Applied Chemistry : A Textbook for Engineers and Technologists

by Gesser, Hyman D.

• ISBN13: 9780306465536
• ISBN10: 0306465531
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-12-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

This inclusive textbook consists of 16 chapters and 4 appendices, one of which is devoted to patents. The book is intended to introduce first-year students during the 2nd semester to various aspects of chemistry as applied to engineering. The subjects treated include energy in terms of fuels - sources (fossil, non-fossil, nuclear), alternatives, storage, and batteries/fuel cells. Other topics covered are corrosion, lubrication, explosives, water and its treatment, cement and concrete, ceramics and composites. Polymer chemistry is introduced for the discussions on adhesives and coatings. Each of the chapters and two of the appendices (Surface Chemistry and Viscosity) conclude with a list of books and articles for further reading as well as a set of exercises which include problems that extend the topics beyond the text. Answers to the exercises are available to the instructor as a separate booklet.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Abbreviations Used in This Text	xxi
Acknowledgments	xxv
Energy, an Overview	1	(26)
Introduction	1	(5)
Renewable Energy Sources	6	(1)
Geo-Thermal	6	(2)
Tidal Power	8	(1)
Solar Energy	8	(3)
Photovoltaic Cells	11	(3)
Photogalvanic Cells	14	(3)
Wind Energy	17	(1)
Hydro Power	18	(1)
Ocean Thermal	18	(2)
Wave Energy	20	(1)
Osmotic Power	20	(7)
Exercises	24	(1)
Further Reading	25	(2)
Solid Fuels	27	(16)
Introduction	27	(3)
Wood and Charcoal	30	(1)
Peat	30	(1)
Coal	31	(1)
Analysis of Coal	32	(1)
ASTM Classification	32	(2)
Ash	34	(2)
Coal and its Environment	36	(2)
Fluidized Bed Combustion	38	(1)
Coke	38	(5)
Exercises	39	(3)
Further Reading	42	(1)
Crude Oil	43	(18)
Introduction	43	(1)
Early History	43	(1)
World Production of Crude Oil	44	(5)
Crude Oil Processing	49	(1)
Petroleum Products	50	(2)
Synthetic Oil	52	(9)
Exercises	56	(3)
Further Reading	59	(2)
Liquid Fuels	61	(18)
Introduction	61	(1)
Diesel Engine	61	(1)
Diesel Fuel	62	(3)
Ignition Temperature, Flash Point, Fire Point, and Smoke Point	65	(2)
The Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine	67	(1)
Gasoline Fuel	68	(1)
Grading Gasoline	69	(10)
Exercises	75	(2)
Further Reading	77	(2)
Alternate Fuels	79	(14)
Introduction	79	(1)
Propane	79	(2)
Methanol	81	(5)
Ethanol	86	(7)
Exercises	89	(1)
Further Reading	90	(3)
Gaseous Fuels	93	(22)
Introduction	93	(1)
Natural Gas	93	(5)
Natural Gas Uses	98	(1)
Natural Gas as a Fuel	99	(2)
Other Carbon Based Fuel Gases	101	(1)
Explosion Limits	102	(1)
Hydrogen	102	(2)
Methods of Preparation of H2	104	(3)
Electrolysis	104	(1)
Thermal Methods	105	(1)
Natural Gas	106	(1)
Thermal-Nuclear-Electrical	107	(1)
Photoelectrolysis	107	(1)
Transportation and Storage of H2	107	(3)
Safety	110	(1)
Helium	111	(4)
Exercises	111	(1)
Further Reading	112	(3)
Nuclear Energy	115	(28)
Introduction	115	(1)
