Approaching Democracy, California Edition

by Berman, Larry; Murphy, Bruce Allen; Clarke, Milton

• ISBN13: 9780132282697
• ISBN10: 0132282690
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Approaching Democracyaddresses the evolving nature of the American experiment in democratic government. It teaches students the theory and the basics of American political science, the political history of this nation, and provides the critical thinking skills needed to analyze these evolving relationships. This new Teaching and Learning Classroom (TLC) California edition introduces features that incorporates more "student empowerment" tools to reinforce how American Government is relevant to studentsrs" lives today. Larry Berman and Bruce Allen Murphy, long-time teachers of the introductory American Political science course in both large and small public and private universities, set out to write a book that offers a clear theme one that is even more relevant now than it was when it was first presented in a highly readable, easy-to-understand format. Both authors enjoy teaching and are actively engaged in new methods of engaging students and empowering them to participate in political discourse

Table of Contents

Boxed Features	xvii
Preface	xviii
About the Authors	xxv
Supplemental Texts and Readings for American Government	xxvii
Student Tool Kit	xxix
PART I / Foundations of American Democracy
Approaching Democracy	2	(22)
Approaching Democracy: Si Se Puede--``It Can Be Done''	4	(2)
Introduction: Democracy as an Evolutionary Process	6	(2)
Forming a Picture of Democracy	8	(4)
Direct and Indirect Democracy	9	(3)
The Roots of Democracy	12	(1)
The Ideals of Democracy	13	(3)
Freedom and Equality	13	(1)
Order and Stability	14	(1)
Majority Rule and Protection of Minority Rights	15	(1)
Participation	16	(1)
The Elements of Democracy	16	(4)
Summary	20	(2)
Review Questions	22	(1)
Key Terms	22	(1)
Suggested Readings	22	(2)
The Founding and the Constitution	24	(64)
Approaching Democracy: The Senate Almost ``Goes Nuclear''	26	(2)
Introduction: The Road to Democracy	28	(1)
The Seeds of American Democracy	28	(3)
Early Colonial Governments	28	(2)
Social Contract Theorists	30	(1)
First Moves Toward a Union	31	(1)
Rebellion: Causes and Consequences	32	(4)
The Sugar and Stamp Acts	33	(1)
The Townshend Revenue Acts	33	(1)
The Boston Massacre	34	(1)
Committees of Correspondence	35	(1)
The Boston Tea Party	35	(1)
Revolution and the Stirrings of a New Government	36	(3)
The First Continental Congress	36	(1)
The Shot Heard `Round the World	36	(1)
The Second Continental Congress	37	(1)
Common Sense	37	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	37	(2)
The First New Government: A Confederation of States	39	(2)
The Articles of Confederation (1781--1789)	39	(2)
The Need for a More Perfect Union	41	(1)
The Constitutional Convention	42	(10)
The Task	42	(1)
The Participants	43	(1)
The Major Players	44	(1)
Plans for a New Government	44	(2)
Debate and Compromise: The Turning Point of the Convention	46	(2)
The Issue of Slavery	48	(1)
The Nature of the Presidency	49	(3)
The Miracle: Results of the Convention	52	(1)
A Republican Form of Government	52	(1)
The Governmental Powers	53	(7)
Horizontal Powers	53	(2)
Vertical Powers	55	(1)
The Articles of the Constitution	56	(4)
Ratification: The Battle for the Constitution	60	(5)
The Federalist Papers	60	(1)
Federalists versus Antifederalists	61	(1)
Ratification by Way of Compromise: A Bill of Rights	62	(1)
Politics the Old-Fashioned Way: A Look at the Battle for Ratification	62	(2)
