Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics

by Agrawal

• ISBN13: 9780120451449
• ISBN10: 0120451441
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-16
• Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology

Summary

Most of the material in this volume is new. The first three chapters deal with three important fiber-optic components--fiber-based gratings, couplers, and interferometers--that serve as the building blocks of lightwave technology. In view of the enormous impact of rare-earth-doped fibers, amplifiers and lasers made by using such fibers are covered in Chapters 4 and 5. The last three chapters describe important applications of nonlinear fiber optics and are devoted to pulse-compression techniques, fiber-optic communication systems, and soliton-based transmission schemes. This volume should serve well the need of the scientific community interested in such fields as ultrafast phenomena, optical amplifiers and lasers, and optical communications. It will also be useful to graduate students as well as scientists and engineers involved in lightwave technology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Fiber Gratings	1	(61)
Basic Concepts	1	(4)
Bragg Diffraction	2	(1)
Photosensitivity	3	(2)
Fabrication Techniques	5	(6)
Single-Beam Internal Technique	5	(1)
Dual-Beam Holographic Technique	6	(2)
Phase Mask Technique	8	(2)
Point-by-Point Fabrication Technique	10	(1)
Grating Characteristics	11	(11)
Coupled-Mode Equations	11	(3)
CW Solution in the Linear Case	14	(1)
Photonic Bandgap, or Stop Band	15	(2)
Grating as an Optical Filter	17	(3)
Experimental Verification	20	(2)
CW Nonlinear Effects	22	(5)
Nonlinear Dispersion Curves	23	(2)
Optical Bistability	25	(2)
Modulation Instability	27	(6)
Linear Stability Analysis	28	(2)
Effective NLS Equation	30	(2)
Experimental Results	32	(1)
Nonlinear Pulse Propagation	33	(11)
Bragg Solitons	34	(1)
Relation to NLS Solitons	35	(1)
Formation of Bragg Solitons	36	(4)
Nonlinear Switching	40	(2)
Effects of Birefringence	42	(2)
Related Periodic Structures	44	(18)
Long-Period Gratings	45	(2)
Nonuniform Bragg Gratings	47	(4)
Photonic-Crystal Fibers	51	(3)
Problems	54	(1)
References	55	(7)
Fiber Couplers	62	(50)
Coupler Characteristics	62	(9)
Coupled-Mode Equations	63	(3)
Low-Power Optical Beams	66	(4)
Linear Pulse Switching	70	(1)
Nonlinear Effects	71	(12)
Quasi-CW Switching	72	(2)
Experimental Results	74	(3)
Nonlinear Supermodes	77	(2)
Modulation Instability	79	(4)
Ultrashort Pulse Propagation	83	(6)
Nonlinear Switching of Optical Pulses	83	(2)
Variational Approach	85	(4)
Coupler-Paired Solitons	89	(4)
Extensions and Applications	93	(19)
Asymmetric Couplers	93	(3)
Active Couplers	96	(2)
Grating-Assisted Couplers	98	(3)
Birefringent Couplers	101	(1)
Multicore Couplers	102	(3)
Problems	105	(1)
References	106	(6)
Fiber Interferometers	112	(39)
Fabry--Perot and Ring Resonators	112	(12)
Transmission Resonances	113	(3)
Optical Bistability	116	(2)
Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos	118	(2)
Modulation Instability	120	(2)
Ultrafast Nonlinear Effects	122	(2)
Sagnac Interferometers	124	(14)
Nonlinear Transmission	125	(1)
Nonlinear Switching	126	(5)
Applications	131	(7)
Mach--Zehnder Interferometers	138	(4)
Nonlinear Characteristics	139	(2)
Applications	141	(1)
Michelson Interferometers	142	(9)
Problems	144	(1)
References	145	(6)
Fiber Amplifiers	151	(50)
Basic Concepts	151	(7)
Pumping and Gain Coefficient	152	(1)
Amplifier Gain and Bandwidth	153	(3)
Amplifier Noise	156	(2)
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers	158	(8)
Gain Spectrum	159	(2)
Amplifier Gain	161	(3)
Amplifier Noise	164	(2)
Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects	166	(5)
Maxwell--Bloch Equations	166	(2)
Ginzburg--Landau Equation	168	(3)
Modulation Instability	171	(6)
Distributed Amplification	171	(2)
Periodic Lumped Amplification	173	(1)
Noise Amplification	174	(3)
Optical Solitons	177	(7)
Autosolitons	177	(4)
Maxwell--Bloch Solitons	181	(3)
Pulse Amplification	184	(17)
Picosecond Pulses	184	(5)
Ultrashort Pulses	189	(4)
Problems	193	(1)
References	194	(7)
Fiber Lasers	201	(62)
Basic Concepts	201	(7)
Pumping and Optical Gain	202	(1)
Cavity Design	203	(3)
Laser Threshold and Output Power	206	(2)
CW Fiber Lasers	208	(10)
Nd-Doped Fiber Lasers	208	(3)
Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers	211	(4)
Other Fiber Lasers	215	(1)
Self-Pulsing and Chaos	216	(2)
Short-Pulse Fiber Lasers	218	(11)
Physics of Mode Locking	219	(1)
Active Mode Locking	220	(3)
Harmonic Mode Locking	223	(4)
Other Techniques	227	(2)
Passive Mode Locking	229	(12)
Saturable Absorbers	229	(3)
Nonlinear Fiber-Loop Mirrors	232	(4)
Nonlinear Polarization Rotation	236	(2)
Hybrid Mode Locking	238	(2)
Other Mode-Locking Techniques	240	(1)
Role of Fiber Nonlinearity and Dispersion	241	(22)
Saturable-Absorber Mode Locking	241	(2)
Additive-Pulse Mode Locking	243	(1)
Spectral Sidebands	244	(3)
Polarization Effects	247	(2)
Problems	249	(1)
References	250	(13)
Pulse Compression	263	(56)
Physical Mechanism	263	(3)
Grating-Fiber Compressors	266	(14)
Grating Pair	266	(3)
Optimum Compressor Design	269	(4)
Practical Limitations	273	(2)
Experimental Results	275	(5)
Soliton-Effect Compressors	280	(7)
Compressor Optimization	281	(2)
Experimental Results	283	(2)
Higher-Order Nonlinear Effects	285	(2)
Fiber Bragg Gratings	287	(5)
Gratings as a Compact Dispersive Element	287	(2)
Grating-Induced Nonlinear Chirp	289	(2)
Bragg-Soliton Compression	291	(1)
Chirped-Pulse Amplification	292	(2)
Dispersion-Decreasing Fibers	294	(5)
Compression Mechanism	295	(1)
Experimental Results	296	(3)
Other Compression Techniques	299	(20)
Cross-Phase Modulation	299	(4)
Gain-Switched Semiconductor Lasers	303	(2)
Optical Amplifiers	305	(2)
Fiber Couplers and Interferometers	307	(1)
Problems	308	(1)
References	309	(10)
Fiber-Optic Communications	319	(48)
System Basics	319	(7)
Loss Management	320	(3)
Dispersion Management	323	(3)
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering	326	(4)
Brillouin Threshold	326	(2)
Control of SBS	328	(2)
Stimulated Raman Scattering	330	(5)
Raman Crosstalk	330	(2)
Power Penalty	332	(3)
Self-Phase Modulation	335	(5)
SPM-Induced Frequency Chirp	335	(3)
Loss and Dispersion Management	338	(2)
Cross-Phase Modulation	340	(4)
XPM-Induced Phase Shift	340	(2)
Power Penalty	342	(2)
Four-Wave Mixing	344	(5)
FWM Efficiency	345	(1)
FWM-Induced Crosstalk	346	(3)
System Design	349	(18)
Numerical Modeling	349	(3)
Design Issues	352	(3)
System Performance	355	(4)
Problems	359	(1)
References	360	(7)
Soliton Lightwave Systems	367	(72)
Basic Concepts	367	(9)
Properties of Solitons	368	(3)
Soliton Bit Stream	371	(2)
Soliton Interaction	373	(2)
Effect of Fiber Loss	375	(1)
Loss-Managed Solitons	376	(10)
Lumped Amplification	377	(2)
Distributed Amplification	379	(5)
Chirped Solitons	384	(2)
Amplifier Noise	386	(15)
ASE-Induced Fluctuations	386	(2)
Timing Jitter	388	(3)
Control of Timing Jitter	391	(9)
Experimental Results	400	(1)
Dispersion-Managed Solitons	401	(16)
Dispersion-Decreasing Fibers	401	(6)
Periodic Dispersion Maps	407	(10)
WDM Soliton Systems	417	(22)
Interchannel Collisions	417	(3)
Effect of Lumped Amplification	420	(1)
Timing Jitter	421	(2)
Dispersion Management	423	(4)
Problems	427	(2)
References	429	(10)
Appendix A Bit-Error Rate	439	(3)
Appendix B Acronyms	442	(3)
Index	445