Archeology of the Florida Gulf Coast

by Willey, Gordon R.

• ISBN13: 9780813016030
• ISBN10: 0813016037
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-08-01
• Publisher: Univ Pr of Florida

Summary

Fifty years after its first publication by the Smithsonian Institution, this landmark work is back in print. Written by the dean of North and South American archaeologists, Gordon Willey, the book initially marked a new phase in archaeological research. It continues to offer a major synthesis of the archaeology of the Florida Gulf Coast, with complete descriptions and illustrations of all the pottery types found in the area. The book contains data that remain indispensable to archaeologists working in every region or state east of the Mississippi River. Nowhere else can the reader find as compact, and at the same time as detailed, a summary of the numerous ceramic types upon which Gulf Florida archaeological chronology is based. It includes an overview of all the work early archaeologists did in the area from the 1800s up through the time of the federal relief archaeology programs of the 1930s, and it has become the foundation upon which all subsequent research in the Gulf area has been constructed.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xxi	(4)
Jerald T. Milanich
Preface to the 1998 Edition	xxv
Introduction	1	(8)
Purpose of study	1	(1)
Definition of the Florida Gulf Coast area	2	(1)
Procedures of classification	3	(6)
The formulation of culture periods	3	(2)
Pottery classification	5	(2)
Descriptive classifications	7	(2)
I. The natural area	9	(6)
General characterization	9	(1)
Geology, soils, vegetation, and climate	9	(3)
Life potentialities	12	(3)
II. History of archeological research: 1846-1946	15	(22)
Early investigations	15	(6)
The surveys of Clarence B. Moore	21	(5)
The classificatory studies of W. H. Holmes	26	(3)
The problem of Early man in Gulf Florida	29	(1)
Subsequent work	30	(4)
The ethnohistorical studies of John R. Swanton	34	(3)
III. Excavations on the northwest coast: 1940	37	(66)
Introduction	37	(1)
Carrabelle, Franklin County (Fr-2)	38	(17)
Description of the site	38	(4)
Excavations	42	(5)
Stratigraphy	47	(8)
Mound Field, Wakulla County (Wa-8)	55	(9)
Description of the site	55	(1)
Excavations	56	(4)
Stratigraphy	60	(4)
Sowell, Bay County (By-3)	64	(8)
Description of the site	64	(2)
Excavations	66	(1)
Stratigraphy	67	(5)
Fort Walton, Okaloosa County (Ok-6)	72	(17)
Description of the site	72	(3)
Excavations	75	(2)
Stratigraphy	77	(12)
Gulf Breeze, Santa Rosa County (Sa-8)	89	(6)
Description of the site	89	(1)
Excavations	89	(2)
Stratigraphy	91	(4)
Lake Jackson, Leon County (Le-I)	95	(8)
Description of the site	95	(3)
Excavations	98	(1)
Stratigraphy	99	(1)
Conclusions	100	(3)
IV. Excavations on the west coast: 1923-1936	103	(92)
Introduction	103	(2)
Weeden Island, Pinellas County (Pi-I)	105	(8)
Introductory review	105	(1)
Site description and excavations	106	(2)
Physical anthropology	108	(1)
Pottery	108	(3)
Artifacts	111	(1)
Summary	112	(1)
Thomas, Hillsborough County (Hi-I)	113	(13)
Description of the site	113	(1)
Excavations	114	(1)
Mound structure	115	(1)
Burials	116	(1)
Physical anthropology	117	(1)
Pottery	117	(4)
Artifacts	121	(4)
Summary	125	(4)
Englewood, Sarasota County (So-I)	126	(9)
Description of the site	126	(1)
Excavations	126	(1)
Mound structure	127	(3)
Burials	130	(1)
Pottery	131	(3)
Artifacts	134	(1)
Summary	134	(1)
Safety Harbor, Pinellas County (Pi-2)	135	(7)
Description of the site	135	(1)
Excavations	136	(1)
Physical anthropology	136	(1)
Pottery	137	(2)
Artifacts	139	(1)
Summary	140	(1)
Addenda	141	(1)
Parrish mound I, Manatee County (Ma-I)	142	(4)
Description of the site and excavations	142	(1)
Pottery	143	(1)
Artifacts	144	(2)
Summary	146	(1)
Parrish mound 2, Manatee County (Ma-2)	146	(6)
Description of the site	146	(1)
Excavation, structure, and burials	147	(2)
Pottery	149	(1)
Artifacts	150	(1)
Summary	151	(1)
Parrish mound 3, Manatee County (Ma-3)	152	(4)
Description of the site	152	(1)
Excavations and burials	152	(1)
Pottery	153	(1)
Artifacts	154	(1)
Summary	155	(1)
Parrish mound 4, Manatee County (Ma-4)	156	(1)
Parrish mound 5, Manatee County (Ma-5)	156	(2)