Basic Theory of Nuclear Energy	115	(5)
Nuclear Model and Nuclear Reactions	120	(2)
Radioactive Decay Rates	122	(1)
Radioactivity Units	123	(2)
Nuclear Reactors	125	(6)
The Hazards of Nuclear Energy	131	(3)
Nuclear Waste	134	(4)
Nuclear Fusion	138	(2)
Summary	140	(3)
Exercises	140	(1)
Further Reading	141	(2)
Lubrication and Lubricants	143	(16)
An Introduction to Tribology	143	(1)
Gaseous Lubricants	143	(2)
Liquid Lubricants	145	(5)
Journal Bearings	145	(2)
Thrust Bearings	147	(1)
Slider Bearings	148	(1)
Ball Bearings	148	(2)
Extreme Pressure Lubrication	150	(1)
Wear	150	(1)
Oil Additives	151	(2)
Synthetic Lubricants	153	(1)
Solid Lubricants	154	(2)
Greases	156	(3)
Exercises	157	(1)
Further Reading	158	(1)
Electrochemistry, Batteries and Fuel Cells	159	(32)
Introduction	159	(1)
Ionics	159	(3)
Electrolysis and Electrodeposition of Metals	162	(2)
Electrochemical Machining	164	(4)
The Cathode	165	(1)
The Electrolyte	165	(3)
Electrodics	168	(3)
Batteries and Cells	171	(7)
Primary Batteries	171	(4)
Secondary Batteries	175	(3)
Fuel Cells	178	(2)
Hybrid Cells	180	(4)
Electric Vehicle	184	(7)
Exercises	188	(1)
Further Reading	189	(2)
Corrosion	191	(16)
Introduction	191	(1)
Factors Affecting the Rate of Corrosion	192	(3)
Types of Corrosion	195	(5)
Uniform Corrosion	195	(1)
Bimetallic Corrosion	195	(1)
Crevice Corrosion	196	(1)
Pitting Corrosion	196	(1)
Grain Boundary Corrosion	196	(2)
Layer Corrosion	198	(1)
Stress Corrosion Cracking	198	(1)
Cavitation Corrosion	199	(1)
Hydrogen Embrittlement	200	(1)
Atmospheric Corrosion	200	(1)
Corrosion in Soil	201	(1)
Aqueous Corrosion	202	(1)
Corrosion Protection and Inhibition	203	(1)
Corrosion in Boiler Steam and Condensate	204	(1)
Cathodic Protection	204	(3)
Exercises	205	(1)
Further Reading	206	(1)
Polymers and Plastics	207	(30)
Introduction	207	(1)
Molecular Weight	207	(3)
Copolymers	210	(1)
Classification of Polymers	210	(2)
Addition Polymers	211	(1)
Condensation Polymers	211	(1)
Vinyl Polymers	212	(6)
Polyethylene	212	(1)
Polypropylene	213	(1)
Polyvinylchloride	214	(1)
Polyvinylidenechloride	214	(1)
Polystyrene	215	(1)
Polyacrylonitrile	215	(2)
Polymethyl Methacrylate	217	(1)
Polyvinyl Acetate, Polyvinyl Alcohol	217	(1)
Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon	217	(1)
Condensation Polymers	218	(2)
Nylon	219	(1)
Polyester	219	(1)
Polycarbonates and Epoxides	219	(1)
Thermosetting Polymers	220	(3)
Phenol Formaldehyde (Bakelite)	220	(1)
Urea Formaldehyde	221	(1)
Polyurethane	222	(1)
Glass Transition Temperature	223	(1)
Elastomers	224	(5)
Mechanical Strength of Plastics	229	(1)
Fire Retardants in Plastics	229	(8)
Exercises	233	(1)
Further Reading	234	(3)
Adhesives and Adhesion	237	(18)
Introduction	237	(1)
Classification and Types of Adhesives	238	(1)
The Adhesive Joint	238	(2)
The Theory of The Adhesive Bond	240	(5)
Mechanical Interlocking	241	(1)
Diffusion Theory	241	(3)
Electrostatic Theory	244	(1)
Adsorption Theory	244	(1)
Chemistry of Selected Adhesives	245	(10)
Exercises	252	(1)
