter 6 Broadband Antennas	225	(50)
6.1 Travelling-Wave Wire Antennas	225	(6)
6.2 Helical Antennas	231	(9)
6.2.1 Normal Mode Helix Antenna	232	(3)
6.2.2 Axial Mode Helix Antenna	235	(5)
6.3 Biconical Antennas	240	(6)
6.3.1 Infinite Biconical Antenna	240	(2)
6.3.2 Finite Biconical Antenna	242	(1)
6.3.3 Discone Antenna	243	(3)
6.4 Sleeve Antennas	246	(4)
6.4.1 Sleeve Monopoles	246	(2)
6.4.2 Sleeve Dipoles	248	(2)
6.5 Principles of Frequency-Independent Antennas	250	(2)
6.6 Spiral Antennas	252	(7)
6.6.1 Equiangular Spiral Antenna	252	(2)
6.6.2 Archimedean Spiral Antenna	254	(3)
6.6.3 Conical Equiangular Spiral Antenna	257	(1)
6.6.4 Related Configurations	258	(1)
6.7 Log-Periodic Antennas	259	(11)
References	270	(2)
Problems	272	(3)
Chapter 7 Aperture Antennas	275	(90)
7.1 Radiation from Apertures and Huygens' Principle	275	(9)
7.2 Rectangular Apertures	284	(7)
7.2.1 The Uniform Rectangular Aperture	285	(4)
7.2.2 Tapered Rectangular Apertures	289	(2)
7.3 Techniques for Evaluating Gain	291	(8)
7.3.1 Directivity	292	(2)
7.3.2 Gain and Efficiencies	294	(2)
7.3.3 Simple Directivity Formulas	296	(3)
7.4 Rectangular Horn Antennas	299	(17)
7.4.1 H-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna	300	(6)
7.4.2 E-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna	306	(4)
7.4.3 Pyramidal Horn Antenna	310	(6)
7.5 Circular Apertures	316	(6)
7.5.1 The Uniform Circular Aperture	316	(3)
7.5.2 Tapered Circular Apertures	319	(3)
7.6 Reflector Antennas	322	(27)
7.6.1 Parabolic Reflector Antenna Principles	322	(7)
7.6.2 Axisymmetric Parabolic Reflector Antenna	329	(5)
7.6.3 Offset Parabolic Reflectors	334	(1)
7.6.4 Dual Reflector Antennas	335	(3)
7.6.5 Cross-Polarization and Scanning Properties of Reflector Antennas	338	(4)
7.6.6 Gain Calculations for Reflector Antennas	342	(5)
7.6.7 Other Reflector Antennas	347	(2)
7.7 Feed Antennas for Reflectors	349	(7)
7.7.1 Field Representations	349	(1)
7.7.2 Matching the Feed to the Reflector	350	(2)
7.7.3 A General Feed Model	352	(2)
7.7.4 Feed Antennas Used in Practice	354	(2)
References	356	(2)
Problems	358	(7)
Chapter 8 Antenna Synthesis	365	(30)
8.1 The Synthesis Problem	365	(3)
8.1.1 Formulation of the Synthesis Problem	365	(2)
8.1.2 Synthesis Principles	367	(1)
8.2 Line Source Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods	368	(5)
8.2.1 Fourier Transform Method	368	(2)
8.2.2 Woodward-Lawson Sampling Method	370	(3)
8.3 Linear Array Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods	373	(5)
8.3.1 Fourier Series Method	373	(3)
8.3.2 Woodward-Lawson Sampling Method	376	(1)
8.3.3 Comparison of Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods	377	(1)
8.4 Low Side-Lobe, Narrow Main Beam Synthesis Methods	378	(12)
8.4.1 Dolph-Chebyshev Linear Array Method	378	(6)
8.4.2 Taylor Line Source Method	384	(6)
8.5 Perspective	390	(1)
References	390	(1)
Problems	391	(4)
Chapter 9 Antennas in Systems and Antenna Measurements	395	(32)
9.1 Receiving Properties of Antennas	395	(5)
9.2 Antenna Noise Temperature and Radiometry	400	(3)
9.3 Radar	403	(1)
9.4 Reciprocity and Antenna Measurements	404	(5)
9.5 Pattern Measurement and Antenna Ranges	409	(6)
9.6 Gain Measurement	415	(3)
9.6.1 Gain Measurement of CP Antennas	416	(2)
9.6.2 Gain Estimation	418	(1)
9.7 Polarization Measurement	418	(4)
9.7.1 Polarization Pattern Method	419	(1)
9.7.2 Spinning Linear Method	420	(1)
9.7.3 Dual-Linear Method	421	(1)
9.8 Field Intensity Measurements	422	(1)
References	423	(1)
Problems	424	(3)
Chapter 10 CEM for Antennas: The Method of Moments	427	(66)
10.1 Introduction to Computational Electromagnetics	427	(2)
10.2 Introduction to the Method of Moments	429	(1)
10.3 Pocklington's Integral Equation	430	(2)
10.4 Integral Equations and Kirchhoff's Network Equations	432	(3)
10.5 Source Modeling	435	(5)
10.6 Weighted Residuals and the Method of Moments	440	(5)
10.7 Two Alternative Approaches to the Method of Moments	445	(4)
10.7.1 Reaction	445	(2)
10.7.2 Linear Algebra Formulation of MoM	447	(2)
10.8 Formulation and Computational Considerations	449	(8)
10.8.1 Other Expansion and Weighting Functions	450	(1)