Adoption of the Bill of Rights	64	(1)
Updating the Constitution	65	(3)
Updating the Constitution through the Amendment Process	65	(2)
Updating the Constitution by Judicial Interpretation	67	(1)
The Gettysburg Address and America's Approach to Democracy	68	(1)
Summary	69	(1)
Review Questions	70	(1)
Key Terms	71	(1)
Suggested Readings	71	(17)
The Constitution of the United States	72	(16)
Federalism	88	(38)
Approaching Democracy: From Wheat to Marijuana	90	(2)
Introduction: Federalism and Democracy	92	(1)
Federalism Defined	92	(3)
Federalism: Advantages and Disadvantages	93	(2)
Federalism in the Constitution	95	(2)
The Triad of Powers	95	(2)
The Division of Powers	97	(3)
The Development of Federalism	100	(9)
Debating the National Role: Hamilton Versus Jefferson	100	(1)
Asserting National Power: McCulloch v. Maryland	101	(1)
Expanding National Power Further: Gibbons v. Ogden	101	(1)
Asserting State Power: Nullification	102	(1)
Developing a System of Separation: Dual Federalism	102	(1)
Creating a Cooperative System: The New Deal Era	103	(2)
Seeking Uniformity: Federalism in the Post--New Deal Era	105	(1)
Federal Grants and Federal Mandates: Federalism since 1930	105	(4)
Balancing Federal--State Relations: Policy Innovation and Protecting Rights	109	(3)
State Policy Initiatives	109	(3)
Protection of Rights	112	(1)
Presidents and Federalism	112	(7)
Roosevelt, Truman, and Eisenhower: The Era of Cooperative Federalism, 1930--1963	112	(1)
Lyndon Johnson: The Era of Creative Federalism, 1963--1968	113	(1)
Richard Nixon's New Federalism, 1969--1974	114	(1)
Creative Federalism Returns under Jimmy Carter, 1977--1980	115	(1)
Ronald Reagan's New New Federalism, 1981--1988	115	(2)
The George H. W. Bush Years, 1989--1992	117	(1)
Bill Clinton and New(t) Federalism, 1993--2001	117	(1)
George W. Bush, 2001--Present	118	(1)
The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Federalism	119	(2)
Federalism and Approaching Democracy in the Twenty-First Century	121	(1)
Summary	122	(1)
Review Questions	122	(1)
Key Terms	123	(1)
Suggested Readings	123	(3)
Visualizing Democracy/From Cesar Chavez to Antonio Villaraigosa	124	(2)
PART II / Institutions of American Democracy
Congress	126	(48)
Approaching Democracy: Negotiating the Legislative Labyrinth	128	(2)
Introduction: Congress and Democracy	130	(1)
The Structure and Powers of Congress	130	(3)
What the Framers Had in Mind	130	(2)
Limits on Congress's Power	132	(1)
The Members of Congress	133	(10)
Who Are the Members?	133	(2)
Congressional Districts	135	(3)
Majority-Minority Districts and the Approach to Democracy	138	(2)
Delegates Versus Trustees	140	(1)
Name Recognition and the Incumbency Factor	141	(2)
The Two Congresses: The Public's View of Congress	143	(1)
How Congress Organizes Itself	143	(9)
Congressional Leadership	144	(3)
Congressional Committees: The Laboratories of Congress	147	(1)
Why Does Congress Use Committees?	148	(1)
The Rise of Subcommittees	149	(2)
Decline of the Congressional Committees	151	(1)
Congress in Session	152	(8)
The Rules and Norms of Congress	152	(6)
How Members Make Voting Decisions	158	(2)
How a Bill Becomes a Law	160	(6)
The Congressional Agenda	160	(1)
Congress Considers the Bill	161	(3)
Obstacles to Passage of a Bill	164	(1)
Overcoming the Legislative Obstacles	165	(1)
Additional Functions of Congress	166	(1)
The Republican Revolution of 1994 and Beyond	167	(1)
Congress Toward the 2006 Election	168	(3)
Summary	171	(1)
Review Questions	171	(1)
Key Terms	172	(1)
Suggested Readings	172	(2)
