Archaeology at the Millennium

by Feinman, Gary M.; Price, T. Douglas

• ISBN13: 9780306464522
• ISBN10: 0306464527
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-08-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

An internationally distinguished roster of contributors considers the state of the art of the discipline of archaeology at the turn of the 21st century and charts an ambitious agenda for the future. The chapters address a wide range of topics including paradigms, practice, and relevance of the discipline; paleoanthropology; fully modern humans; holocene hunter-gatherers; the transition to food and craft production; social inequality; warfare; state and empire formation; and the uneasy relationship between classical and anthropological archaeology.

Table of Contents

Part I Introduction
Archaeology at the Millennium: Of Paradigms and Practice	3	(8)
Gary M. Feinman
T. Douglas Price
Introduction	3	(2)
Key Research Questions and Metatheory	5	(2)
The Tempo of Theoretical Change	6	(1)
The Larger Social Milieu	6	(1)
Archaeology and Anthropology	7	(1)
The Volume	7	(4)
References	8	(3)
An Aspect of Archaeology's Recent Past and Its Relevance in the New Millennium	11	(28)
Jeremy A. Sabloff
Wendy Ashmore
Introduction	11	(3)
Definitions and Background	14	(3)
The Success of the Settlement Pattern Approach	17	(3)
The Social Context of the Rise of Settlement Pattern Research	20	(1)
Settlement Pattern Studies as a Mirror of General Archaeological Trends	21	(2)
Current and Future Roles of Settlement Pattern Studies	23	(3)
Concluding Remarks	26	(13)
References	26	(13)
Part II First Hominids to Complex Hunter--Gatherers
Paleoanthropology at the Millennium	39	(70)
Kathy Schick
Nicholas Toth
Introduction	39	(1)
Paleoanthropology of the Earliest Hominids	39	(14)
General Trends	40	(1)
Major Taxa and New Discoveries	41	(1)
Hominid Origins and Evolutionary Patterns	41	(4)
Summary of Ardipithecus and the Australopithecines	45	(5)
Summary of the Genus Homo	50	(3)
Behavioral Aspects of Hominid Evolution	53	(1)
The Archaeology of the Earliest Hominids: The Oldowan	53	(17)
The Antiquity of the Stone Age	54	(1)
Overview of Major Patterns	54	(1)
Stone Technologies	54	(3)
Use of Other Raw Materials for Tools?	57	(1)
Who Were the Tool Makers?	57	(1)
Early Oldowan Sites	57	(1)
Oldowan Technology and Tool Function	58	(6)
Nature of the Early Sites	64	(2)
Current Approaches in the Study of Early Sites	66	(1)
Diet and Subsistence of Early Hominids	67	(1)
Environment and Early Hominid Evolution	68	(1)
Social Organization of Early Hominids	69	(1)
The Rise of the Acheulean and the Spread Out of Africa	70	(16)
New Technological Developments	70	(4)
Early Evidence of the Spread of Hominids Out of Africa	74	(1)
Western and Central Asia	75	(1)
Eastern Asia	76	(4)
Europe	80	(6)
General Evolutionary and Technological Trends	86	(1)
Questions Regarding Behavioral and Adaptive Patterns	86	(2)
Controlled Use of Fire?	86	(1)
Architecture and Structures?	87	(1)
The Importance of Hunting?	87	(1)
Symbolic and Ritual Behaviors?	88	(1)
A Summary of Turning Points in Our Understanding	88	(4)
Time Depth of Human Prehistory	88	(1)
Recency of Split with Apes	89	(1)
Antiquity of Bipedalism, Predating Flaked Stone Tools, and Brain Enlargement	89	(1)
Proliferation of Hominid Species/Bushing of the Family Tree	90	(1)
Antiquity of Stone Tools	90	(1)
Beyond Typology: Focus on Behavior	90	(1)
Use of Actualistic and Experimental Studies	91	(1)
Questioning Early Hominid Behavioral Modes	91	(1)
Predictions for the Twenty-First Century	92	(3)
140 Years Later: Taking Stock	95	(14)
References	95	(14)
Fully Modern Humans	109	(28)
Richard G. Klein
Introduction	109	(1)
Fossils, Genetics, and Modern Human Origins	110	(5)
Archaeology and Out of Africa 2	115	(3)
Some Problems with Out of Africa 2	118	(11)
What Explains the Relatively Abrupt Appearance of Modern Human Behavior (the Modern Capacity for Culture) 50,000 Years Ago?	120	(2)
Were Neanderthals Fundamentally Incapable of Fully Modern Behavior?	122	(1)
