Applied Pharmacology for the Dental Hygienist

by Haveles, Elena Bablenis

• ISBN13: 9780323048743
• ISBN10: 0323048749
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-04-05
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science div

Summary

Knowledge of pharmacology is essential in the dental office, where you need to be aware of possible drug interactions and be ready to modify treatment. Applied Pharmacology for the Dental Hygienist, 5th Edition, offers the most effective way to gain a practical understanding of pharmacology that's relevant to your career as a hygienist. You will also learn about drugs used in dentistry, drugs that may alter dental treatment, emergency drugs, drug interactions, drug abuse, and the pregnant and nursing patient. Information for each drug group includes the indications (what it is used for), pharmacokinetics (how the body handles the drugs), pharmacologic effects (what the drug does), adverse reactions (negative effects of the drug), drug interactions (how the drug reacts with other drugs in the body), and dosages. This new edition uses an effective teaching format that includes marginal notes to highlight key points, chapter outlines, chapter review questions, and a comprehensive glossary. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

General Principles	p. 1
Information, Sources, and Regulatory Agencies	p. 2
History	p. 2
Pharmacology and the Oral Health Care Providers	p. 3
Sources of Information	p. 4
Explain-Discuss Format	p. 4
Reference-List Format	p. 5
Types of Media	p. 5
Drug Names	p. 7
Drug Substitution	p. 10
Top 200 Drugs	p. 10
Federal Regulatory Agencies	p. 10
Harrison Narcotic Act	p. 10
Food and Drug Administration	p. 11
Federal Trade Commission	p. 11
Drug Enforcement Administration	p. 11
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act	p. 11
Drug Action and Handling	p. 12
Characterization of Drug Action	p. 13
Log Dose Effect Curve	p. 13
Potency	p. 13
Efficacy	p. 14
Chemical Signaling between Cells	p. 15
Mechanism of Action of Drugs	p. 15
Nerve Transmission	p. 16
Receptors	p. 17
Stereoisomerism	p. 21
Routes of Administration and Dose Forms	p. 21
Routes of Administration	p. 21
Dose Forms	p. 26
Pharmacokinetics	p. 26
Passage across Body Membranes	p. 26
Absorption	p. 29
Distribution	p. 30
Half-Life	p. 31
Blood-Brain Barrier	p. 32
Redistribution	p. 33
Metabolism (Biotransformation)	p. 33
Factors that Alter Drug Effects	p. 38
Calculation of Children's Dose	p. 39
Adverse Reactions	p. 41
Definitions and Classifications	p. 41
Clinical Manifestations of Adverse Reactions	p. 42
Exaggerated Effect on Target Tissues	p. 43
Effect on Nontarget Tissues	p. 43
Effect on Fetal Development (Teratogenic Effect)	p. 43
Local Effect	p. 44
Drug Interactions	p. 44
Hypersensitivity (Allergic Reaction)	p. 44
Idiosyncrasy	p. 45
Interference with Natural Defense Mechanisms	p. 46
Toxicologic Evaluation of Drugs	p. 46
Prescription Writing	p. 49
Measurement	p. 49
Metric System	p. 49
Household Measures	p. 50
Prescriptions	p. 51
Format	p. 51
Explanations Accompanying Prescriptions	p. 54
Drug Legislation	p. 54
Scheduled Drugs	p. 55
Drugs Used in Dentistry	p. 57
Autonomic Drugs	p. 58
Autonomic Nervous System	p. 58
Anatomy	p. 58
Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System	p. 59
Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System	p. 59
Functional Organization	p. 60
Neurotransmitters	p. 60
Drug Groups	p. 63
Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System	p. 64
Cholinergic (Parasympathomimetic) agents	p. 66
Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic) agents	p. 68
Nicotinic Agonists and Antagonists	p. 71
Sympathetic Nervous System	p. 71
Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors	p. 72
Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents	p. 73
Adrenergic Blocking Agents	p. 77
Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs	p. 79
Nonopioid (Nonnarcotic) Analgesics	p. 81
Pain	p. 81
Classification	p. 82
Salicylates	p. 83
Acetylsalicylic Acid	p. 83
Other Salicylates	p. 90
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs	p. 92
Chemical Classification	p. 92
Mechanism of Action	p. 93
Pharmacokinetics	p. 93
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 94
Adverse Reactions	p. 94
Contraindications and Cautions	p. 95
Therapeutic Uses	p. 95
Specific Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs	p. 96
Acetaminophen	p. 98
Pharmacokinetics	p. 99
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 99
Adverse Effects	p. 99
Drug Interactions	p. 100
Uses	p. 100
Dose and Preparations	p. 100
Drugs Used to Treat Gout	p. 101
Colchicine	p. 101
Allopurinol	p. 101
Probenecid	p. 102
Opioid (Narcotic) Analgesics and Antagonists	p. 103
History	p. 103
Terminology	p. 103
Classification	p. 104
Mechanism of Action	p. 104
Pharmacokinetics	p. 106
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 107
Analgesia	p. 107
Sedation and Euphoria	p. 108
Cough Suppression	p. 108
Gastrointestinal Effects	p. 108
Adverse Reactions	p. 108
Respiratory Depression	p. 108
Nausea and Emesis	p. 109
Constipation	p. 109
Myosis	p. 109
Urinary Retention	p. 109
Central Nervous System Effects	p. 109
Cardiovascular Effects	p. 109
Biliary Tract Constriction	p. 109
Histamine Release	p. 109
Pregnancy and Nursing	p. 109
Addiction	p. 109
Treatment	p. 110
Allergic Reactions	p. 110
Drug Interactions	p. 111
Specific Opioids	p. 112
Opioid Agonists	p. 112
Mixed Opioids	p. 115
Tramadol	p. 116
Dental Use of Opioids	p. 117
Antiinfective Agents	p. 119
Dental Infection "Evolution"	p. 120
History	p. 122
Definitions	p. 122
Culture and Sensitivity	p. 124
Culture	p. 124
Sensitivity	p. 124
Indications for Antimicrobial Agents	p. 125
Therapeutic Indications	p. 125
Prophylactic Indications	p. 125
General Adverse Reactions Associated with Antiinfective Agents	p. 127
Superinfection (Suprainfection)	p. 127
Allergic Reactions	p. 127
Drug Interactions	p. 127
Gastrointestinal Complaints	p. 128
Pregnancy	p. 128
Dose Forms	p. 128
Cost	p. 129
Penicillins	p. 129
Source and Chemistry	p. 130
Pharmacokinetics	p. 130
Mechanism of Action	p. 131
Spectrum	p. 131
Resistance	p. 131
Adverse Reactions	p. 132
Allergy and Hypersensitivity	p. 132
Uses	p. 133
Specific Penicillins	p. 133
Macrolides	p. 135
Erythromycin	p. 136
Azithromycin and Clarithromycin	p. 137
Tetracyclines	p. 138
Pharmacokinetics	p. 139
Spectrum	p. 139
Adverse Reactions	p. 139
Drug Interactions	p. 140
Uses	p. 141
Clindamycin	p. 142
Pharmacokinetics	p. 142
Spectrum	p. 142
Adverse Reactions	p. 142
Uses	p. 143
Metronidazole	p. 144
Pharmacokinetics	p. 144
Spectrum	p. 144
Adverse Reactions	p. 144
Drug Interactions	p. 145
Uses	p. 145
Cephalosporins	p. 145
Pharmacokinetics	p. 147
Spectrum	p. 147
Mechanism of Action	p. 147
Adverse Reactions	p. 147
Uses	p. 148
Rational Use of Antiinfective Agents in Dentistry	p. 148
	p. 148
	p. 149
	p. 149
Antimicrobial Agents for Nondental Use	p. 149
Vancomycin	p. 149
Aminoglycosides	p. 150
Chloramphenicol	p. 151
Sulfonamides	p. 151
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim	p. 152
Nitrofurantoin	p. 152
Quinolones (Fluoroquinolones)	p. 152
Antituberculosis Agents	p. 154
Isoniazid	p. 154
Rifampin	p. 156
Pyrazinamide	p. 156
Ethambutol	p. 157
Topical Antibiotics	p. 157
Neomycin, Polymyxin, and Bacitracin	p. 157
Mupirocin	p. 157
Antibiotic Prophylaxis Used in Dentistry	p. 158
Prevention of Infective Endocarditis	p. 158
Prosthetic Joint Prophylaxis	p. 161
Noncardiac Medical Conditions	p. 161
Antifungal and Antiviral Agents	p. 163
Antifungal Agents	p. 163
Nystatin	p. 165
Imidazoles	p. 167
Other Antifungal Agents	p. 169
Antiviral Agents	p. 170
Herpes Simplex	p. 171
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	p. 173