The Presidency	174	(32)
Approaching Democracy: The Presidency of George W. Bush	176	(2)
Introduction: The Presidency and Democracy	178	(1)
The Constitutional Design	178	(7)
Who Is Eligible to Be President?	179	(1)
Presidential Powers	179	(6)
Functional Roles of the President	185	(4)
Two Views of Executive Power	189	(4)
Expanding Presidential Power: Moving Beyond the Constitution	193	(5)
Conducting Foreign Policy and Making War	193	(3)
Going Public	196	(2)
The Institutionalized Presidency	198	(5)
The White House Office	198	(2)
The Executive Office of the President	200	(1)
The Cabinet	201	(1)
The Vice Presidency	202	(1)
Summary	203	(1)
Review Questions	204	(1)
Key Terms	204	(1)
Suggested Readings	205	(1)
The Judiciary	206	(42)
Approaching Democracy: Changing of the Guard?	208	(2)
Introduction: The Courts and Democracy	210	(1)
The Origins and Development of Judicial Power	210	(5)
Creating the ``Least Dangerous Branch''	210	(1)
Marbury v. Madison: The Source of Judicial Power	211	(1)
Judicial Review: The Court's Ultimate Power	212	(1)
Other Powers of the Supreme Court	212	(1)
Independence of the Judiciary	213	(2)
The Organization of the American Court System	215	(4)
Types of Courts	215	(2)
Types of Cases	217	(1)
Organization of the Federal Courts	217	(2)
Court Appointments: The Process and the Politics	219	(8)
The Supreme Court Appointment Process	219	(4)
The Impact of Presidential Appointments on the Supreme Court	223	(1)
Staffing the Lower Federal Courts	224	(3)
How the Supreme Court Operates	227	(9)
Selecting Cases	228	(2)
The Solicitor General: ``The Government's Lawyer''	230	(1)
The Process of Deciding Cases	231	(2)
Marshaling the Court: The Opinion-Drafting Process	233	(1)
The Announcement of Opinions	234	(1)
Law Clerks: The Real Tenth Justices?	234	(2)
Analyzing Supreme Court Decisions	236	(6)
The Use of Precedent and Other Legal Factors	236	(1)
The Mind-Set of Individual Justices	237	(2)
Judicial Character	239	(1)
Voting Blocs	239	(2)
Limitations of Court Analysis	241	(1)
Implementing Supreme Court Decisions	242	(2)
The President and the Court	242	(1)
Congress and the Court	242	(1)
Court Impact at State and Local Levels	243	(1)
Public Opinion and the Supreme Court	243	(1)
The Court's Independence in Approaching Democracy	244	(1)
Summary	245	(1)
Review Questions	246	(1)
Key Terms	246	(1)
Suggested Readings	246	(2)
The Bureaucracy	248	(32)
Approaching Democracy: The Department of Homeland Security and the War on Terrorism	250	(2)
Introduction: Bureaucracy and Democracy	252	(1)
Background on the Bureaucracy	252	(7)
Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy	254	(2)
Evolution of the Bureaucracy: Creating the Civil Service	256	(3)
Meet the Bureaucracy	259	(8)
What the Bureaucracy Does	259	(4)
The Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy	263	(2)
Constraints on the Bureaucracy and Bureaucratic Culture	265	(2)
Bureaucratic Accountability	267	(4)
Presidential Control	269	(1)
Congressional Control	270	(1)
What the Public Thinks of the Bureaucracy	271	(2)
Are the Criticisms Justified?	272	(1)
Reforming the Bureaucracy	273	(2)
Summary	275	(1)
Review Questions	276	(1)
Key Terms	276	(1)
Suggested Readings	276	(4)
Visualizing Democracy/Presidential Wars, Crises and Their Challenge to Democracy	278	(2)
PART III / Processes of American Democracy
Public Opinion	280	(30)
Approaching Democracy: Landon Defeats Roosevelt	282	(2)
Introduction: Public Opinion and Democracy	284	(1)
What Is Public Opinion?	284	(2)
Measuring Public Opinion	286	(3)
Political Socialization	289	(3)