Did Neanderthals Manage to Survive in Parts of Europe for Thousands of Years After Modern People Arrived?	123	(1)
Why Weren't the Earliest Modern Humans as Heavily Built as the Neanderthals?	124	(1)
What Kind of People First Occupied the Americas and Australasia?	125	(1)
Was Out of Africa 2 Encouraged by a Significant Advance in Human Ability to Hunt and Gather 50,000 to 40,000 Years Ago?	126	(1)
Is It Really True That Modern Behavioral Markers Appeared Widely Only About 50,000 to 40,000 Years Ago?	127	(2)
Conclusion	129	(8)
References	130	(7)
Holocene Hunter-Gatherers	137	(62)
Robert L. Bettinger
Introduction	137	(1)
Background to the Modern View	138	(7)
Cultural Ecology	140	(1)
Population	140	(2)
Social Relations	142	(2)
Summary	144	(1)
Holocene Environment	145	(4)
Holocene Technology	149	(5)
Holocene Inventions	149	(3)
The Bow and Arrow	152	(2)
Holocene Adaptive Strategies	154	(18)
Foragers and Collectors	154	(2)
Forager and Collector Technology and Risk	156	(1)
Reliability and Maintainability	157	(7)
Traveler--Processor Model	164	(2)
Implications for Holocene Hunter--Gatherers	166	(1)
Linear Programming Models of Ethnographic Hunter--Gatherer Diets	167	(5)
Storage, Sedentism, and Territoriality	172	(11)
Transition to Energy Maximizing in California and the Great Basin	181	(1)
Discussion	182	(1)
Implications	183	(16)
References	186	(13)
Part III The Transition from Hunter--Gatherers to Agricultural Villages
The Transition to Food Production	199	(32)
Bruce D. Smith
Introduction	199	(1)
Closing Down or Opening Up?	200	(2)
Multiple Regional Mosaics	202	(3)
Subregional Scales of Analysis	205	(2)
New Paradigms	207	(8)
Generes of Explanation	215	(3)
The Food-Fight Theory	218	(3)
``Regional Scale Between the Lines'' Theories	221	(5)
Conclusion	226	(5)
References	227	(4)
Richman, Poorman, Beggarman, Chief: The Dynamics of Social Inequality	231	(42)
Brian Hayden
Introduction	231	(3)
Definitions and Concepts	232	(2)
Evidence for the Evolution of Social Hierarchies	234	(10)
The Lower Paleolithic	234	(1)
The Middle Paleolithic	235	(1)
The Upper Paleolithic	236	(4)
The Mesolithic	240	(1)
The Neolithic	241	(3)
The Major Models	244	(10)
Who Benefits?	246	(4)
Control of What?	250	(1)
Population Pressure	251	(3)
The Emergence of Prestige Technologies	254	(11)
Aggrandizing Strategies That Work	258	(1)
Ownership	258	(1)
Contractual Debts	258	(1)
Feasting	258	(1)
Bride Prices	259	(1)
Investment in Children	259	(1)
Prestige Items	260	(1)
Trade and Profit	260	(1)
Taboos, Fines, and Control in Dispute Resolution	260	(1)
Warfare and Other Calamities	261	(1)
Access to the Supernatural	261	(1)
Manipulation of Cultural Values	262	(1)
Separation from Others	262	(1)
Payoffs	262	(3)
Concluding Comments	265	(8)
References	266	(7)
Craft Production Systems	273	(56)
Cathy Lynne Costin
Introduction	273	(5)
Specialization	275	(1)
Production Types and Parameters	276	(1)
Components of Production Systems	277	(1)
Identifying Production Systems in the Archaeological Record	278	(1)
Producers	278	(8)
Specilists	279	(1)
Intensity	280	(1)
Compensation	281	(1)
Skill	281	(1)
Artisan Identity and Social Roles	282	(1)
Social Rank/Status	282	(2)
Gender	284	(1)
Other Elements of Social Identity	284	(1)
Crafting as Identity	285	(1)
Principles of Recruitment	285	(1)
Means of Production	286	(6)
Raw Materials	286	(1)
Raw Material Sources: Compositional Analysis	286	(1)
Principles of Resource Procurement	287	(1)
Performance Characteristics of Raw Materials	287	(1)
Technology	287	(1)
Technological Complexity and the Organization of Production	288	(1)
Efficiency	289	(2)
Output and the Organization of Production	291	(1)
Control and Technology	291	(1)
Technological Variation and the Organization of Production	292	(1)
Organizing Principles of the Production System	292	(11)
Spatial Organization of Production	293	(1)
Permanent Features	293	(1)
Manufacturing Tools and Debris	294	(1)
Concentration of Production Activities	295	(1)
