Anti-Personnel Landmine Detection for Humanitarian Demining

by Furuta, Katsuhisa; Ishikawa, Jun

• ISBN13: 9781848823457
• ISBN10: 1848823452
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-03-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

There are more than 70 countries in the world that suffer from the presence of landmines. Annually, between 15,000 and 20,000 people are killed or injured by these mines so there is a pressing need for advances in technology to help to remove them.Anti-personnel Landmine Detection for Humanitarian Demining reports on state-of-the-art technologies developed during a Japanese National Research Project which ran from 2002'2007. The conventional, and often reliable, method of landmine detection is to use a metal detector to pick up small amounts of metal within the mine. Unfortunately, minefields are frequently strewn with small metal fragments which can camouflage landmines greatly hindering progress using this form of demining. The challenge, then, is to develop practical detection systems that can discriminate between anti-personnel (AP) landmines and randomly scattered innocent metal fragments.The results of research proposals from universities and industrial sources adopted by the Japan Science and Technology Agency are presented here. This book concentrates on various aspects of three main approaches to AP mine detection:'¢ enhancing and confirming the results of metal-detection scans using ground penetrating radar (GPR);'¢ using robot vehicles and manipulators to operate within minefields remotely; and'¢ methods of sensing the explosives within mines.Basic results are presented in the fields of GPR, nuclear quadrupole resonance, neutron thermal analysis and biosensors. The integration of these methods for workable robot operation is demonstrated.The project was carried out in conjunction with mine action centers in Croatia, Cambodia and Afghanistan and evaluation data from field trials of the technologies are also reported.The results presented by Professor Furuta and his colleagues will be most useful to anyone who is involved in the use or production of technical equipment associated with landmine removal. In addition, academics researching advances in this field and those working in remote sensing, mechatronics and robotics will find much to interest them and a co-ordinated body of work with which to expand their own studies.

Author Biography

At present, Katsuhisa Furuta is Professor of School of Science & Engineering and School of Science and Technology for Future Life at Tokyo Denki University as well as Professor Emeritus of Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is to be the President of Tokyo Denki University from June 2008.Professor Furuta's research interests lie in the broad areas of System Control, Robotics, Mechatronics, and Computer Vision. He is has done pioneering research in the control of pendulums using the so-called Furuta Pendulum which has been used for control study and education in many countries. He received many awards including of Honorary Doctorate - Helsinki University of Technology (1998), IEEE CSS Distinguished Member (1998), and IEEE Third Millennium Medal (2000). He is a Fellow of SICE (1992), IEEE (1996), IET (2003), IFAC (2006), and Honorary Member of SICE (2006). He also served as Member of Science Council of Japan (1997-2003).