The Role of Family	289	(2)
Schooling	291	(1)
Peers	291	(1)
Television	292	(1)
Social Variables that Influence Opinion Formation	292	(5)
Class	293	(1)
Income	293	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	293	(1)
Religion	294	(1)
Region	295	(1)
Gender	296	(1)
American Political Culture	297	(4)
Core Values	298	(1)
Political Ideology	299	(2)
Culture and Lifestyle	301	(1)
The State of American Public Opinion	301	(6)
Political Awareness and Involvement	301	(2)
How Are Political Opinions Formed?	303	(2)
Stability and Change in Public Opinion	305	(1)
How Changeable Is Public Opinion?	306	(1)
From Public Opinion to Public Policy	307	(1)
Summary	308	(1)
Review Questions	308	(1)
Key Terms	308	(1)
Suggested Readings	309	(1)
Political Parties	310	(40)
Approaching Democracy: Evangelicals and the 2004 Election	312	(2)
Introduction: Political Parties and Democracy	314	(1)
A Brief History of the American Party System	314	(5)
The First Party System (1790s--1820s)	315	(1)
The Second Party System (1820s--1850s)	316	(1)
The Third Party System (1850s--1890s)	317	(1)
The Fourth Party System (1896--1932)	317	(1)
The Fifth Party System (1932--1968)	318	(1)
A Sixth Party System? 1968 to Present	318	(1)
``Red v. Blue'': The Current Balanced Political Party System	319	(3)
Functions of American Political Parties	322	(2)
Parties Organize the Election Process	322	(1)
Parties Represent Group Interests	323	(1)
Parties Simplify Political Choices	323	(1)
Parties Organize Government and Policy Making	323	(1)
Party Organization	324	(6)
Parties at the Grass Roots	324	(1)
The Party Machine	325	(1)
National Party Organization	326	(1)
Party Similarities and Differences	327	(3)
Nominating a President: Parties and Elections	330	(8)
Nominating Candidates	330	(3)
Reforming the Nominating Process	333	(5)
Why a Two-Party System?	338	(2)
Institutional Factors	338	(1)
Cultural Factors	339	(1)
Party Identification	339	(1)
Minor Parties	340	(2)
Why Minor Parties Appear	340	(1)
Minor Party Performance	340	(2)
Functions of Minor Parties	342	(1)
The Party in Government	342	(2)
The Importance of Party Ideology	343	(1)
Political Parties and the 2008 Election	344	(2)
Summary	346	(1)
Review Questions	347	(1)
Key Terms	347	(1)
Suggested Readings	348	(2)
Participation, Voting, and Elections	350	(32)
Approaching Democracy: The Motor-Voter Law, 1995--2005	352	(2)
Introduction: Political Participation and Democracy	354	(1)
Who Participates?	354	(1)
A Brief History of Voting in the United States	355	(2)
Voting	357	(8)
Voter Turnout	358	(1)
Explaining Turnout	359	(2)
Nonvoting	361	(1)
Who Votes?	362	(1)
The Gender Gap	363	(1)
A Voting Trend: Direct Democracy	364	(1)
Voting Choice	365	(3)
Party	365	(1)
Candidate Appeal	366	(1)
Policies and Issues	366	(1)
Campaigns	367	(1)
Other Forms of Political Participation	368	(2)
Campaign and Election Activities	368	(1)
Seeking Information	369	(1)
Protest, Civil Disobedience, and Violence	370	(1)
Congressional Elections	370	(1)
Presidential Coattails	371	(1)
Presidential Elections	371	(5)
The Electoral College: The Framers' Intention	372	(1)
The Electoral College and Strategies for Campaigning	373	(1)
Electoral College Reform?	374	(1)
Interpreting Presidential Elections	375	(1)
Money and Elections	376	(4)
Federal Matching Funds	377	(1)
Campaign Finance Reform	377	(3)
Summary	380	(1)
Review Questions	380	(1)
Key Terms	381	(1)
Suggested Readings	381	(1)
Interest Groups	382	(38)
Approaching Democracy: Supreme Cyber-Battle	384	(2)
Introduction: Interest Groups and Democracy	386	(1)
