Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems

by Simon R. Saunders (Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK)

• ISBN13: 9780471986096
• ISBN10: 0471986097
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-01
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

This will be a vital source of information on the basic concepts and specific applications of antennas and propagation to wireless systems, covering terrestrial and satellite radio systems in both mobile and fixed contexts. Antennas and propagation are the key factors influencing the robustness and quality of the wireless communication channel and this book includes: * Illustrations of the significance and effect of the wireless propagation channel * Overview of the fundamental electromagnetic principles underlying propagation and antennas * Basic concepts of antennas and their application to specific wireless systems * Propagation measurement, modelling and prediction for fixed links, macrocells, microcells, picocells and megacells * Narrowband and wideband channel modelling and the effect of the channel on communication system performance * Methods that overcome and transform channel impairments to enhance performance using diversity, adaptive antennas and equalisers It will be essential reading for wireless communication engineers as well as for students at postgraduate or senior undergraduate levels. Distinctive features of this book are: * Examples of real world practical system problems of communication system design and operation * Extensive worked examples * End of chapter questions * Topical and relevant information for and about the wireless communication industry

Table of Contents

Introduction: The Wireless Communication Channel	1	(21)
Introduction	1	(1)
Concept of a Wireless Channel	1	(4)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	5	(1)
History	6	(1)
System Types	6	(3)
Aims of Cellular Systems	9	(1)
Cellular Networks	9	(1)
The Cellular Concept	10	(5)
Traffic	15	(1)
Multiple Access Schemes and Duplexing	15	(4)
Frequency Division Multiple Access	16	(1)
Time Division Multiple Access	17	(1)
Code Division Multiple Access	18	(1)
Structure of This Book	19	(1)
Conclusion	20	(2)
References	20	(1)
Problems	21	(1)
Properties of Electromagnetic Waves	22	(11)
Introduction
Maxwell's Equations	22	(1)
Plane Wave Properties	23	(5)
Field Relationships	24	(1)
Wave Impedance	24	(1)
Poynting Vector	25	(1)
Phase Velocity	25	(1)
Lossy Media	25	(3)
Polarisation	28	(3)
Polarisation States	28	(1)
Mathematical Representation of Polarisation	29	(1)
Randam Polarisation	30	(1)
Conclusion	31	(2)
References	31	(1)
Problems	32	(1)
Propagation Mechanisms	33	(24)
Introduction	33	(1)
Reflection, Refraction and Transmission	33	(7)
Lossless Media	33	(3)
Lossy Media	36	(2)
Typical Reflection and Transmission Coefficients	38	(2)
Rough Surface Scattering	40	(2)
Geometrical Optics	42	(3)
Principles	42	(2)
Formulation	44	(1)
Diffraction	45	(10)
Principle	45	(1)
Single Knife-edge Diffraction	46	(5)
Other Diffracting Obstacles: Geometrical Theory of Diffraction	51	(4)
Conclusion	55	(2)
References	55	(1)
Problems	56	(1)
Antenna Fundamentals	57	(28)
Introduction	57	(1)
Principles	57	(4)
What Is an Antenna?	57	(1)
Necessary Conditions for Radiation	58	(1)
Near-field and Far-field Regions	58	(1)
Far-field Radiation from Wires	59	(2)
Antenna Parameters	61	(9)
Radiation Pattern	61	(3)
Directivity	64	(1)
Radiation Resistance and Efficiency	64	(1)
Power Gain	65	(1)
Bandwidth	66	(1)
Reciprocity	66	(2)
Receiving Antenna Aperture	68	(1)
Beamwidth and Directivity	68	(1)
The Friis Formula: Antennas in Free Space	69	(1)
Polarisation Matching	69	(1)
Practical Dipoles	70	(5)
Dipole Structure	70	(1)
Current Distribution	71	(1)
Radiation Pattern	72	(2)
Input Impedance	74	(1)
Antenna Arrays	75	(5)
Introduction	75	(1)
Linear and Planar Arrays	75	(1)
The Uniform Linear Array	76	(1)
Parasitic Elements: Uda-Yagi Antennas	76	(1)
Reflector Antennas	77	(1)
Monopole Antennas	78	(1)
Corner Reflectors	78	(1)
Parabolic Reflector Antennas	78	(2)
Horn Antennas	80	(1)
Loop Antennas	80	(1)