Local Anesthetics	p. 177
History	p. 177
Ideal Local Anesthetic	p. 178
Chemistry	p. 178
Mechanism of Action	p. 179
Action on Nerve Fibers	p. 179
Ionization Factors	p. 179
Pharmacokinetics	p. 179
Absorption	p. 179
Distribution	p. 182
Metabolism	p. 182
Excretion	p. 182
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 182
Peripheral Nerve Conduction (Blocker)	p. 182
Antiarrhythmic	p. 183
Adverse Reactions	p. 183
Composition of Local Anesthetic Solutions	p. 185
Local Anesthetic Agents	p. 185
Amides	p. 185
Esters	p. 189
Other Local Anesthetics	p. 189
Vasoconstrictors	p. 189
Drug Interactions	p. 192
Choice of Local Anesthetic	p. 192
Topical Anesthetics	p. 193
Amides	p. 195
Esters	p. 196
Precautions in Topical Anesthesia	p. 197
Doses of Local Anesthetic and Vasoconstrictor	p. 197
Antianxiety Agents	p. 199
Definitions	p. 201
Benzodiazepines	p. 201
Chemistry	p. 201
Pharmacokinetics	p. 201
Mechanism of Action	p. 204
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 204
Adverse Reactions	p. 205
Abuse and Tolerance	p. 207
Drug Interactions	p. 208
Uses	p. 208
Management of the Dental Patient Taking Benzodiazepines	p. 210
Barbiturates	p. 211
Chemistry	p. 211
Pharmacokinetics	p. 211
Mechanism of Action	p. 212
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 212
Adverse Reactions	p. 212
Chronic Long-Term Use	p. 212
Contraindications	p. 213
Drug Interactions	p. 213
Uses	p. 213
Nonbenzodiazepine-nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics	p. 213
Chloral Hydrate	p. 213
Buspirone	p. 214
Meprobamate	p. 214
Nonbenzodiazepine Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists	p. 215
Zolpidem	p. 215
Zaleplon	p. 215
Eszopiclone	p. 215
Melatonin Receptor Agonist	p. 216
Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants	p. 216
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 216
Individual Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants	p. 216
Miscellaneous Agents	p. 217
Baclofen	p. 217
Tizanidine	p. 217
Dantrolene	p. 217
General Comments about Antianxiety Agents	p. 217
Analgesic-Sedative Combinations	p. 217
Special Considerations	p. 218
Cautions	p. 218
General Anesthetics	p. 220
History	p. 220
Mechanism of Action	p. 221
Stages and Planes of Anesthesia	p. 221
Adverse Reactions	p. 223
General Anesthetics	p. 223
Classification of Anesthetic Agents	p. 223
Nitrous Oxide	p. 225
Halogenated Hydrocarbons	p. 229
Other General Anesthetics	p. 231
Balanced General Anesthesia	p. 233
Vitamins and Minerals	p. 234
Measurements of Vitamin Needs	p. 234
Recommended Dietary Allowance	p. 234
Fallacious Reasoning about Vitamins	p. 236
Water-Soluble Vitamins	p. 236
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)	p. 236
B-Complex Vitamins	p. 238
Fat-Soluble Vitamins	p. 247
Vitamin A	p. 247
Vitamin D	p. 249
Vitamin E	p. 251
Vitamin K	p. 252
Selected Minerals	p. 253
Iron	p. 253
Zinc	p. 254
Calcium	p. 255
Drug-Induced Vitamin Deficiencies	p. 256
Oral Conditions and Their Treatment	p. 258
Infectious Lesions	p. 258
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis	p. 258
Herpes Infections	p. 259
Candidiasis (Moniliasis)	p. 261
Angular Cheilitis/Cheilosis	p. 261
Alveolar Osteitis	p. 262
Immune Reactions	p. 262
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis	p. 262
Lichen Planus	p. 263
Miscellaneous Oral Conditions	p. 264
Geographic Tongue	p. 264
Burning Mouth or Tongue Syndrome	p. 264
Inflammation	p. 265
Pericoronitis	p. 265
Postirradiation Caries	p. 265
Root Sensitivity	p. 265
Actinic Lip Changes	p. 265
Drug-Induced Oral Side Effects	p. 265
Xerostomia	p. 265
Sialorrhea	p. 268
Hypersensitivity-Type Reactions	p. 268
Oral Lesions that Resemble Autoimmune-Type Reactions	p. 268
Stains	p. 268
Gingival Enlargement	p. 268
Common Agents Used to Treat Oral Lesions	p. 269
Corticosteroids	p. 269
Palliative Treatment	p. 270
Drugs That May Alter Dental Treatment	p. 271