Interest Groups: A Tradition in American Politics	386	(5)
What Is an Interest Group?	387	(1)
A Long History of Association	388	(1)
Recent Trends	389	(2)
Functions of Interest Groups	391	(3)
Interest Groups Allow for Collective Action	391	(3)
Interest Groups Provide Information	394	(1)
Types of Interest Groups	394	(7)
Economic Interest Groups	394	(3)
Public Interest Groups	397	(1)
Government Interest Groups	398	(1)
Ideological Interest Groups	399	(1)
Religious Interest Groups	399	(1)
Civil Rights Interest Groups	399	(2)
Single-Issue Interest Groups	401	(1)
Characteristics of Interest Groups	401	(3)
Interest Group Membership	401	(2)
Other Characteristics of Interest Groups	403	(1)
Interest Group Strategies	404	(4)
Lobbying	404	(2)
Grassroots Activity	406	(2)
Using the Courts and Lobbying the Political Branches	408	(1)
Political Action Committees	408	(2)
Regulation of Interest Groups	410	(1)
Assessing the Impact of Interest Groups	411	(2)
Growth of the Evangelical Christian Lobbying Movement	413	(1)
Lobbying in the Twenty-First Century	414	(1)
Toward the 2006 Election: Interest Groups and 527s	415	(2)
Summary	417	(1)
Review Questions	418	(1)
Key Terms	418	(1)
Suggested Readings	418	(2)
The Media	420	(28)
Approaching Democracy: A New Web of Influence: Bloggers Rewrite the Rules of Journalism	422	(2)
Introduction: The Media and Democracy	424	(1)
The Emergence of the Media	425	(5)
Newspapers	426	(1)
Magazines	427	(1)
Radio	428	(1)
Television	428	(1)
New Media Technologies	429	(1)
Functions of the Media	430	(3)
Surveillance	430	(2)
Interpretation	432	(1)
Socialization	433	(1)
Limits on Media Freedom	433	(4)
Regulating the Media	434	(1)
Prior Restraint Versus the Right to Know	435	(2)
Ideological Bias and Media Control	437	(2)
Media Ownership and Control	438	(1)
Media-Government Symbiosis	439	(1)
The Media and Elections	439	(5)
Press Coverage	440	(1)
Talk Shows	440	(1)
Television and Presidential Elections	441	(1)
Political Advertising	442	(2)
Summary	444	(1)
Review Questions	445	(1)
Key Terms	445	(1)
Suggested Readings	445	(3)
Visualizing Democracy/Straddling the Red State/Blue State Divide	446	(2)
PART IV / Liberties and Rights in American Democracy
Civil Liberties	448	(46)
Approaching Democracy: Reconsidering the Patriot Act	450	(2)
Introduction: Civil Liberties and Democracy	452	(1)
Defining and Examining Civil Liberties and Civil Rights	452	(2)
The Dawn of Civil Liberties and Civil Rights in America	453	(1)
A History of the Application of Civil Liberties to the States	454	(5)
The Fourteenth Amendment	456	(1)
The Clear and Present Danger Test	457	(1)
The Beginnings of Incorporation	458	(1)
Selective Incorporation of the Bill of Rights	458	(1)
Freedom of Religion	459	(5)
Establishment of Religion	460	(2)
Free Exercise of Religion	462	(2)
Freedom of Speech	464	(3)
Political Speech	465	(1)
Public Speech	466	(1)
Symbolic Speech	466	(1)
Freedom of the Press	467	(4)
Prior Restraint	467	(1)
Libel	468	(1)
Obscenity	469	(1)
Confidentiality of Sources	470	(1)
The Rights of Defendants	471	(11)
The Fourth Amendment	471	(5)
The Fifth and Sixth Amendments	476	(3)
The Eighth Amendment	479	(3)
The Expanding Nature of Implied Rights	482	(9)
Privacy	482	(1)
Gay Rights	483	(2)
The New Battleground over Gay Rights	485	(2)
Abortion	487	(2)
The Right to Die	489	(2)
Summary	491	(1)
Review Questions	492	(1)
Key Terms	492	(1)
Suggested Readings	492	(2)
Civil Rights and Political Equality	494	(40)
Approaching Democracy: Divided We Stand: Whither Affirmative Action?	496	(2)
Introduction: Civil Rights and Democracy	498	(1)