Further Reading	253	(2)
Paint and Coatings	255	(14)
Introduction	255	(1)
Constituents of Paint and Coatings	255	(1)
Binder	255	(3)
Driers	258	(1)
Pigment	258	(2)
Solvents--Thinners	260	(1)
Water-Based Paints	261	(1)
Protective Coatings	261	(2)
Surface Preparations	263	(1)
Specialized Coatings	263	(3)
Formaldehyde Resins	263	(3)
Fire Retardant Paints	266	(1)
Antifouling Paints	266	(3)
Exercises	267	(1)
Further Reading	267	(2)
Explosives	269	(18)
Introduction	269	(1)
Primary Explosives	270	(1)
Secondary Explosives	271	(4)
Chemical Stability	273	(1)
Sensitivity to Ignition	273	(1)
Sensitivity to Detonation	274	(1)
Velocity of Detonation	274	(1)
Explosive Strength	274	(1)
Oxygen Balance	275	(1)
Modern Explosives	275	(4)
Nitroglycerine	276	(1)
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)	276	(1)
Tetryl	276	(1)
Ammonium Nitrate	277	(1)
Hexogen	277	(2)
Applications	279	(3)
Propellants	279	(1)
Pyrotechnics	279	(1)
Metalworking	279	(2)
Riveting	281	(1)
Accidental Explosions	282	(5)
Exercises	284	(1)
Further Reading	285	(2)
Water	287	(20)
Introduction	287	(4)
Natural Water	291	(3)
Turbidity	291	(1)
Color	291	(2)
Odor and Taste	293	(1)
Water Sterilization	294	(1)
Chlorine	294	(1)
Ozone	294	(1)
Infectious Agents	295	(2)
Water Quality-Hardness	297	(2)
Water Softening	299	(4)
Ion-exchange	300	(1)
Reverse Osmosis	300	(1)
Electrocoagulation	300	(2)
Electrodialysis	302	(1)
Boiler Scale	303	(1)
Wastewater	304	(3)
Exercises	305	(1)
Further Reading	306	(1)
Cement, Ceramics, and Composites	307	(14)
Introduction	307	(1)
Cement Nomenclature	308	(1)
Manufacture of Portland Cement	308	(2)
Setting of Cement	310	(1)
Concrete	310	(1)
Ceramics	311	(3)
Composites	314	(7)
Exercises	317	(1)
Further Reading	318	(3)
Appendix A. Fundamental Constants and Units	321	(4)
Further Reading	323	(2)
Appendix B. Viscosity	325	(10)
B.1. Introduction	325	(1)
B.2. Measurement of Viscosity	326	(3)
B.2.1. Ostwald Viscometer	327	(1)
B.2.2. Falling Ball Method	327	(2)
B.3. Applications of Viscosity	329	(1)
B.3.1. Molecular Weight of Polymers	329	(1)
B.4. Drag Reducers	330	(2)
B.5. Electrorheological Fluids	332	(3)
Exercises	333	(1)
Further Reading	333	(2)
APPENDIX C. SURFACE CHEMISTRY	335	(12)
C.1. Surface Tension	335	(3)
C.2. Measurement of Surface Tension	338	(4)
C.2.1. Capillary Tube Rise Method	338	(1)
C.2.2. Ring or du Nouy Method	339	(1)
C.2.3. Bubble Pressure Method	340	(1)
C.2.4. Drop Weight Method	341	(1)
C.3. The Spreading Coefficient	342	(1)
C.4. The Solid-Gas Interface	343	(1)
C.5. The Solid-Liquid Interface	344	(3)
Exercises	345	(1)
Further Reading	346	(1)
APPENDIX D. PATENTS	347	(8)
D.1. Introduction	347	(1)
D.2. Filing Fees	347	(4)
D.3. Components of a Patent	351	(2)
D.3.1. Title	351	(1)
D.3.2. Background of the Invention	351	(1)
D.3.3. Summary of the Invention	351	(1)
D.3.4. Brief Description of the Drawings	352	(1)
D.3.5. Description of the Preferred Embodiment	352	(1)
D.3.6. Claims	352	(1)
D.3.7. Abstract	352	(1)
D.4. The Provisional Patent	353	(2)
Further Reading	353	(2)
Index	355