Cardiovascular Drugs	p. 272
Dental Implications of Cardiovascular Disease	p. 273
Contraindications to Treatment	p. 273
Vasoconstrictor Limit	p. 273
Infective Endocarditis	p. 273
Cardiac Pacemakers	p. 274
Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease	p. 274
Cardiac Glycosides	p. 274
Congestive Heart Failure	p. 274
Digitalis Glycosides	p. 275
Antiarrhythmic Agents	p. 277
Automaticity	p. 277
Action Potential	p. 279
Arrhythmias	p. 279
Antiarrhythmic agents	p. 279
Adverse Reactions	p. 281
Dental Implications	p. 281
Antianginal Drugs	p. 281
Angina Pectoris	p. 281
Nitroglycerin-like Compounds	p. 282
Calcium Channel Blocking Agents	p. 285
[Beta]-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	p. 286
Ranolazine	p. 286
Dental Implications	p. 286
Antihypertensive Agents	p. 287
Patient Evaluation	p. 289
Treatment of Hypertension	p. 289
Diuretic Agents	p. 292
[Beta]-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	p. 296
Calcium Channel Blocking Agents	p. 297
Angiotensin-Related Agents	p. 299
[alpha subscript 1]-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	p. 301
Other Antihypertensive Agents	p. 302
Management of the Dental Patient Taking Antihypertensive Agents	p. 303
Antihyperlipidemic Agents	p. 304
3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors	p. 304
Niacin	p. 305
Cholestyramine	p. 306
Gemfibrozil	p. 306
Dental Implications	p. 306
Drugs that Affect Blood Coagulation	p. 306
Anticoagulants	p. 306
Drugs that Increase Blood Clotting	p. 312
Anticonvulsants	p. 314
Epilepsy	p. 314
Generalized Seizures	p. 314
Partial (Focal) Epilepsies	p. 317
Drug Therapy of Patients with Epilepsy	p. 317
General Adverse Reactions to Anticonvulsant Agents	p. 317
Carbamazepine	p. 319
Valproate	p. 320
Phenobarbital	p. 321
Phenytoin	p. 321
Miscellaneous Anticonvulsant Agents	p. 323
New Anticonvulsant Agents	p. 323
Dental Treatment of the Patient with Epilepsy	p. 323
Nonseizure Uses of Anticonvulsants	p. 325
Neurologic Pain	p. 325
Psychiatric Use	p. 325
Psychotherapeutic Agents	p. 326
Psychiatric Disorders	p. 326
Antipsychotic Agents	p. 328
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 329
Adverse Reactions	p. 330
Drug Interactions	p. 332
Uses	p. 332
Dental Implications	p. 332
Antidepressant Agents	p. 333
Tricyclic Antidepressants	p. 333
Second-Generation Antidepressants	p. 336
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors	p. 336
Bupropion	p. 337
Other Antidepressant Agents	p. 337
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	p. 337
Drugs for Treatment of Bipolar Depression	p. 338
Lithium	p. 338
Anticonvulsants	p. 338
Autocoids and Antihistamines	p. 339
Histamine	p. 339
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 339
Adverse Reactions	p. 340
Uses	p. 340
Antihistamines (H[subscript 1]-Receptor Antagonists)	p. 340
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 341
Adverse Reactions	p. 341
Toxicity	p. 343
Uses	p. 344
Peripheral (Nonsedating) H[subscript 1]-Receptor Antagonists	p. 344
Fexofenadine	p. 344
Loratidine	p. 345
Cetirizine	p. 345
Other Autocoids	p. 345
Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes	p. 345
Leukotrienes	p. 347
Kinins	p. 347
Substance P	p. 347
Adrenocorticosteroids	p. 349
Mechanism of Release	p. 349
Classification	p. 350
Definitions	p. 350
Routes of Administration	p. 350
Mechanism of Action	p. 351
Pharmacologic Effects	p. 351
Adverse Reactions	p. 352
Metabolic Changes	p. 352
Infections	p. 352
Central Nervous System Effects	p. 352
Peptic Ulcer	p. 352
Impaired Wound Healing and Osteoporosis	p. 352
Ophthalmic Effects	p. 352
Electrolyte and Fluid Balance	p. 352
Adrenal Crisis	p. 353
Dental Effects	p. 353
Uses	p. 353
Medical Uses	p. 353
Dental Uses	p. 354
Corticosteroid Products	p. 354
Dental Implications	p. 354
Adverse Reactions	p. 355
Steroid Supplementation	p. 356
Rule of Twos	p. 357