Defining Civil Rights	498	(1)
Establishing Constitutional Equality	499	(2)
The Dred Scott Case	500	(1)
The Civil War and Reconstruction	500	(1)
Creating Legal Segregation	501	(1)
Separate but Equal?	502	(1)
The Disenfranchisement of African American Voters	502	(1)
Establishing Legal Equality	502	(4)
The White House and Desegregation	503	(1)
Seeking Equality in the Schools	503	(2)
State and Federal Responses	505	(1)
The Civil Rights Movement	506	(4)
The Civil Rights Acts	508	(1)
The Supreme Court and Civil Rights	508	(1)
De Jure Versus De Facto Discrimination	509	(1)
Affirmative Action	510	(5)
Seeking Full Equality: Opportunity or Result?	511	(1)
Affirmative Action in the Reagan-Bush Era	512	(1)
The Future of Civil Rights	513	(2)
Women's Rights	515	(7)
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back	515	(1)
The Struggle for Suffrage	516	(1)
The Road to Equality	516	(1)
Seeking Equality Through the Courts	517	(5)
Civil Rights and Other Minorities	522	(3)
Hispanic Americans	522	(1)
Native Americans	523	(2)
Emerging Minority Groups Seek Prominence	525	(2)
Americans with Disabilities	525	(2)
Civil Rights and the War on Terrorism	527	(1)
Civil Rights and Approaching Democracy	528	(1)
Summary	528	(1)
Review Questions	529	(1)
Key Terms	530	(1)
Suggested Readings	530	(4)
Visualizing Democracy/Minority Rights in America	532	(2)
PART V / Policy Making in American Democracy
Domestic and Economic Policy	534	(34)
Approaching Democracy: The First Major Achievement of a New Era	536	(2)
Introduction: Public and Economic Policy	538	(1)
Types of Policies	538	(1)
The Policy-Making Process	539	(3)
The Life Cycle of Policy Making	539	(3)
Joining the Public Agenda	542	(3)
Reaching the Formal Agenda	543	(1)
Implementing a Policy	543	(1)
Evaluating a Policy	544	(1)
Terminating a Policy	544	(1)
Continuing a Policy	545	(1)
Regulatory Policy	545	(3)
Regulating the Environment	546	(2)
Social Welfare Policy	548	(7)
The Social Security Act	548	(3)
The War on Poverty	551	(4)
Economic Policy	555	(1)
The Coals of Economic Policy	556	(1)
The Politics of the Federal Budget	556	(4)
The President Proposes, Congress Disposes	556	(1)
How the Budget Is Prepared	557	(3)
Taxing	560	(2)
Sources of Tax Dollars	560	(1)
Tax Reform	561	(1)
Spending	562	(1)
The Politics of International Economic Policy	563	(2)
Summary	565	(1)
Review Questions	566	(1)
Key Terms	566	(1)
Suggested Readings	566	(2)
Foreign Policy	568	(32)
Approaching Democracy: From Operation Enduring Freedom to Operation Iraqi Freedom	570	(2)
Introduction: Foreign Policy and Democracy	572	(1)
An Overview of American Foreign Policy	573	(12)
Isolation and Regionalism	573	(1)
World War I	574	(1)
World War II	574	(1)
Globalism and the Cold War	575	(5)
The Post--Cold War Era	580	(5)
The Constitution and Foreign Policy	585	(3)
The President Versus Congress	586	(2)
The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy	588	(4)
The State Department	588	(1)
The Defense Department	589	(1)
The National Security Council	589	(1)
The CIA and Intelligence Gathering	590	(1)
The Agencies Behind Economic Policy Making	590	(2)
Democratic Checks on Foreign Policy	592	(4)
The Press	592	(1)
The Public	592	(4)
Summary	596	(1)
Review Questions	596	(1)
Key Terms	597	(1)
Suggested Readings	597	(3)
Visualizing Democracy/Living on Alert Since 9/11	598	(2)
PART VI / California Politics
California Approaches Democracy	600	(26)
Introduction	602	(1)
A Lure and a Challenge: California's Land and Climate	602	(3)
Native American Settlement	605	(1)
In Spanish Exploration and Settlement	606	(1)