Helical Antennas	81	(1)
Patch Antennas	82	(1)
Conclusion	83	(2)
References	84	(1)
Problems	84	(1)
Basic Propagation Models	85	(16)
Introduction	85	(1)
Definition of Path Loss	85	(3)
A Brief Note on Decibels	88	(1)
Noise Modelling	88	(5)
Free Space Loss	93	(1)
Plane Earth Loss	94	(3)
Link Budgets	97	(1)
Conclusion	98	(3)
References	99	(1)
Problems	99	(2)
Terrestrial Fixed Links	101	(25)
Introduction	101	(1)
Path Profiles	101	(3)
Tropospheric Refraction	104	(5)
Fundamentals	104	(3)
Time Variability	107	(1)
Ducting and Multipath	107	(2)
Obstruction Loss	109	(2)
Approximate Multiple Knife-Edge Diffraction	111	(6)
The Deygout Method	111	(1)
The Causebrook Correction	112	(1)
The Giovanelli Method	113	(1)
Test Cases	114	(3)
The Multiple Edge Diffraction Integral	117	(2)
Diffraction Over Objects of Finite Size	119	(1)
Other Methods for Predicting Terrain Diffraction	120	(1)
Influence of Clutter	121	(1)
Conclusion	122	(4)
References	123	(1)
Problems	124	(2)
Satellite Fixed Links	126	(25)
Introduction	126	(1)
Tropospheric Effects	127	(17)
Attenuation	127	(1)
Rain Attenuation	128	(5)
Gaseous Absorption	133	(3)
Tropospheric Refraction	136	(1)
Tropospheric Scintillation	136	(1)
Depolarisation	137	(5)
Sky Noise	142	(2)
Ionospheric Effects	144	(4)
Faraday Rotation	146	(1)
Group Delay	146	(1)
Dispersion	147	(1)
Ionospheric Scintillation	147	(1)
Summary of Ionospheric Effects	147	(1)
Satellite Earth Station Antennas	148	(1)
Conclusion	149	(2)
References	149	(1)
Problems	150	(1)
Macrocells	151	(29)
Introduction	151	(1)
Definition of Parameters	152	(1)
Empirical Path Loss Models	152	(8)
Clutter Factor Models	154	(1)
The Okumura-Hata Model	155	(2)
The COST231-Hata Model	157	(1)
The Lee Model	158	(1)
The Ibrahim and Parsons Model	158	(2)
Environment Categories	160	(1)
Physical Models	160	(11)
The Allsebrook and Parsons Model	161	(2)
The Ikegami Model	163	(1)
Rooftop Diffraction	164	(1)
The Flat Edge Model	165	(3)
The Walfisch-Bertoni Model	168	(2)
COST 231 / Walfisch-Ikegami Model	170	(1)
Comparison of Models	171	(1)
Computerised Planning Tools	172	(1)
Antennas	173	(2)
Conclusion	175	(5)
References	177	(2)
Problems	179	(1)
Shadowing	180	(22)
Introduction	180	(1)
Statistical Characterisation	180	(1)
Physical Basis for Shadowing	181	(1)
Impact on Coverage	182	(7)
Edge of Cell	182	(4)
Whole Cell	186	(3)
Location Variability	189	(1)
Correlated Shadowing	190	(8)
Serial Correlation	191	(2)
Site-to-Site Correlation	193	(5)
Conclusion	198	(4)
References	199	(1)
Problems	200	(2)
Narrowband Fast Fading	202	(33)
Introduction	202	(1)
Baseband Channel Representation	202	(1)
The Awgn Channel	203	(3)
The Narrowband Fading Channel	206	(2)
When Does Fading Occur in Practice?	208	(1)
The Rayleigh Distribution	209	(2)
Distribution of the SNR for a Rayleigh Channel	211	(4)
The Rice Distribution	215	(4)
Second-Order Fast-Fading Statistics	219	(10)
The Doppler Effect	220	(2)
The Classical Doppler Spectrum	222	(7)
Autocorrelation Function	229	(2)
Narrowband Mobile Radio Channel Simulation	231	(1)
Conclusion	232	(3)
References	232	(1)
Problems	233	(2)
Wideband Fast Fading	235	(16)
Introduction: Cause and Effect	235	(4)
Wideband Channel Model	239	(2)
Wideband Channel Parameters	241	(4)
Frequency Domain Effects	245	(2)
The Bello Functions	247	(1)
Wideband Fading in Fixed Links	248	(1)
Overcoming Wideband Channel Impairments	248	(1)
Conclusion	248	(3)
References	249	(1)
Problems	250	(1)
Microcells	251	(20)
Introduction	251	(1)
Dual-Slope Empirical Models	252	(1)
Physical Models	253	(1)
Line-of-Sight Models	253	(5)
Two-ray Model	253	(2)
Street canyon models	255	(3)
Non-Line-of-Sight Models	258	(5)
Propagation Mechanisms	258	(4)
Recursive Model	262	(1)
Site-specific Ray Models	263	(1)
Discussion	263	(1)
Microcell Shadowing	264	(1)
Narrowband Fading	264	(2)
Wideband Effects	266	(1)
Microcell Antennas	266	(1)
Conclusion	267	(4)
References	267	(3)
Problems	270	(1)
Picocells	271	(19)
Introduction	271	(1)
Empirical Propagation Models Within Buildings	271	(3)
Wall and Floor Factor Models	271	(2)
COST231 Multi-wall model	273	(1)
Ericsson Model	273	(1)
