Arch 5E Pa

by Renfrew,Colin

• ISBN13: 9780500287132
• ISBN10: 0500287139
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2008-05-17
• Publisher: THAMES&HUD

Summary

This best-selling textbook on what archaeologists do and how they do it has now been completely revised. Structured according to the key questions that archaeologists ask themselves, it provides coverage of all the major developments in methods, science, technology, and theory. For the fifth edition, the voices of indigenous archaeologists have been included, and there is updated coverage of archaeological ethics and Cultural Resource Management. Recent findings are discussed, and there is expanded coverage of topics such as bioarchaeology and geoarchaeology.

Author Biography

Colin Renfrew is Disney Professor Emeritus of Archaeology and former Director of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at the University of Cambridge Paul Bahn is a prehistorian and archaeological writer

Table of Contents

Preface to the College Edition	p. 9
Introduction: The Nature and Aims of Archaeology	p. 12
The Framework of Archaeology	p. 19
The Searchers: The History of Archaeology	p. 21
The Speculative Phase	p. 22
The Beginnings of Modern Archaeology	p. 26
Classification and Consolidation	p. 32
A Turning Point in Archaeology	p. 40
World Archaeology	p. 41
Summary	p. 50
Further Reading	p. 50
Box Features
Digging Pompeii: Past and Present	p. 24
Evolution: Darwin's Great Idea	p. 27
North American Archaeological Pioneers	p. 30
The Development of Field Techniques	p. 33
Women Pioneers of Archaeology	p. 38
Processual Archaeology: Key Concepts	p. 41
Interpretive or Postprocessual Archaeologies	p. 44
Catalhoyuk: Interpretive Archaeologies in Action	p. 46
Broadening the Frame	p. 48
What is Left?: The Variety of the Evidence	p. 51
Basic Categories of Archaeological Evidence	p. 51
Formation Processes	p. 54
Cultural Formation Processes - How People Have Affected What Survives in the Archaeological Record	p. 56
Natural Formation Processes - How Nature Affects What Survives in the Archaeological Record	p. 57
Summary	p. 72
Further Reading	p. 72
Box Features
Experimental Archaeology	p. 55
Wet Preservation: The Ozette Site	p. 62
Dry Preservation: The Tomb of Tutankhamun	p. 64
Cold Preservation 1: Mountain "Mummies"	p. 67
Cold Preservation 2: The Iceman	p. 68
Where?: Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features	p. 73
Discovering Archaeological Sites and Features	p. 74
Assessing the Layout of Sites and Features	p. 95
Excavation	p. 107
Summary	p. 119
Further Reading	p. 120
Box Features
The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project	p. 76
Sampling Strategies	p. 80
Archaeological Sites from the Air	p. 84
GIS and the Giza Plateau	p. 92
Tell Halula: Multi-period Surface Investigations	p. 98
Geophysical Survey at Roman Wroxeter	p. 102
Measuring Magnetism	p. 104
Controlled Archaeological Test Site	p. 106
Underwater Archaeology	p. 109
Excavating the Red Bay Wreck	p. 110
When?: Dating Methods and Chronology	p. 121
Relative Dating	p. 122
Stratigraphy	p. 122
Typological Sequences	p. 124
Genetic Dating	p. 128
Linguistic Dating	p. 129
Climate and Chronology	p. 129
Absolute Dating	p. 133
Calendars and Historical Chronologies	p. 133
Annual Cycles: Varves and Tree-Rings	p. 137
Radioactive Clocks	p. 141
Trapped Electron Dating Methods	p. 154
Calibrated Relative Methods	p. 159
Chronological Correlations	p. 162
World Chronology	p. 165
Summary	p. 174
Further Reading	p. 174
Box Features
The Maya Calendar	p. 134
The Principles of Radioactive Decay	p. 142
The Publication of Radiocarbon Results	p. 144
How to Calibrate Radiocarbon Dates	p. 146
Dating Our African Ancestors	p. 152
Dating the Thera Eruption	p. 164