The Mission System	607	(1)
Mexican Control	607	(2)
U.S. Annexation	609	(5)
The Gold Rush and Statehood for California	610	(1)
Legacies of the Gold Rush	611	(2)
Territorial Government	613	(1)
Early Years of Statehood: The Big Four	614	(2)
Revolt Against the Railroads: The Second California Constitution	616	(1)
The Progressive Era: Hiram Johnson and Clean Government	617	(5)
The Twentieth Century: Rapid Economic Growth	619	(1)
World War II: The Boom Years	620	(1)
Postwar Years: The Boom Continues	621	(1)
The Late Twentieth Century: An Era of Economic Decline	622	(1)
California in the New Millennium	622	(2)
Summary	624	(1)
Review Questions	625	(1)
Key Terms	625	(1)
Suggested Readings	625	(1)
Democracy California Style: Political Participation	626	(36)
Introduction	628	(1)
Voting: Who Can Vote?	628	(1)
Elections	629	(4)
State Primary Elections	629	(3)
State General Elections	632	(1)
Direct Democracy: California's Electoral Dilemma	633	(14)
The Recall	633	(3)
The Initiative	636	(3)
Proposition 13	639	(5)
The Referendum	644	(3)
Campaigning for Votes	647	(7)
Nonpartisan Qualification	648	(1)
Voter Records	649	(1)
Interest Groups	649	(2)
Geography	651	(1)
Mass Communications	651	(3)
Empowering California Voters	654	(2)
Vote Counting Difficulties in California	656	(1)
Beyond Electoral Politics	657	(1)
California's Tradition of Nonconventional Political Participation	657	(2)
Summary	659	(1)
Review Questions	660	(1)
Key Terms	660	(1)
Suggested Readings	660	(2)
The California State Legislature	662	(36)
Introduction	664	(1)
From Reforming the Railroads to ATM Fees	665	(2)
The Making of a California State Legislator	667	(5)
Electing the California Legislator	668	(1)
Reapportionment and Redistricting	669	(3)
The Legislative Universe	672	(9)
Legislative Functions	672	(7)
The Partisan Caucus	679	(1)
Legislative Compensation	680	(1)
Leadership in the State Legislature	681	(2)
Assembly Speaker	682	(1)
Partisan Assembly Leaders	683	(2)
Majority Floor Leader/Assistant Majority Leader/Whip/Assistant Whip	683	(1)
Speaker Pro Tempore/Assistant Speaker Pro Tempore	684	(1)
Assistant Minority (Republican) Floor Leader	685	(1)
President of the Senate	685	(1)
Partisan State Senate Leaders	685	(1)
President Pro Tempore	685	(1)
Senate Majority Leader and Whip	686	(1)
Senate Minority Leader	686	(1)
Minority Whip	686	(1)
Nonmember Officers	686	(1)
Chief Sergeant-at-Arms	686	(1)
Chief Clerk/Legislative Secretary	686	(1)
The Legislative Committee System	686	(4)
Standing Committees	687	(2)
Select Committees	689	(1)
Conference Committees	689	(1)
Joint Committees	689	(1)
Rules Committees	689	(1)
The Legislative Process	690	(1)
The Hidden View of Lawmaking	691	(1)
Summary	691	(2)
Review Questions	693	(1)
Key Terms	693	(1)
Suggested Readings	693	(5)
California Constitution of 1879	694	(4)
The California Executive and Bureaucracy	698	(26)
Introduction	700	(1)
Governor: Supreme Executive Authority	700	(4)
Working with the Three Branches	700	(3)
Party Leadership and State Spokesperson	703	(1)
Becoming Governor	704	(5)
Electing the Governor	704	(1)
The Gubernatorial Style	705	(4)
The California Plural Executive	709	(13)
Lieutenant Governor	710	(1)
The Attorney General	710	(2)
Controller	712	(1)
State Treasurer	713	(1)
The Secretary of State	714	(1)
Superintendent of Public Instruction	715	(1)
State Insurance Commissioner	716	(1)
Board of Equalization	717	(1)
California Boards and Commissions	718	(1)
The Plural Executive and the Third House	719	(3)
Summary	722	(1)
Review Questions	723	(1)
Key Terms	723	(1)