Empirical Models of Propagation into Buildings	274	(4)
Introduction	274	(2)
COST231 Line-of-Sight Model	276	(1)
Floor Gain Models	276	(1)
COST231 Non-Line-of-Sight Model	277	(1)
Physical Models of Indoor Propagation	278	(4)
Propagation between Floors	278	(2)
Propagation on Single Floors	280	(1)
Constitutive Parameters for Physical Models	280	(2)
Discussion	282	(1)
Shadowing	282	(1)
Multipath Effects	282	(2)
Antennas	284	(2)
Distributed Antennas	285	(1)
Conclusion	286	(4)
References	287	(2)
Problems	289	(1)
Megacells	290	(32)
Introduction	290	(2)
Shadowing and Fast Fading	292	(2)
Introduction	292	(1)
Local Shadowing Effects	293	(1)
Local Multipath Effects	294	(1)
Empirical Narrowband Models	294	(3)
Statistical Models	297	(7)
Loo Model	298	(1)
Corazza Model	299	(1)
Lutz Model	299	(5)
Shadowing Statistics	304	(1)
Physical-Statistical Models for Built-up Areas	305	(7)
Building Height Distribution	307	(1)
Time Share of Shadowing	308	(2)
Time Series Model	310	(2)
Wideband Models	312	(1)
Multi-Satellite Correlations	313	(2)
Overall Mobile Satellite Channel Model	315	(1)
Antennas for Mobile Satellite Terminals	316	(1)
Conclusion	317	(5)
References	318	(3)
Problems	321	(1)
Diversity	322	(21)
Introduction	322	(1)
Criteria for Useful Branches	323	(1)
Space Diversity	324	(6)
General Model	324	(2)
Mobile Station Space Diversity	326	(1)
Base Station Space Diversity	327	(3)
Polarisation Diversity	330	(1)
Time Diversity	331	(1)
Frequency Diversity	332	(1)
Combining Methods	332	(8)
Selection Combining	332	(2)
Switched Combining	334	(1)
Equal-gain Combining	335	(2)
Maximum Ratio Combining	337	(2)
Comparison of Combining Methods	339	(1)
Diversity for Microwave Links	340	(1)
Macrodiversity	340	(1)
Transmit Diversity	340	(1)
Conclusion	341	(2)
References	342	(1)
Problems	342	(1)
Equalisers	343	(20)
Introduction	343	(1)
Discrete-Time System Model	344	(1)
First Nyquist Criterion	345	(1)
Linear Equalisers	346	(3)
Linear Equaliser Structure	346	(1)
Zero-forcing Equaliser	347	(1)
Least Mean Square Equaliser	348	(1)
Adaptive Equalisers	349	(4)
Direct Matrix Inversion	351	(1)
LMS Algorithm	351	(1)
Other Convergence Algorithms	352	(1)
Non-Linear Equalisers	353	(5)
Decision Feedback	353	(1)
Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimator	354	(1)
Viterbi Equalisation	355	(3)
Rake Receivers	358	(3)
Conclusion	361	(2)
References	362	(1)
Problems	362	(1)
Adaptive Antennas	363	(21)
Introduction	363	(1)
Basic Concepts	363	(1)
Adaptive Antennas in Mobile Systems	364	(5)
Example of Adaptive Antenna Processing	364	(2)
Spatial Filtering for Interference Reduction	366	(1)
Space Division Multiple Access	367	(2)
Optimum Combining	369	(2)
The Steering Vector	371	(2)
Steering Vector for Uniform Linear Array	371	(1)
Steering Vector for Arbitrary Element Positions	371	(2)
Optimum Combiner in a Free Space Environment	373	(2)
Channel Modelling for Adaptive Antennas	375	(2)
Adaptive Antenna Channel Models	377	(2)
Optimum Combiner in a Fading Environment	379	(3)
Implementation of Adaptive Antennas	382	(1)
Conclusion	382	(2)
References	382	(1)
Problems	383	(1)
Future Developments in the Wireless Communication Channel	384	(5)
Introduction	384	(1)
Intelligent Antennas	384	(1)
Multidimensional Channel Models	384	(1)
High-Resolution Data	385	(1)
Analytical Formulations	385	(1)
Physical-Statistical Channel Modelling	385	(1)
Real-Time Channel Predictions	386	(1)
Conclusion	386	(3)
APPENDICES
A Statistics, Probability and Stochastic Processes	389	(4)
A.1 Introduction	389	(1)
A.2 Single Random Variables	389	(1)
A.3 Multiple Random Variables	390	(1)
A.4 Gaussian Distribution and Central Limit Theorem	390	(1)
A.5 Random Processes	391	(2)
References	392	(1)
B Tables and Data	393	(4)
B.1 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution	393	(1)
B.2 Error Function	394	(1)
B.3 Fresnel Integrals	395	(2)
Reference	396	(1)
C Prediction Tools for Mobile Propagation	397	(3)
C.1 Introduction	397	(1)
C.2 Table of Prediction Tools	397	(1)
C.3 Notes	398	(2)
D Mean Effective Gain of Mobile Antennas	400	(3)
D.1 Introduction	400	(1)
D.2 Formulation	400	(1)
D.3 Example	401	(2)
Reference	402	(1)
Index	403