Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics

by Agrawal

• ISBN13: 9780123743022
• ISBN10: 0123743028
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-02-20
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

The development of new highly nonlinear fibers - referred to as microstructured fibers, holey fibers and photonic crystal fibers - is the next generation technology for all optical signal processing and biomedical applications. This new edition has been thoroughly updated to incorporate these key technology developments. This book will be an ideal reference for R&D engineers working on developing next generation optical components; scientists involved with research on fiber amplifiers and lasers; graduate students and researchers working in the fields of optical communications and quantum information. * The only book on how to develop nonlinear fiber optic applications * Two new chapters on the latest developments; Highly Nonlinear Fibers and Quantum Applications * Coverage of biomedical applications

Author Biography

Govind P. Agrawal, The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Fiber Gratings	p. 1
Basic Concepts	p. 1
Bragg Diffraction	p. 2
Photosensitivity	p. 3
Fabrication Techniques	p. 4
Single-Beam Internal Technique	p. 4
Dual-Beam Holographic Technique	p. 5
Phase-Mask Technique	p. 7
Point-by-Point Fabrication Technique	p. 8
Technique Based on Ultrashort Optical Pulses	p. 9
Grating Characteristics	p. 10
Coupled-Mode Equations	p. 11
CW Solution in the Linear Case	p. 13
Photonic Bandgap	p. 14
Grating as an Optical Filter	p. 16
Experimental Verification	p. 17
CW Nonlinear Effects	p. 20
Nonlinear Dispersion Curves	p. 20
Optical Bistability	p. 22
Modulation Instability	p. 24
Linear Stability Analysis	p. 24
Effective NLS Equation	p. 26
Experimental Results	p. 28
Nonlinear Pulse Propagation	p. 28
Bragg Solitons	p. 29
Relation to NLS Solitons	p. 30
Formation of Bragg Solitons	p. 31
Nonlinear Switching	p. 33
Effects of Birefringence	p. 37
Related Periodic Structures	p. 39
Long-Period Gratings	p. 39
Nonuniform Bragg Gratings	p. 40
Transient and Dynamic Fiber Gratings	p. 44
Problems	p. 47
References	p. 48
Fiber Couplers	p. 54
Coupler Characteristics	p. 54
Coupled-Mode Equations	p. 55
Low-Power Optical Beams	p. 57
Linear Pulse Switching	p. 60
Nonlinear Effects	p. 61
Quasi-CW Switching	p. 62
Experimental Results	p. 64
Nonlinear Supermodes	p. 66
Modulation Instability	p. 67
Ultrashort Pulse Propagation	p. 70
Nonlinear Switching of Optical Pulses	p. 71
Variational Approach	p. 73
Coupler-Paired Solitons	p. 76
Higher-Order Effects	p. 78
Other Types of Couplers	p. 81
Asymmetric Couplers	p. 81
Active Couplers	p. 83
Grating-Assisted Couplers	p. 85
Birefringent Couplers	p. 87
Fibers with Multiple Cores	p. 88
Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fibers	p. 89
Multicore Fiber Arrays	p. 91
Problems	p. 94
References	p. 95
Fiber Interferometers	p. 100
Fabry-Perot and Ring Resonators	p. 100
Transmission Resonances	p. 101
Optical Bistability	p. 103
Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos	p. 105
Modulation Instability	p. 106
Ultrafast Nonlinear Effects	p. 108
Sagnac Interferometers	p. 110
Nonlinear Transmission	p. 110
Nonlinear Switching	p. 111
Applications	p. 116
Mach-Zehnder Interferometers	p. 120
Nonlinear Characteristics	p. 120
Applications	p. 123
Michelson Interferometers	p. 124
Problems	p. 125
References	p. 126
Fiber Amplifiers	p. 131
Basic Concepts	p. 131
Pumping and Gain Coefficient	p. 132
Amplifier Gain and Bandwidth	p. 133
Amplifier Noise	p. 135
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers	p. 137
Gain Spectrum	p. 137
Amplifier Gain	p. 139
Amplifier Noise	p. 142
Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects	p. 143
Maxwell-Bloch Equations	p. 144
Ginzburg-Landau Equation	p. 145
Modulation Instability	p. 147
Distributed Amplification	p. 147
Periodic Lumped Amplification	p. 148
Noise Amplification	p. 150
Optical Solitons	p. 152
Properties of Autosolitons	p. 152
Maxwell-Bloch Solitons	p. 155
Pulse Amplification	p. 157
Anomalous-Dispersion Regime	p. 158
Normal-Dispersion Regime	p. 160
Higher-Order Effects	p. 164
Fiber-Optic Raman Amplifiers	p. 168
Pulse Amplification through Raman Gain	p. 169
Self-Similar Evolution and Similariton Formation	p. 170
Problems	p. 172
References	p. 173
Fiber Lasers	p. 179
Basic Concepts	p. 179
Pumping and Optical Gain	p. 180
Cavity Design	p. 181
Laser Threshold and Output Power	p. 183
CW Fiber Lasers	p. 185