Suggested Readings	723	(1)
The California Judiciary	724	(26)
Introduction	726	(1)
The California Court System	727	(5)
Superior Court	727	(1)
Courts of Appeal	728	(1)
Supreme Court	729	(2)
Alternative Dispute Resolution	731	(1)
Judicial Qualifications and Selection	731	(1)
The Judicial Council	731	(1)
The Variations in California Law	732	(4)
Civil Law	732	(2)
Criminal Law	734	(2)
The California Jury System	736	(5)
Police Powers and the Prosecution	741	(1)
Police Powers	741	(1)
The Prosecution	742	(1)
Trends in the California Judicial System	742	(2)
Punishment in California	744	(3)
Reforming the California Judicial System	747	(1)
Summary	748	(1)
Review Questions	749	(1)
Key Terms	749	(1)
Suggested Readings	749	(1)
Local Government in California	750	(34)
Introduction	752	(1)
California County Government	753	(11)
Historical Roots of California Counties	753	(2)
Board of Supervisors	755	(1)
Serving Unincorporated Communities and Contract Cities	756	(1)
The County Bureaucracy	757	(3)
The County Administrator	760	(2)
District Attorney	762	(1)
Sheriff	762	(1)
Assessor	763	(1)
County Clerk	763	(1)
Other County Fiscal Officers	763	(1)
Other Major County Departments	763	(1)
Funding County Government	764	(1)
California Cities in Transformation	765	(1)
The Legal Framework and Formation of Cities	766	(1)
The City Council	767	(4)
Democracy in Action: The City Council Meeting	770	(1)
The Municipal Bureaucracy	771	(4)
Office of the City Manager	772	(1)
City Attorney	773	(1)
City Clerk	773	(1)
City Treasurer and Finance Department	773	(1)
Planning Department	773	(1)
Housing Department	774	(1)
Economic Development Department	774	(1)
Redevelopment Agency	774	(1)
Police Department	774	(1)
Boards and Commissions	775	(1)
Special Districts	775	(2)
Fiscal and Political Accountability Questions	776	(1)
School Districts in California	777	(3)
Reforming California Schools	779	(1)
Councils of Government	780	(1)
The Future of Local Government	781	(1)
Summary	781	(2)
Review Questions	783	(1)
Key Terms	783	(1)
Suggested Readings	783	(1)
California Fiscal Policy	784	(29)
Introduction	786	(2)
The California Structural Budget Gap	788	(1)
The California Budget: The Politics and Key Players	789	(2)
Major State Revenue	791	(5)
Personal Income Tax	792	(1)
Sales Tax	792	(2)
Corporate Taxes	794	(1)
Excise Taxes	794	(1)
Bond Debt	794	(1)
Federal Contribution	795	(1)
Other Revenue Sources	795	(1)
Major State Expenditures	796	(4)
Education	796	(1)
Health and Welfare	796	(1)
Corrections	797	(1)
Other Expenditures	797	(3)
Financing Local Government	800	(1)
The California Budget Process	801	(4)
Executive Budget Plan	801	(1)
Legislative Budget Approval Process	802	(1)
May Revision	803	(1)
Two-Thirds Requirement and the Conference Committee	804	(1)
Final Budget Approval by Governor	805	(1)
The Effect of the Direct Democracy on the Budget Process	805	(1)
The State Economy: The Foundation of Fiscal Policy	806	(1)
The Future of the California Political Economy	807	(1)
Summary	808	(1)
Review Questions	809	(1)
Key Terms	809	(1)
Suggested Readings	809	(4)
Appendix 1: Introducing the Concept of Approaching Democracy	813	(2)
Appendix 2: Presidents and Congresses, 1789--2006	815	(2)
Appendix 3: Supreme Court Justices	817	(2)
Appendix 4: The Declaration of Independence	819	(2)
Appendix 5: The Federalist, No. 10, James Madison	821	(4)
Appendix 6: The Federalist, No. 51, James Madison	825	(2)
Glossary	827	(12)
Notes	839	(20)
Photo Credits	859	(2)
Student Guide: ABC News™/Prentice Hall Videos in American Government	861	(10)
Index	871