Table of Contents

Abbreviations and Acyronyms	p. xv
List of Contributors	p. xix
Introduction
Introduction	p. 3
The Anti-personnel Landmine Problem, Existing Demining Technologies and Operating Procedures	p. 3
Japanese Action for Humanitarian Demining	p. 7
Short-term R&D Project	p. 8
Mid-term R&D Project	p. 13
References	p. 15
Dual Sensor Systems Ground Penetrating Radar and Metal Detectors
Principles of Mine Detection by Ground-penetrating Radar	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
GPR Principles	p. 19
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Soil	p. 19
Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from Land Mines	p. 20
Clutter	p. 23
GPR Survey	p. 24
Operation Frequency	p. 24
GPR System	p. 26
Signal Processing	p. 26
References	p. 26
Development of Dual Sensors and Deployment in Mine Affected Countries	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
ALIS	p. 28
ALIS Configuration and GPR	p. 28
Sensor Head	p. 29
Sensor Tracking System	p. 29
Data Processing and Display	p. 31
ALIS Operation	p. 33
Evaluation Test of ALIS	p. 33
ALIS Evaluation Before 2006	p. 33
Test Lane Trial in Cambodia, 2006	p. 36
Test Lane Trial in Croatia, 2007	p. 38
Quality Control Test in Mine-fields in Croatia, 2006-2007	p. 40
Buggy-Mounted System	p. 42
ALIS-EMI	p. 42
Summary	p. 43
References	p. 44
Development of an Array Antenna Landmine Detection Radar System	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Anti-personnel Landmine Detection Radar Using an Array Antenna	p. 46
Radar Waveform	p. 46
Development of the Wideband Antenna	p. 47
Creating an Antenna Array	p. 48
Development of the Ultra-compact Impulse Radar	p. 48
Architecture of the Landmine Detection Radar	p. 49
Prototype	p. 50
Detection Tests	p. 52
Single Antenna Laboratory Testing	p. 52
Array Antenna Laboratory Testing	p. 53
Evaluation Testing in Japan	p. 54
International Evaluation Testing	p. 55
Scan-image Improvements	p. 56
Effects of Ground Surface Unevenness	p. 56
Improving Identification Accuracy Through Super-resolution Signal Processing	p. 57
Applying Music Processing to Pulse Radar	p. 58
Reducing the Size and Weight of the Array Antenna Landmine Detection Radar	p. 60
Size and Weight of the Antenna	p. 60
Increasing Data Acquisition Speed	p. 60
Installation on a Gryphon All-terrain Vehicle	p. 61
Summary	p. 61
References	p. 62
Test and Evaluation of Japanese GPR-EMI Dual Sensor Systems at the Benkovac Test Site in Croatia	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Test and Evaluation Overview	p. 64
Benkovac Test Site	p. 65
Four Devices to Be Evaluated	p. 66
Test and Evaluation Plan	p. 67
Experimental Design	p. 67
Trial Procedures	p. 70
Evaluation Method	p. 70
Experimental Results	p. 74
ANOVA Results	p. 74
Probability of Detection	p. 76
ROC Curves and the Role of GPR	p. 77
Summary	p. 79
Acknowledgments	p. 79
References	p. 79
Annex 5.1 Comprehensive Result of Probability of Detection (PD)	p. 80
Vehicle Systems Based on Advanced Robotics for Humanitarian Demining
Environment-adaptive Anti-personnel Mine Detection System: Advanced Mine Sweeper	p. 85
Introduction	p. 86
System Architecture	p. 87
Sensing Technology	p. 89
Integrated Sensor	p. 89
Signal Processing for Geography-adaptive Sensing	p. 91
Access-control Technology	p. 91
Sensor Manipulation System	p. 91
Sensing Vehicle	p. 93
Access Vehicle	p. 95
Assist Vehicle	p. 96
Information Management System	p. 97
Experiments	p. 98
Summary	p. 100
Acknowledgments	p. 100
References	p. 101
Humanitarian Demining Operation Using the Teleoperated Buggy Vehicle Gryphon with a Mine Sensors Equipped Arm	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
System Details	p. 105
Mobile Platform	p. 105
Manipulator Arm	p. 107
Stereo Vision Camera	p. 107
Marking System	p. 108
Control Box	p. 109
Mine Sensors	p. 109
Field Tests	p. 111
Consistency of Mechanized Sensor Scanning	p. 111
Improved Methodology for Evaluating Metal Detector Sensor Images	p. 113
Objective Evaluation of Robotics System for Humanitarian Demining	p. 115
Summary	p. 116
References	p. 117
Annex 7.1 Procedures for Test and Evaluation	p. 118
Development of Mine Detection Robot Mine Hunter Vehicle (MHV), Controlled Metal Detector and Multi-functional Hydraulic Manipulator	p. 123
State of the Art of Teleoperated Mine Detection by Vehicle-mounted Mine Detector	p. 123
Concept and Implementation of Mine Hunter Vehicle (MHV)	p. 124
Controlled Metal Detector Mounted on Mine Detection Robot	p. 127
Methods of Estimating the Position of Buried Landmines	p. 131
Experiments on Mine Detection	p. 132
Experimental Results	p. 133
Control and Operation of a Teleoperated and Master-slave Hydraulic Manipulator for Landmine Prodding and Excavation	p. 137
Operation Strategy	p. 139
Master-slave Manipulator	p. 140
Summary	p. 141
References	p. 142
Explosive Sensor
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance for Explosive Detection	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Explosive Detection by NQR	p. 147
NQR Mine Detection	p. 150
Demonstration of NQR Mine Detection	p. 153
Application of NQR Detector	p. 153
Summary	p. 154
Acknowledgments	p. 154
References	p. 155
Development of a High-performance Landmine Detection System Through Gamma-ray Detection by Using a Compact Fusion Neutron Source and Dual-sensors	p. 157
Principle of Landmine Detection Through Nuclear Reactions	p. 158
An Inertial-electrostatic Confinement Fusion (IECF) Neutron Source	p. 160
Advanced Dual-sensors for Gamma-ray Diagnostics	p. 163
Configuration of Humanitarian Landmine Detection System	p. 164
Criteria for Landmine Detection	p. 165
Landmine Imitators and Conditions for Testing	p. 166
Test Results of Neutron-captured Gamma-rays Diagnostics	p. 167
Test Results of Back-scattered Neutron Diagnostics	p. 172
Summary	p. 172
Acknowledgments	p. 173
References	p. 173
Development of a Compact Neutron Capture Gamma-ray Imaging System for Anti-personnel Landmine Detection	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
Compact and Intense Neutron Generator	p. 176
Compact High Energy Gamma-camera	p. 179
Principle and Algorithm for Gamma-ray Imaging	p. 183
Integration of NPGA System	p. 185
Performance Tests on Anti-personnel Landmine Detection	p. 186
Summary	p. 191
Acknowledgments	p. 192
References	p. 192
Development of an "Electronic Dog Nose" Based on an SPR Immunosensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of Explosives	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Odor Sensor	p. 195
SPR Sensor	p. 195
Antibody Production	p. 197
Indirect Competitive Assay	p. 199
Sampling System for Nitro Aromatic Compounds Using a Preconcentrator	p. 201
Summary	p. 204
Acknowledgments	p. 204
References	p. 204
Index	p. 207
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