10.8.2 Other Electric Field Integral Equations for Wires	451	(3)
10.8.3 Computer Time Considerations	454	(1)
10.8.4 Toeplitz Matrices	455	(1)
10.8.5 Block Toeplitz Matrices	455	(1)
10.8.6 Compressed Matrices	456	(1)
10.8.7 Validation	457	(1)
10.9 Calculation of Antenna and Scatterer Characteristics	457	(3)
10.10 The Wire Antenna or Scatterer as an N-Port Network	460	(5)
10.10.1 Series Connections	460	(2)
10.10.2 Parallel Connections	462	(3)
10.11 Antenna Arrays	465	(7)
10.11.1 The Linear Array	466	(1)
10.11.2 The Circular Array	467	(3)
10.11.3 Two-Dimensional Planar Array of Dipoles	470	(1)
10.11.4 Summary	471	(1)
10.12 Radar Cross Section of Antennas	472	(5)
10.13 Modeling of Solid Surfaces	477	(10)
10.13.1 Wire-Grid Model	477	(5)
10.13.2 Continuous Surface Model	482	(5)
10.14 Summary	487	(1)
References	487	(1)
Problems	488	(5)
Chapter 11 CEM for Antennas: Finite Difference Time Domain Method	493	(52)
11.1 Maxwell's Equations for the FD-TD Method	495	(3)
11.1.1 Three-Dimensional Problem Formulation	496	(1)
11.1.2 Two-Dimensional Problem Formulation	496	(1)
11.1.3 One-Dimensional Problem Formulation	497	(1)
11.2 Finite Differences and the Yee Algorithm	498	(7)
11.3 Cell Size, Numerical Stability, and Dispersion	505	(3)
11.4 Computer Algorithms and FD-TD Implementation	508	(3)
11.5 Absorbing Boundary Conditions	511	(4)
11.6 Source Conditions	515	(7)
11.6.1 Source' Functionality	515	(2)
11.6.2 The Hard Source	517	(1)
11.6.3 The Soft Source	517	(2)
11.6.4 Total-Field/Scattered-Field Formulation	519	(3)
11.6.5 Pure Scattered-Field Formulation	522	(1)
11.7 Near Fields and Far Fields	522	(2)
11.8 A Two-Dimensional Example: An E-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna	524	(7)
11.9 Antenna Analysis and Applications	531	(11)
11.9.1 Impedance, Efficiency, and Gain	532	(1)
11.9.2 The Monopole over a PEC Ground Plane	533	(5)
11.9.3 The Vivaldi Slotline Array	538	(4)
11.10 Summary	542	(1)
References	542	(1)
Problems	543	(2)
Chapter 12 CEM for Antennas: High-Frequency Methods	545	(76)
12.1 Geometrical Optics	546	(6)
12.2 Wedge Diffraction Theory	552	(9)
12.3 The Ray-Fixed Coordinate System	561	(3)
12.4 A Uniform Theory of Wedge Diffraction	564	(4)
12.5 E-Plane Analysis of Horn Antennas	568	(3)
12.6 Cylindrical Parabolic Antenna	571	(3)
12.7 Radiation by a Slot on a Finite Ground Plane	574	(3)
12.8 Radiation by a Monopole on a Finite Ground Plane	577	(1)
12.9 Equivalent Current Concepts	578	(3)
12.10 A Multiple Diffraction Formulation	581	(3)
12.11 Diffraction by Curved Surfaces	584	(5)
12.12 Extension of Moment Methods Using the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction	589	(8)
12.13 Physical Optics	597	(4)
12.14 Method of Stationary Phase	601	(3)
12.15 Physical Theory of Diffraction	604	(6)
12.16 Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector Antenna-PTD	610	(2)
12.17 Summary	612	(1)
References	613	(1)
Problems	614	(7)
Appendix A Tables of Commonly Used Frequencies	621	(2)
A.1 Radio Frequency Bands	621	(1)
A.2 Television Channel Frequencies	621	(1)
A.3 Mobile Telephone Bands	622	(1)
A.4 Radar Bands	622	(1)
Appendix B Data Material and Other Constants	623	(2)
B.1 Conductivities of Good Conductors	623	(1)
B.2 Wire Data	623	(1)
B.3 Dielectric Constant: Permittivity	624	(1)
B.4 Permeability	624	(1)
B.5 Velocity of Light	624	(1)
B.6 Intrinsic Impedance of Free Space	624	(1)
Appendix C Vectors	625	(3)
C.1 Unit Vector Representations	625	(1)
C.2 Vector Identities	625	(1)
C.3 Vector Differential Operators	626	(2)
Appendix D Trigonometric Relations	628	(2)
Appendix E Hyperbolic Relations	630	(1)
Appendix F Useful Mathematical Relations	631	(2)
F.1 Dirac Delta Function	631	(1)
F.2 Binomial Theorem	631	(1)
F.3 Bessel Functions	631	(1)
F.4 Some Useful Integrals	632	(1)
Appendix G Computing Packages	633	(3)
G.1 General Antenna Pagkage: APV	633	(1)
G.2 Array Plotting Package: PCARRPAT	633	(1)
G.3 Wire Antenna Code: WIRE	634	(1)
G.4 Parabolic Reflector Antenna Code: PRAC	634	(1)
G.5 Diffraction Codes	634	(2)
Appendix H Bibliography	636	(7)
Index	643