Discovering the Variety of Human Experience	p. 175
How Were Societies Organized?: Social Archaeology	p. 177
Establishing the Nature and Scale of the Society	p. 178
Further Sources of Information for Social Organization	p. 186
Techniques of Study for Mobile Hunter-Gatherer Societies	p. 194
Techniques of Study for Segmentary Societies	p. 198
Techniques of Study for Chiefdoms and States	p. 207
The Archaeology of the Individual and of Identity	p. 220
The Emergence of Identity and Society	p. 223
Investigating Gender and Childhood	p. 225
The Molecular Genetics of Social Groups and Lineages	p. 228
Summary	p. 230
Further Reading	p. 230
Box Features
Settlement Patterns in Mesopotamia	p. 182
Ancient Ethnicity and Language	p. 193
Space and Density in Hunter-Gatherer Camps	p. 196
Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis	p. 201
Interpreting the Landscape of Early Wessex	p. 204
Maya Territories	p. 208
Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDSCAL)	p. 210
Archaeological and Social Analysis at Moundville	p. 216
Conflict and Warfare	p. 218
Early Intermediate Period Peru: Gender Relations	p. 224
What Was the Environment?: Environmental Archaeology	p. 231
Investigating Environments on a Global Scale	p. 231
Studying the Landscape: Geoarchaeology	p. 238
Reconstructing the Plant Environment	p. 245
Reconstructing the Animal Environment	p. 253
Reconstructing the Human Environment	p. 261
Summary	p. 274
Further Reading	p. 274
Box Features
Sea and Ice Cores and Global Warming	p. 233
El Nino Events	p. 234
Cave Sediments	p. 240
Pollen Analysis	p. 246
Elands Bay Cave	p. 258
Water Pollution in Ancient North America	p. 263
Site Catchment Analysis	p. 264
Mapping the Ancient Environment: Cahokia and GIS	p. 266
Ancient Gardens at Kuk Swamp	p. 268
What Did They Eat?: Subsistence and Diet	p. 275
What Can Plant Foods Tell Us About Diet?	p. 276
Information from Animal Resources	p. 289
Investigating Diet, Seasonality, and Domestication from Animal Remains	p. 291
How Were Animal Resources Exploited?	p. 307
Assessing Diet from Human Remains	p. 311
Summary	p. 315
Further Reading	p. 316
Box Features
Paleoethnobotany: A Case Study	p. 278
Butser Experimental Iron Age Farm	p. 282
Investigating the Rise of Farming in Western Asia	p. 286
Taphonomy	p. 292
Quantifying Animal Bones	p. 294
Bison Drive Sites	p. 296
The Study of Animal Teeth	p. 298
Farming Origins: A Case Study	p. 302
Shell Midden Analysis	p. 304
How Did They Make and Use Tools?: Technology	p. 317
Unaltered Materials: Stone	p. 319
Other Unaltered Materials	p. 334
Synthetic Materials	p. 341
Archaeometallurgy	p. 345
Summary	p. 355
Further Reading	p. 356
Box Features
Artifacts or "Geofacts" at Pedra Furada?	p. 320
How Were Large Stones Raised?	p. 324
Refitting and Microwear Studies at Rekem	p. 330
Woodworking in the Somerset Levels	p. 336
Metallographic Examination	p. 347
Copper Production in Ancient Peru	p. 348
Early Steelmaking: An Ethnoarchaeological Experiment	p. 354
What Contact Did They Have?: Trade and Exchange	p. 357
The Study of Interaction	p. 357
Discovering the Sources of Traded Goods: Characterization	p. 364
The Study of Distribution	p. 374
The Study of Production	p. 382
The Study of Consumption	p. 382
Exchange and Interaction: The Complete System	p. 384
Summary	p. 390
Further Reading	p. 390
Box Features
Modes of Exchange	p. 361
Materials of Prestige Value	p. 362
Analyzing Artifact Composition	p. 368
Lead Isotope Analysis	p. 372
Trend Surface Analysis	p. 378
Fall-off Analysis	p. 379
Distribution: The Uluburun Wreck	p. 380
Production: Greenstone Artifacts in Australia	p. 383
Interaction Spheres: Hopewell	p. 389
What Did They Think?: Cognitive Archaeology, Art, and Religion	p. 391
Investigating How Human Symbolizing Faculties Evolved	p. 393
