Aqueous Microwave Assisted Chemistry

by Polshettiwar, Vivek; Varma, Rajender S.

• ISBN13: 9781849730389
• ISBN10: 1849730385
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-07-01
• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Summary

The demands for green and sustainable synthetic methods in the fields of healthcare and fine chemicals, combined with the pressure to produce these substances expeditiously and in an environmentally benign fashion, pose significant challenges to the synthetic chemical community. This objective can be achieved through the development of aqueous synthetic protocols using microwave heating. This unique book covers all the microwave-assisted aqueous reactions in depth, including heterocycle synthesis, metal catalyzed reactions, enzymatic reactions and nano-catalysis. Written by well known microwave experts, this comprehensive book will help the younger researchers in academia as well as those in industry seeking to explore this field.

Table of Contents

Fundamentals of Aqueous Microwave Chemistry	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Green Chemistry Approach	p. 2
Water as Green Solvent	p. 3
Why Microwaves?	p. 4
Thermal Effect	p. 4
Non-thermal Effect	p. 5
Selectivity towards Water	p. 6
Selectivity towards Catalyst	p. 7
Catalyst as Susceptors	p. 7
Stability of Catalyst	p. 7
Conclusion	p. 7
References	p. 8
Metal-catalyzed Reactions in Water under MW Irradiation
Introduction	p. 10
Addition Reactions	p. 11
Isomerization Reactions	p. 17
Substitution Reactions	p. 19
Cyclization Reactions	p. 28
Reduction and Oxidation Reactions	p. 38
Miscellaneous Reactions	p. 44
Representative Experimental Examples	p. 45
Addition Reactions	p. 45
Isomerization Reactions	p. 46
Substitution Reactions	p. 46
Cyclization Reactions	p. 47
Reduction and Oxidation Reactions	p. 48
Miscellaneous Reactions	p. 48
Conclusions	p. 49
Acknowledgements	p. 49
References	p. 49
Microwave-assisted Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction	p. 56
Heck Reaction	p. 71
Sonogashira Reactions	p. 75
Stille Reactions	p. 78
Hiyama Reactions	p. 78
Cyanation Reactions	p. 79
Carbonylation Reactions	p. 80
Representative Experimental Syntheses	p. 83
Synthesis of 4,5-Dimethoxy-2-vinyl-2'-pivaloylamino-biphenyl	p. 83
Synthesis of 4-Phenyltoluene	p. 83
Synthesis of m-Carboxycinnamic Acid in Homogeneous Heck Reactions in D2O	p. 84
Synthesis of Ethyl 3-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl) propanoate	p. 84
Synthesis of 5-Chloro-2-phenylethynyl-pyridine	p. 84
Synthesis of 4-Methoxybenzonitrile	p. 85
Aminocarbonylation and Hydroxycarbonylation	p. 85
Conclusion	p. 86
References	p. 86
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Bio-active Heterocycles in Aqueous Media	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
MW-assisted Nitrogen-containing Heterocycle Synthesis in Water	p. 92
MW-assisted Synthesis of Oxygen- and Sulfur-containing Heterocycles in Water	p. 106
MW-assisted Miscellaneous Reactions in Water	p. 112
Representative Experimental Procedures	p. 118
Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones	p. 118
Synthesis of 2-Aminochromene Derivatives	p. 118
Synthesis of Dioxane-functionalized Molecules	p. 118
Synthesis of Sulfonyl-benzothiazole-based Bio-active Compounds	p. 119
Synthesis of a Series of new ß-Aminoketones	p. 119
Conclusions	p. 119
References	p. 119
Microwave-assisted Enzymatic Reactions in Aqueous Media	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Microwave-assisted Enzymatic Reactions in Water (or Aqueous Buffer)	p. 125
Effect of Microwave Irradiation on Enzyme Activity in Aqueous Solutions	p. 125
Microwave-assisted Enzymatic Protein Digestion	p. 130
Microwave-assisted Enzymatic Reactions in Aqueous Solutions of Organic Solvents	p. 132
Microwave-assisted Enzymatic Reactions in Ionic Liquids	p. 133
Non-thermal Effect of Microwave Irradiation on Enzymes	p. 136
Prospects of Microwave Irradiation in Aqueous Phase Biocatalysis	p. 137
Experimental	p. 137
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Starch in Water under Microwave Irradiation	p. 137
Enzymatic Transglycosylation of Lactose in Hexanol-Water (70:30, v/v) under Microwave Irradiation	p. 138
Enzymatic Digestion of Proteins (Cytochrome c, Myoglobin, Lysozyme, and Ubiquitin)	p. 138
Acknowledgements	p. 138
References	p. 138
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Polymers in Aqueous Media	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Medium	p. 146
Free-Radical Polymerization	p. 146
Radical Polymerization in Dispersed Media	p. 151
Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization in Dispersed Media	p. 155
Step-growth Polymerization in Aqueous Media	p. 157
Synthesis of Poly(ether)s	p. 157
Synthesis of Poly(amide)s and Poly(imide)s	p. 158
Synthesis of Polytriazoles	p. 160
C-C Coupling Polymerizations	p. 160
Miscellaneous Polymer Synthesis in Aqueous Media	p. 162
Cationic Polymerization	p. 162
Polymer Modifications	p. 162
Solid-phase Peptide Synthesis in Water 169
Experimental	p. 170
PMMA Grafting onto a Polysaccharide	p. 170
PMMA Synthesis in Emulsion Polymerization	p. 170
Synthesis of PMMA Nanoparticles	p. 171
Synthesis of Polyacrylamide-Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites	p. 171
Nitroxide-assisted Synthesis of Styrene in Miniemulsion	p. 171
Synthesis of Poly(ether)s	p. 171
Synthesis of Poly(imide)s	p. 171
Polymerization by C-C Coupling	p. 172
Cationic Polymerization	p. 172
Polymer Modification by Click Chemistry	p. 172
References	p. 172
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media	p. 176
Introduction	p. 176
Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles using Water under Microwave Irradiation	p. 178
Gold (Au) Nanoparticles	p. 178
Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles	p. 182
Palladium (Pd) and Platinum (Pt) Nanoparticles	p. 185
Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Aqueous Medium under MW Irradiation Conditions	p. 186
Synthesis of Titania (TiO2) Nanoparticles	p. 187
Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles	p. 189
Synthesis of Ferrite Nanoparticles	p. 191
Synthesis of Quantum Dots in Aqueous Medium under Microwave Conditions	p. 194
Nanoparticles as Catalysts	p. 195
Ruthenium Hydroxide Nano-catalyst for Microwave-assisted Hydration of Nitriles in Water	p. 202
Glutathione-based Nano-organocatalyst for Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Heterocycles in Water	p. 203
Representative Experimental Procedures	p. 205
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles	p. 205
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles	p. 206
Synthesis of Different TiO2 Nanoparticles	p. 207
Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures	p. 207
Selected Methods for Production of Ferrite Nanoparticles	p. 208
Conclusion	p. 209
References	p. 209
Subject Index	p. 217
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