Archaeomineralogy

This book presents a systematic look at the utilization of rock and mineral materials from prehistoric times through the 17th century ACE. The coverage is nearly world-wide and gives more than 800 references. Among the numerous illustrations are maps showing the location of major rock, mineral, and ore deposits, as well as photos and drawings of minerals, artifacts, statues, and large structures. Major portions of this book are based on 34 years of experience the author has doing geoarchaeology, archaeomineralogy, and archaeometallurgy in more than a dozen countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America.

George (Rip) Rapp is Regent's Professor of Geoarchaeology and Director of the Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Minnesota.

Introduction

1

(12)

Prologue

1

(1)

Organization of the Book

2

(1)

The Ancient Authors

3

(10)

Classical Authors and Mineralogy

5

(1)

Theophrastus

5

(1)

Dioscorides

6

(1)

Pliny the Elder

6

(1)

Vitruvius

7

(1)

Diodorus of Sicily

8

(1)

Medieval Authors

8

(1)

Isadore of Seville

8

(1)

Albertus Magnus

9

(1)

Arab Writers

10

(1)

Al-Biruni

10

(1)

Avicenna

11

(1)

Indian and Chinese Writers

11

(2)

Properties of Minerals

13

(28)

Mineral Chemistry

13

(1)

Mineral Structure

13

(4)

Mineral Identification Methods

17

(5)

Element Analyses

17

(2)

Petrographic Analyses

19

(1)

Physical Methods of Identification

20

(2)

Color of Minerals

22

(19)

Exploitation of Mineral and Rock Raw Materials

41

(22)

Introduction

41

(1)

Rock Classification and Properties

42

(10)

Igneous Rocks

42

(6)

Sedimentary Rocks

48

(4)

Deposits

52

(3)

Surface Deposits

52

(1)

Placer Deposits

53

(1)

Residual Deposits

54

(1)

Metamorphic Rocks

55

(3)

Outcrops, Mining, and Quarrying

58

(5)

Lithic Materials

63

(24)

Introduction

63

(7)

Microcrystalline Quartz

70

(6)

Other Siliceous Rocks

76

(3)

Quartzite

77

(1)

Opal

78

(1)

Felsite

78

(1)

Rhyolite/Andesite

78

(1)

Siliceous Shale/Slate/Schist

79

(1)

Obsidian

79

(4)

Other Rock Types

83

(4)

Gemstones, Seal Stones, and Ceremonial Stones

87

(30)

Introduction

87

(3)

Quartz Minerals

90

(6)

Crystalline Varieties

90

(2)

Cryptocrystalline Varieties

92

(4)

Non-Quartz Silicates and Minerals

96

(10)

Coarse-Grained

96

(5)

Fine-Grained

101

(4)

Glassy

105

(1)

Carbonate and Sulfate Minerals

106

(2)

Coarse-Grained

106

(1)

Fine-Grained

106

(2)

Oxide Minerals

108

(3)

Organic Gems

111

(2)

Other Gem Minerals

113

(4)

Sulfide Materials

114

(3)

Soft Stones and Other Carvable Materials

117

(22)

Introduction

117

(1)

Serpentinite

117

(3)

Steatite and Soapstone

120

(3)

Asbestos

123

(1)

Alabaster and Gypsum

123

(4)

Marble

127

(4)

Catlinite

131

(1)

Other Carved Stone

131

(1)

Sedimentary Rocks

132

(3)

Volcanic Rocks

135

(1)

Miscellaneous Rocks

136

(3)

Metals and Related Minerals and Ores

139

(40)

Introduction

139

(3)

Gold

142

(5)

Silver

147

(3)

Native Copper

150

(3)

Other Copper Minerals

153

(8)

The Copper Ore Minerals

160

(1)

Iron

161

(3)

Iron Minerals

164

(2)

Tin Minerals

166

(6)

Lead Minerals

172

(2)

Zinc Minerals

174

(1)

Other Ore Minerals and Metals

175

(2)

Oxidation of Metallic Ores

177

(2)

Ceramic Raw Materials

179

(18)

Introduction

179

(1)

Clays

180

(5)

Pottery

185

(1)

Tempers

186

(1)

Glazes

187

(2)

Porcelain

189

(1)

Glass

190

(2)

Faience

192

(1)

Fired-Brick, Tile, and Terracotta

193

(2)

Refractory Ceramics

195

(2)

Pigments and Colorants

197

(22)

The Nature of Pigments and Colorants

197

(2)

Historical Background

199

(4)

Iron Oxide Compounds

203

(5)

Manganese Compounds

208

(1)

Copper Compounds

208

(2)

Lead Compounds

210

(2)

Carbon Compounds

212

(1)

Sulfide Compounds

212

(1)

Carbonates

213

(1)

Silicates

213

(3)

Gold and Silver

216

(1)

Tin Compounds

217

(2)

Abrasives, Salt, Shells, and Miscellaneous Geological Raw Materials

219

(24)

Introduction

219

(1)

Abrasives

219

(1)

Salt (Halite)

220

(4)

Natron

224

(1)

Alum

225

(3)

Shells, Coral, and Fossil Bone

228

(6)

Other Geological Raw Materials

234

(9)

Mica

234

(1)

Petroleum Products - Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch

235

(2)

Sulfur

237

(1)

Mercury

238

(1)

Saltpeter, Niter

239

(1)

Epsomite

240

(1)

Nitric Acid

240

(1)

Tutty/Cadmea

240

(1)

Fuller's Earth

241

(2)

Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials

243

(32)

Introduction

243

(1)

Building Stone

243

(12)

Granite/Diorite

246

(2)

Porphyry

248

(1)

Basalt/Andesite/Dolerite

248

(2)

Limestone/Sandstone

250

(1)

Marble

251

(1)

Slate/Schist/Quartzite

252

(3)

Gypsum

255

(1)

Cements and Mortars

255

(8)

Lime

255

(3)

Gypsum

258

(1)

Aggregates

258

(1)

Hydraulic Reactions

259

(1)

Natural Pozzolana

260

(1)

Artificial ``Pozzolana''

261

(1)

Modern Portland Cement

262

(1)

Masonry

263

(1)

Mud Brick, Terracotta, and Other Earthen Architectural Materials

263

(4)

Weathering and Decomposition

267

(8)

References

275

(28)

Glossary

303

(6)

Appendix

309

(6)

Rock and Mineral Names Index

315

(6)

Geographic Index

321

(4)

General Index

325

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