Applied Gas Dynamics

by Rathakrishnan, Ethirajan

• ISBN13: 9780470825761
• ISBN10: 0470825766
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-10-04
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Applied Gas Dynamics introduces the science and technology of gas dynamics, beginning with the definition of the subject (Gas Dynamics is a science of fluid flow where both density and temperature changes associated with the flow are significant) and introduces the three essential process of this science, namely, the isentropic process, shock and expansion process, and Fanno and Rayleigh flows, in such a manner that any beginner can follow the subject comfortably. This text is developed covering both theoretical and application aspects of Gas Dynamics. The coverage begins with the basic features of the flow physics and moves to advanced topics of devices involving internal and external flows such as thrust producing rocket nozzles and lift generating aerofoils. The physics of flows with significant changes in both density and temperature are discussed highlighting their theory and application throughout the book. At every stage appropriate practical examples are given to emphasizing the application of the theory, as are exercise problems with answers at the end of every chapter. Isentropic, normal shock, oblique shock and Fanno and Rayleigh Tables are given in the appendix.

Author Biography

Ethirajan Rathakrishnan is a Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, where he is in charge of the high speed aerodynamics laboratory. Rathakrishnan's research interests are experimental and theoretical gas dynamics and rarefied flows, as well as applied gas dynamics in high speed jets, sudden expansion problems, aeroacoustics, and active and passive control of jets and base flows. He has led numerous research projects with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and IIT Kanpur. He has been a visiting professor at Clarkson University, Florida State University, Hyperschall Technologie Gottingen, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, and the University of Tokyo. Honors include the Excellence in Aerospace Education Award from the President of India and Best Teacher Award by the Uttar Pradesh Chapter of Publishers. Rathakrishnan is also an active conference organizer and keynote speaker. He holds a BSc in Mathematics from Madras University, DMIT in Aerodynamics, Propulsion, and Aircraft Structures from MIT Madras, an M Tech in Aerodynamics from IIT Madras, and a PhD in Gas Dynamics: Rarefied and Continuum Regimes from IIT Madras.

Table of Contents

Preface

About the Author

Basic Facts

Definition of Gas Dynamics

Introduction

Compressibility

Supersonic Flow - What is it?

Speed of Sound

Temperature Rise

Mach Angle

Thermodynamics of Fluid Flow

First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy Equation)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy Equation)

Thermal and Calorical Properties

The Perfect Gas

Wave Propagation

Velocity of Sound

Subsonic and Supersonic Flows

Similarity Parameters

Continuum Hypothesis

Compressible Flow Regimes

Summary

Exercise Problems

Steady One-Dimensional Flow

Introduction

Fundamental Equations

Discharge from a Reservoir

Streamtube Area-Velocity Relation

de Laval Nozzle

Supersonic Flow Generation

Performance of Actual Nozzles

Diffusers

Dynamic Head Measurement in Compressible Flow

Pressure Coefficient

Summary

Exercise Problems

Normal Shock Waves

Introduction

Equations of Motion for a Normal Shock Wave

The Normal Shock Relations for a Perfect Gas

Change of Stagnation or Total Pressure Across a Shock

Hugoniot Equation

The Propagating Shock Wave

Reflected Shock Wave

Centered Expansion Wave

Shock Tube

Summary

Exercise Problems

Oblique Shock and ExpansionWaves

Introduction

Oblique Shock Relations

Relation between ? and ?.

Shock Polar

Supersonic Flow Over a Wedge

Weak Oblique Shocks

Supersonic Compression

Supersonic Expansion by Turning

The Prandtl-Meyer Expansion

Simple and Nonsimple Regions

Reflection and Intersection of Shocks and Expansion Waves

Detached Shocks

Mach Reflection

Shock-Expansion Theory

Thin Aerofoil Theory

Application of Thin Aerofoil Theory

Summary

Exercise Problems

Compressible Flow Equations

Introduction

Crocco?s Theorem

General Potential Equation for Three-Dimensional Flow

Linearization of the Potential Equation

Potential Equation for Bodies of Revolution

Boundary Conditions

Pressure Coefficient

Summary

Exercise Problems

Similarity Rule

Introduction

Two-Dimensional Flow: The Prandtl-Glauert Rule for Subsonic Flow

Prandtl-Glauert Rule for Supersonic Flow: Versions I and II

The von Karman Rule for Transonic Flow

Hypersonic Similarity

Three-Dimensional Flow: Gothert's Rule

Summary

Exercise Problems

Two-Dimensional Compressible Flows

Introduction

General Linear Solution for Supersonic Flow

Flow Over a Wave-Shaped Wall

Summary

Exercise Problems

Flow with Friction and Heat Transfer

Introduction

Flow in Constant Area Duct with Friction

Flow with Heating or Cooling in Ducts

Summary

Exercise Problems

Method of Characteristics

Introduction

The Concepts of Characteristic

The Compatibility Relation

The Numerical Computational Method

Theorems for Two-Dimensional Flow

Numerical Computation with Weak Finite Waves

Design of Supersonic Nozzle

Summary

Measurements in Compressible Flow

Introduction

Pressure Measurements

Temperature Measurements

Velocity and Direction

Density Problems

Compressible Flow Visualization

Interferometer

Schlieren System

Shadowgraph

Wind Tunnels

Hypersonic Tunnels

Instrumentation and Calibration of Wind Tunnels

Calibration and Use of Hypersonic Tunnels

Flow Visualization

Summary

Exercise Problems

Ramjet

Introduction

The Ideal Ramjet

Aerodynamic Losses

Aerothermodynamics of Engine Components

Flow Through Inlets

Performance of Actual Intakes

Shock-Boundary Layer Interaction

Oblique Shock Wave Incident on Flat Plate

Normal Shocks in Ducts

External Supersonic Compression

Two-Shock Intakes

Multi-Shock Intakes

Isentropic Compression

Limits of External Compression

External Shock Attachment

Internal Shock Attachment

Pressure Loss

Supersonic Combustion

Summary

Jets

Introduction

Mathematical Treatment of Jet Profiles

Theory of Turbulent Jets

Experimental Methods for Studying Jets and the Techniques Used for Analysis

Expansion Levels of Jets

Control of Jets

Summary

Appendix

References

Index

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