Social Organization of Production	296	(1)
Constitution of Production Units	296	(1)
Sociopolitical Context of Production: Attached and Independent Production	297	(2)
Embedded Production	299	(2)
Standardization	301	(2)
Objects	303	(1)
Function and Meaning	304	(1)
Quantitative Aspects of the Demand	304	(1)
Mechanisms of Distribution	304	(2)
Consumers	306	(1)
Consumption Patterns and the Organization of Production	306	(1)
Theory: Issues of Origins, Process, and Explanation	306	(6)
Political Explanations	307	(1)
Economic Explanations	308	(1)
The Role of Studies of Households and Middle-Range Societies in Developing New Models and Explanatory Frameworks	308	(1)
Household Divisions of Labor and the Development of Specialization	309	(1)
Divisions of Labor in Middle-Range Societies and the Development of Specialization	310	(2)
Summary and Conclusions: Where do We Go From Here?	312	(17)
References	314	(15)
Warfare and the Evolution of Culture	329	(24)
Jonathan Haas
Introduction	329	(1)
The Archaeology of War (and Peace)	330	(2)
The Origins of War	332	(3)
War in the Neolithic	335	(5)
Warfare and the Development of Cultural Complexity	340	(2)
Conclusions	342	(11)
References	344	(9)
Part IV The Rise of Archaic States
Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World	353	(28)
Gil J. Stein
Introduction	353	(1)
From State Development to State Dynamics	353	(3)
Variability and Heterogeneity in Early State Political Economy	356	(3)
Cities and States	359	(2)
State Infrastructures I: Agriculture and Herding Systems	361	(2)
State Infrastructures II: Craft Production	363	(3)
Exchange Economies, Interregional Interaction, and Secondary State Formation	366	(2)
Nagging Problems and Emerging Research Foci	368	(13)
References	370	(11)
State Formation in the New World	381	(34)
Linda Manzanilla
Introduction	381	(4)
Chiefdoms	382	(1)
Definitions of the State	383	(1)
State Origins	384	(1)
States versus Urbanism	384	(1)
State Formation and Development in Mesoamerica	385	(16)
The Gulf Coast	385	(2)
The Classic Period in Central Mexico	387	(6)
The Postclassic Period in Central Mexico	393	(1)
The Toltec	393	(1)
The Aztec	394	(1)
The Tarascans	395	(1)
The State in the Valley of Oaxaca	396	(2)
Evolution of the State in the Maya Region	398	(3)
State Emergence and Development in the Andean Region	401	(6)
Mochica	401	(2)
Wari	403	(1)
Tiwanaku	404	(1)
Chimu and Inka	405	(2)
Concluding Remarks	407	(8)
References	408	(7)
Classical Archaeology and Anthropological Archaeology in North America: A Meeting of Minds at the Millennium?	415	(24)
Jack L. Davis
Classical Archaeology in the United States: The Present State of the Discipline	415	(6)
The Width of the Great Divide in the United States	416	(2)
The Depth of the Great Divide: A Colony and Its Grandmother	418	(3)
Contributions to an Anthropological Discourse	421	(9)
The Paleolithic and the Colonization of Europe	421	(2)
Spread of Food Production	423	(1)
Social Inequality and Processes of State Formation	424	(5)
The Archaeology of States and Empires	429	(1)
Classical Archaeology in the Next Millennium	430	(9)
References	432	(7)
Empires	439	(36)
Carla M. Sinopoli
Introduction	439	(5)
Definitions	444	(3)
Problems of Scale	447	(4)
Spatial Scales	448	(1)
Time and Process	448	(2)
Scales of Interaction	450	(1)
Rulers and Subjects	451	(5)
Imperial Elites	451	(3)
Regional Elites	454	(1)
Nonelites	455	(1)
Imperial Consolidation and Administration	456	(6)
Administration and Record Keeping	457	(1)
Ideologies and Identities	458	(2)
Historical Knowledge and Memories	460	(1)
Resistance	461	(1)
Archaeology Challenges: Horizon or Hegemony?	462	(2)
Conclusions	464	(11)
References	466	(9)
Part V Conclusion
The Archaeology of the Future	475	(22)
T. Douglas Price
Gary M. Feinman
Introduction	475	(1)
The Past of Archaeology	475	(6)
Current Conditions	481	(4)
The Future of Archaeology	485	(7)
Archaeology in the Academy	487	(2)
Archaeological Research	489	(1)
New Perspectives	490	(1)
New Methods	491	(1)
Conclusions	492	(5)
References	493	(4)
Index	497