Nd-Doped Fiber Lasers	p. 185
Yb-Doped Fiber Lasers	p. 187
Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers	p. 190
DFB Fiber Lasers	p. 192
Self-Pulsing and Chaos	p. 195
Short-Pulse Fiber Lasers	p. 197
Q-Switched Fiber Lasers	p. 197
Physics of Mode Locking	p. 200
Active Mode Locking	p. 201
Harmonic Mode Locking	p. 204
Passive Mode Locking	p. 210
Saturable Absorbers	p. 210
Nonlinear Fiber-Loop Mirrors	p. 213
Nonlinear Polarization Rotation	p. 216
Hybrid Mode Locking	p. 219
Other Mode-Locking Techniques	p. 221
Role of Fiber Nonlinearity and Dispersion	p. 226
Saturable-Absorber Mode Locking	p. 226
Additive-Pulse Mode Locking	p. 227
Spectral Sidebands and Pulse Width	p. 228
Phase Locking and Soliton Collisions	p. 231
Polarization Effects	p. 233
Problems	p. 235
References	p. 236
Pulse Compression	p. 245
Physical Mechanism	p. 245
Grating-Fiber Compressors	p. 247
Grating Pair	p. 248
Optimum Compressor Design	p. 250
Practical Limitations	p. 253
Experimental Results	p. 254
Soliton-Effect Compressors	p. 259
Compressor Optimization	p. 259
Experimental Results	p. 261
Higher-Order Nonlinear Effects	p. 263
Fiber Bragg Gratings	p. 266
Gratings as a Compact Dispersive Element	p. 267
Grating-Induced Nonlinear Chirp	p. 268
Bragg-Soliton Compression	p. 270
Chirped-Pulse Amplification	p. 271
Chirped Fiber Gratings	p. 272
Photonic Crystal Fibers	p. 274
Dispersion-Managed Fibers	p. 276
Dispersion-Decreasing Fibers	p. 277
Comblike Dispersion Profiles	p. 280
Other Compression Techniques	p. 283
Cross-Phase Modulation	p. 283
Gain Switching in Semiconductor Lasers	p. 286
Optical Amplifiers	p. 288
Fiber-Loop Mirrors and Other Devices	p. 290
Problems	p. 292
References	p. 293
Fiber-Optic Communications	p. 301
System Basics	p. 301
Loss Management	p. 302
Dispersion Management	p. 304
Impact of Fiber Nonlinearities	p. 305
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering	p. 306
Stimulated Raman Scattering	p. 308
Self-Phase Modulation	p. 311
Cross-Phase Modulation	p. 315
Four-Wave Mixing	p. 318
Solitons in Optical Fibers	p. 322
Properties of Optical Solitons	p. 322
Loss-Managed Solitons	p. 325
Dispersion-Managed Solitons	p. 327
Timing Jitter	p. 331
Pseudo-Linear Lightwave Systems	p. 336
Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects	p. 336
Intrachannel XPM	p. 338
Intrachannel FWM	p. 339
Problems	p. 341
References	p. 342
Optical Signal Processing	p. 349
Wavelength Conversion	p. 349
XPM-Based Wavelength Converters	p. 350
FWM-Based Wavelength Converters	p. 355
Ultrafast Optical Switching	p. 360
XPM-Based Sagnac-Loop Switches	p. 360
Polarization-Discriminating Switches	p. 363
FWM-Based Ultrafast Switches	p. 365
Applications of Time-Domain Switching	p. 368
Channel Demultiplexing	p. 368
Data-Format Conversion	p. 373
All-Optical Sampling	p. 375
Optical Regenerators	p. 377
SPM-Based Regenerators	p. 377
FWM-Based Regenerators	p. 383
Regeneration of DPSK Signals	p. 385
Optical 3R Regenerators	p. 387
Problems	p. 390
References	p. 391
Highly Nonlinear Fibers	p. 397
Microstructured Fibers	p. 397
Design and Fabrication	p. 398
Nonlinear and Dispersive Properties	p. 399
Wavelength Shifting and Tuning	p. 403
Raman-Induced Frequency Shifts	p. 404
Four-Wave Mixing	p. 410
Supercontinuum Generation	p. 414
Multichannel Telecommunication Sources	p. 415
Nonlinear Spectroscopy	p. 416
Optical Coherence Tomography	p. 420
Optical Frequency Metrology	p. 424
Photonic Bandgap Fibers	p. 431
Properties of Hollow-Core PCFs	p. 432
Applications of Air-Core PCFs	p. 434
PCFs with Fluid-Filled Cores	p. 436
Problems	p. 439
References	p. 440
Quantum Applications	p. 447
Quantum Theory of Pulse Propagation	p. 447
Quantum Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation	p. 448
Quantum Theory of Self-Phase Modulation	p. 449
Generalized NLS Equation	p. 451
Quantum Solitons	p. 452
Squeezing of Quantum Noise	p. 454
Physics behind Quadrature Squeezing	p. 454
FWM-Induced Quadrature Squeezing	p. 455
SPM-Induced Quadrature Squeezing	p. 457
SPM-Induced Amplitude Squeezing	p. 461
Polarization Squeezing	p. 466
Quantum Nondemolition Schemes	p. 468
QND Measurements through Soliton Collisions	p. 468
QND Measurements through Spectral Filtering	p. 470
Quantum Entanglement	p. 472
Photon-Pair Generation	p. 472
Polarization Entanglement	p. 477
Time-Bin Entanglement	p. 481
Continuous-Variable Entanglement	p. 482
Quantum Cryptography	p. 485
Problems	p. 487
References	p. 488
A Acronyms	p. 493
Index	p. 495
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