Summary

This book addresses the fundamentals and practical implementations of antennas for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Antennas for Global Navigation Satellite Systems covers the theory and design of antennas suitable for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Various aspects of GNSS antennas are discussed, including fundamentals of the GNSS, design approaches for the GNSS terminal and satellite antennas, performance enhancement techniques used for such antennas and effects of user's presence and surrounding environment on these antennas. Currently, no dedicated book addresses this important topic and therefore, this book will not only fill this gap but also educate the reader on most important aspects of the GNSS antenna technology and lay the foundations for future advancements. It also provides a number of real case studies describing both the way in which antenna design can be adapted to conform to the design constraints of practical user devices and also the management of potential adverse interactions between the antenna and its platform. Covers the fundamentals and practical implementations of antennas for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Describes the technological advancements for e.g. GPS, Glonass and Galileo, Compass, and CP antenna Provides the basis for future enhancements such as GPS, multipath interface, RF interference, temperature range, sky noise etc. Includes a number of real case studies to illustrate practical implementation of GNSS One of the first books on GNSS

Author Biography

Professor Xiaodong Chen, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Xiaodong Chen is a Professor in Microwave Engineering at Queen Mary, University of London. His research interests are in microwave devices and antennas, wireless communications and bioelectromagnetics.

Professor Clive G. Parini, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Clive G. Parini heads the Antenna & Electromagnetics Research Group. His research topics including array mutual coupling, array beam forming, antenna metrology, microstrip antennas, millimetrewave compact antenna test ranges, millimetrewave integrated antennas, metamaterials and on-body communications.

Professor Brian Collins, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Brian Collins has designed antennas for a very wide range of applications, from radio and TV broadcast antennas to base station and handset antennas.

Dr. Yuan Yao, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
Yuan Yao received Ph. D degree in electronic engineering from Tsinghua University, China. His research interests include antenna design, antenna array analysis and design, and microwave circuits design.

Masood Ur Rehman, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Masood Ur Rehman is a final year PhD student in Queen Mary, University of London, UK. He received B.Sc (Hons.) degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan in 2004 and completed his M.Sc in Wireless Networks at Queen Mary, University of London in 2006.