Topical Use	p. 357
Other Hormones	p. 359
Pituitary Hormones	p. 359
Anterior Pituitary	p. 360
Posterior Pituitary	p. 361
Thyroid Hormones	p. 361
Iodine	p. 361
Hypothyroidism	p. 362
Hyperthyroidism	p. 362
Pancreatic Hormones	p. 363
Diabetes Mellitus	p. 363
Female Sex Hormones	p. 375
Estrogens	p. 376
Progestins	p. 377
Oral Contraceptives	p. 378
Male Sex Hormones	p. 380
Androgens	p. 380
Other Agents that Affect Sex Hormone Systems	p. 381
Clomiphene	p. 382
Leuprolide	p. 382
Tamoxifen	p. 382
Danazol	p. 382
Aromatase Inhibitors	p. 382
Antineoplastic Drugs	p. 384
Use of Antineoplastic Agents	p. 385
Mechanisms of Action	p. 385
Classification	p. 387
Adverse Drug Effects	p. 387
Bone Marrow Suppression	p. 387
Osteonecrosis	p. 389
Gastrointestinal Effects	p. 390
Dermatologic Effects	p. 390
Hepatotoxicity	p. 390
Neurologic Effects	p. 390
Nephrotoxicity	p. 390
Immunosuppression	p. 390
Germ Cells	p. 390
Oral Effects	p. 390
Combinations	p. 390
Use in Treatment of Inflammatory Processes	p. 391
Dental Implications	p. 391
Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Drugs	p. 393
Respiratory Drugs	p. 393
Respiratory Diseases	p. 393
Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Diseases	p. 395
Sympathomimetic Agents	p. 395
Metered-Dose Inhalers	p. 396
Corticosteroids	p. 396
Leukotriene-Pathway Inhibitors	p. 399
Methylxanthines	p. 400
Anticholinergics	p. 400
Agents Used to Manage Upper Respiratory Infections	p. 400
Dental Implications of the Respiratory Drugs	p. 401
Gastrointestinal Drugs	p. 402
Gastrointestinal Diseases	p. 402
Drugs Used to Treat Gastrointestinal Diseases	p. 402
Histamine[subscript 2]-Blocking Agents	p. 402
Proton Pump Inhibitors	p. 404
Mixed Antiinfective Therapy for Ulcer Treatment	p. 405
Antacids	p. 405
Miscellaneous Gastrointestinal Drugs	p. 405
Laxatives and Antidiarrheals	p. 406
Emetics and Antiemetics	p. 406
Agents Used to Manage Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease	p. 407
Special Situations	p. 409
Emergency Drugs	p. 410
General Measures	p. 410
Preparation for Treatment	p. 411
Categories of Emergencies	p. 411
Lost or Altered Consciousness	p. 411
Respiratory Emergencies	p. 412
Cardiovascular System Emergencies	p. 413
Other Emergency Situations	p. 414
Drug-Related Emergencies	p. 415
Emergency Kit for the Dental Office	p. 415
Drugs	p. 415
Equipment	p. 418
Pregnancy and Breast Feeding	p. 420
General Principles	p. 421
History	p. 421
Pregnancy	p. 421
Pregnancy Trimesters	p. 421
Teratogenicity	p. 421
Food and Drug Administration Pregnancy Categories	p. 422
Breast Feeding	p. 422
Dental Drugs	p. 422
Local Anesthetic Agents	p. 422
Analgesics	p. 428
Antiinfective Agents	p. 428
Antianxiety Agents	p. 429
Drug Interactions	p. 431
Mechanisms of Interactions	p. 431
Pharmacokinetic	p. 432
Pharmacodynamic	p. 433
Dental Drug Interactions	p. 434
Analgesics	p. 436
Antiinfectives	p. 438
Benzodiazepines	p. 439
Epinephrine	p. 439
Summary	p. 441
Drug Abuse	p. 443
General Considerations	p. 444
Definitions	p. 444
Psychologic Dependence	p. 445
Physical Dependence	p. 445
Tolerance	p. 445
Addiction, Habituation, and Dependence	p. 446
Central Nervous System Depressants	p. 446
Ethyl Alcohol	p. 447
Nitrous Oxide	p. 450
Opioid Analgesics	p. 451
Sedative-Hypnotics	p. 453
Central Nervous System Stimulants	p. 454
Cocaine	p. 454
Amphetamines	p. 455
Caffeine	p. 455
Tobacco	p. 455
Psychedelics (Hallucinogens)	p. 457
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide	p. 457
Phencyclidine	p. 457
Marijuana	p. 458
Identifying the Drug Abuser	p. 458
The Impaired Dental Health Care Worker	p. 458
Appendixes
Top 200 Drugs (2005)	p. 460
Medical Acronyms	p. 466
Medical Terminology	p. 470
What If...	p. 472
Oral Manifestations: Xerostomia and Taste Changes	p. 480
Natural/Herbal Products	p. 484
Glossary	p. 489
Drug Index	p. 510
Index	p. 522
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