Working with Symbols	p. 399
From Written Source to Cognitive Map	p. 400
Establishing Place: The Location of Memory	p. 403
Measuring the World	p. 404
Planning: Maps for the Future	p. 406
Symbols of Organization and Power	p. 408
Symbols for the Other World: The Archaeology of Religion	p. 412
Depiction: Art and Representation	p. 418
Mind and Material Engagement	p. 426
Summary	p. 428
Further Reading	p. 428
Box Features
Paleolithic Art	p. 396
Clues to Early Thought	p. 398
Maya Symbols of Power	p. 410
The World's Oldest Sanctuary	p. 414
Recognizing Cult Activity at Chavin	p. 416
Identifying Individual Artists in Ancient Greece	p. 420
Conventions of Representation in Egyptian Art	p. 422
Sacrifice and Symbol in Mesoamerica	p. 424
Cognition and Neuroscience	p. 427
Who Were They? What Were They Like?: The Bioarchaeology of People	p. 429
Identifying Physical Attributes	p. 431
Assessing Human Abilities	p. 441
Disease, Deformity, and Death	p. 447
Assessing Nutrition	p. 459
Population Studies	p. 460
Diversity and Evolution	p. 463
Questions of Identity	p. 467
Summary	p. 467
Further Reading	p. 468
Box Features
Spitalfields: Determining Biological Age at Death	p. 434
Facial Reconstructions	p. 439
Examining Bodies	p. 448
Life and Death Among the Inuit	p. 452
Lindow Man: The Body in the Bog	p. 456
Genetics and Language Histories	p. 462
Studying the Origins of New World and Australian Populations	p. 466
Why Did Things Change?: Explanation in Archaeology	p. 469
Migrationist and Diffusionist Explanations	p. 470
The Processual Approach	p. 474
Applications	p. 476
The Form of Explanation: General or Particular	p. 482
Attempts at Explanation: One Cause or Several?	p. 483
Postprocessual or Interpretive Explanation	p. 491
Cognitive Archaeology	p. 495
Agency, Materiality, and Engagement	p. 499
Summary	p. 502
Further Reading	p. 502
Box Features
Diffusionist Explanation Rejected: Great Zimbabwe	p. 472
Molecular Genetics, Population Dynamics and Climate Change: Europe	p. 474
The Origins of Farming: A Processual Explanation	p. 477
Marxist Archaeology: Key Features	p. 479
Language Families and Language Change	p. 480
Origins of the State 1: Peru	p. 484
Origins of the State 2: The Aegean, A Multivariate Approach	p. 488
The Classic Maya Collapse	p. 492
Explaining the European Megaliths	p. 496
The Individual as an Agent of Change	p. 500
The World of Archaeology	p. 503
Archaeology in Action: Five Case Studies	p. 505
The Oaxaca Projects: The Origins and Rise of the Zapotec State	p. 506
The Calusa of Florida: A Complex Hunter-Gatherer Society	p. 515
Research Among Hunter-Gatherers: Kakadu National Park, Australia	p. 521
Khok Phanom Di: The Origins of Rice Farming in Southeast Asia	p. 528
York and the Public Presentation of Archaeology	p. 534
Further Reading	p. 544
Whose Past?: Archaeology and the Public	p. 545
The Meaning of the Past: The Archaeology of Identity	p. 545
Archaeological Ethics	p. 548
Who Owns the Past?	p. 549
The Uses of the Past	p. 554
Conservation and Destruction	p. 558
Who Interprets and Presents the Past?	p. 571
Archaeology and Public Understanding	p. 571
Summary	p. 576
Overview	p. 577
Further Reading	p. 577
Box Features
The Politics of Destruction: The Bamiyan Buddhas	p. 547
The Fortunes of War	p. 550
Applied Archaeology: Raised Fields in Peru	p. 556
CRM in Practice: The Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway Project	p. 560
Conservation in Mexico City: The Great Temple of the Aztecs	p. 564
Destruction and Response: Mimbres	p. 566
"Collectors Are the Real Looters"	p. 568
Archaeology at the Fringe	p. 572
Internet Archaeology	p. 574
Glossary	p. 578
Notes and Bibliography	p. 587
Acknowledgments	p. 634
Index	p. 637
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