Preface	p. ix
Fundamentals of GNSS	p. 1
History of GNSS	p. 1
Basic Principles of GNSS	p. 2
Time-Based Radio Navigation	p. 2
A 3D Time-Based Navigation System	p. 5
Operation of GPS	p. 8
Applications Including Differential GPS	p. 15
References	p. 18
Fundamental Considerations for GNSS Antennas	p. 21
GNSS Radio Wave Propagation	p. 21
Plane Waves and Polarisation	p. 21
GNSS Radio Wave Propagation and Effects	p. 23
Why CP Waves in GNSS?	p. 26
Antenna Design Fundamentals	p. 26
Antenna Fundamental Parameters	p. 26
LP Antenna Design and Example	p. 29
CP Antenna Design	p. 31
CP Antenna Fundamentals and Types	p. 31
Simple CP Antenna Design Example	p. 35
Technical Challenges in Designing GNSS Antennas	p. 36
References	p. 40
Satellite GNSS Antennas	p. 41
Navigation Antenna Requirements	p. 41
Types of Antenna Deployed	p. 41
Special Considerations for Spacecraft Antenna Design	p. 50
Passive Intermodulation Effects	p. 50
Multipactor Effects	p. 52
References	p. 52
Terminal GNSS Antennas	p. 55
Microstrip Antenna for Terminal GNSS Application	p. 55
Single-Feed Microstrip GNSS Antennas	p. 55
Dual-Feed Microstrip GNSS Antennas	p. 60
Design with Ceramic Substrate	p. 64
Spiral and Helix GNSS Antennas	p. 66
Helix Antennas	p. 66
Spiral Antennas	p. 71
Design of a PIFA for a GNSS Terminal Antenna	p. 73
References	p. 79
Multimode and Advanced Terminal Antennas	p. 81
Multiband Terminal Antennas	p. 81
Multiband Microstrip GNSS Antennas	p. 82
Multiband Helix Antennas for GNSS	p. 88
Wideband CP Terminal Antennas	p. 95
Wideband Microstrip Antenna Array	p. 95
High-Perfomance Universal GNSS Antenna Based on Spiral Mode Microstrip Antenna Technology	p. 96
Wideband CP Hybrid Dielectric Resonator Antenna	p. 96
Multi-Feed Microstrip Patch Antenna for Multimode GNSS	p. 98
High-Precision GNSS Terminal Antennas	p. 102
References	p. 109
Terminal Antennas in Difficult Environments	p. 111
GNSS Antennas and Multipath Environment	p. 111
Statistical Modelling of Multipath Environment for GNSS Operation	p. 113
GPS Mean Effective Gain (MEG_GPS)	p. 114
GPS Angle of Arrival Distribution (AoA_GPS)	p. 116
GPS Coverage Efficiency (¿_c)	p. 117
Open Field Test Procedure	p. 119
Measurement of GPS Mean Effective Gain	p. 119
Measurement of GPS Coverage Efficiency	p. 120
Measurement Set-Up	p. 120
Performance Assessment of GNSS Mobile Terminal Antennas in Multipath Environment	p. 121
Design of Tested GPS Antennas	p. 122
Comparison Based on Simulated and Measured 3D Radiation Patterns	p. 127
Comparison Based on Measured 3D Radiation Patterns and Actual Field Tests	p. 129
Performance Dependence on GNSS Antenna Orientation	p. 133
Performance Enhancement of GNSS Mobile Terminal Antennas in Difficult Environments	p. 139
Assisted GPS	p. 140
GPS Signal Reradiation	p. 140
Beamforming	p. 141
Diversity Antennas	p. 141
References	p. 147
Human User Effects on GNSS Antennas	p. 149
Interaction of Human Body and GNSS Antennas	p. 149
Effects of Human Body on GNSS Mobile Terminal Antennas in Difficult Environments	p. 150
Design of Tested GPS Antennas	p. 151
Effects of Human Hand and Head Presence	p. 151
Effects of Complete Human Body Presence	p. 166
References	p. 179
Mobile Terminal GNSS Antennas	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
Antenna Specification Parameters	p. 183
Polarisation	p. 183
Radiation Patterns	p. 184
Impedance	p. 185
Gain/Efficiency	p. 186
Weight	p. 187
Bandwidth	p. 187
Phase Perfomance	p. 188
Classification of GNSS Terminals	p. 188
Geodetic Terminals	p. 188
Rover Terminals	p. 188
General Purpose Mobile Terminals	p. 189
Antenna Designs for Portable User Equipment	p. 190
Short Quadrifilar Helices	p. 190
Patch Antennas	p. 191
Smaller Antennas	p. 192
The Function of the Platform	p. 192
Antenna Efficiency, Gain and Noise	p. 193
Comparing Antenna Performance on UEs	p. 194
Drive Testing	p. 194
Non-Antenna Aspects of Perfomance	p. 195
Practical Design	p. 197
Positioning the GNSS Antenna on the Application Platform	p. 197
Evaluating the Implementation	p. 200
Case Studies	p. 201
Measurement System	p. 201
Case 1: Modified PIFA on Face of Small PCB	p. 202
Case 2: Meandered Dipole Antenna on Top Edge of Small PCB	p. 203
Case 3: Modified PIFA above LCD Display on Smart-Phone-Size Device	p. 204
Case 4: Moving Modified PIFA from One to Adjacent Corner of PCB	p. 205
Cases 5 and 6: Effects of Platform Electronics Noise	p. 205
Summary	p. 206
References	p. 206
Basic Principle of Decoding Information from a CDMA Signal	p. 207
Antenna Phase Characteristics and Evaluation of Phase Centre Stability	p. 211
Index	p. 215
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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