Description of the site	156	(1)
Excavations and burials	156	(1)
Pottery	157	(1)
Artifacts	157	(1)
Summary	158	(1)
Cockroach Key, Hillsborough County (Hi-2)	158	(14)
Description of the site	158	(2)
Area A excavations	160	(1)
Mound structure of area A	161	(2)
Burials in area A	163	(1)
Pottery from area A	164	(1)
Artifacts from area A	165	(1)
Summary of area A	166	(1)
Area B excavations	167	(1)
Pottery and artifacts from area B	168	(1)
Area C excavations	169	(1)
Pottery and artifacts from area C	169	(1)
Area D excavations	169	(1)
Pottery and artifacts from area D	170	(1)
Area F excavations	170	(1)
Pottery and artifacts from area F	170	(1)
Surface collection from Cockroach Key	170	(1)
Summary of Cockroach Key	171	(1)
Perico Island, Manatee County (Ma-6)	172	(10)
General comments on the archeology of Manatee County	172	(1)
Description of the site	173	(2)
Excavation of the burial mound	175	(1)
Pottery from the burial mound	176	(1)
Artifacts from the burial mound	177	(1)
Excavation of the smaller shell midden	177	(1)
Pottery from the smaller shell midden	178	(1)
Artifacts from the smaller shell midden	179	(1)
Excavation of the cemetery	180	(1)
Pottery from the cemetery	180	(1)
Artifacts from the cemetery	180	(1)
Physical anthropology	180	(1)
Summary of Perico Island	180	(2)
Conclusions	182	(13)
The sites	182	(4)
Ceramics and artifacts	186	(4)
Evidence for chronology	190	(5)
V. Review and analysis of Gulf Coast sites	195	(156)
Introduction	195	(2)
Baldwin County, Alabama	197	(3)
Bear Point (Ba-I)	197	(3)
Other sites in Baldwin County	200	(1)
Escambia County	200	(3)
East Pensacola Heights (Es-1)	200	(1)
Top bench mark (Es-2)	200	(1)
Site 5 miles west of Navarre (Es-3)	201	(1)
First site opposite Woodlawn (Es-4)	202	(1)
Second site opposite Woodlawn (Es-5)	202	(1)
Third site opposite Woodlawn (Es-6)	202	(1)
Other sites in Escambia County	203	(1)
Santa Rosa County	203	(7)
Santa Rosa Sound (Sa-1)	203	(1)
Maester Creek (Sa-2)	204	(1)
Graveyard Point (Sa-3)	205	(1)
Navarre (Sa-4)	206	(1)
Hickory Shores (Sa-5)	207	(1)
First Gulf Breeze site (Sa-6)	207	(1)
Second Gulf Breeze site (Sa-7)	208	(1)
Third Gulf Breeze site (Sa-8)	209	(1)
Fourth Gulf Breeze site (Sa-9)	209	(1)
Eighteen-Mile Point on Santa Rosa Sound (Sa-10)	209	(1)
Other sites in Santa Rosa County	210	(1)
Okaloosa County	210	(5)
Wynhaven (Ok-1)	210	(1)
Rocky Bayou, east (Ok-2)	211	(1)
Rocky Bayou, west (Ok-3)	211	(1)
Black Point (Ok-4)	212	(1)
Site between Florosa and Mary Esther (Ok-5)	213	(1)
Fort Walton (Ok-6)	213	(2)
Walton County	215	(12)
Okaloosa-Walton county line (W1-1)	215	(1)
Villa Tasso (W1-2)	216	(1)
Big Hammock (W1-3)	216	(1)
McBee's mound (W1-4)	217	(1)
Piney Point (W1-5)	217	(1)
Hick's site (W1-6)	218	(1)
G.F. Forrest site (W1-7)	219	(1)
Mack Bayou midden site (W1-8)	219	(1)
Cemetery on Hogtown Bayou (W1-9)	220	(1)
Mound near Mack Bayou (W1-10)	221	(1)
Site west of Point Washington (W1-11)	221	(1)
Pippen's Lake (W1-12)	222	(1)
Basin Bayou, west (W1-13)	223	(1)
Basin Bayou, east (W1-14)	223	(1)
Jolly Bay (W1-15)	224	(1)
Cemetery near Point Washington (W1-16)	225	(1)
Wise Bluff (W1-17)	226	(1)
Dead River, north mound (W1-18)	226	(1)
Dead River, south mound (W1-19)	226	(1)
Douglas Bluff (W1-20)	226	(1)
Bunker Cut-off (W1-21)	227	(1)
Other sites in Walton County	227	(1)
Washington County	227	(1)
Midden northwest of Crystal Lake (Wg-1)	227	(1)
Spring Hill Landing (Wg-2)	228	(1)
Miller Field Landing (Wg-3)	228	(1)
Bay County	228	(21)
Holley site (By-1)	228	(2)
West St. Andrews (By-2)	230	(1)
Sowell site, (By-3)	231	(1)
Drummond site (By-4)	231	(1)
Bear Point (By-5)	232	(1)
West Bay bridge site (By-6)	233	(1)
Davis Point, west (By-7)	234	(1)
Davis Point, east (By-8)	235	(1)
Midden in Davis Point area (By-9)	236	(1)
Parker's Branch (By-10)	236	(2)
West Bay Post Office (By-11)	238	(1)
West Bay Creek (By-12)	238	(1)
Phillips Inlet (By-13)	239	(1)
Brock Hammock (By-14)	239	(1)
Burnt Mill Creek, larger mound (By-15)	239	(1)
Burnt Mill Creek, smaller mound (By-16)	240	(1)
Burnt Mill Creek, west (By-17)	240	(1)
Alligator Bayou (By-18)	241	(1)
Fannings Bayou (By-19)	241	(1)
North Bay (By-20)	242	(1)
Anderson's Bayou (By-21)	243	(1)
Large Bayou (By-22)	243	(1)
Cemetery at St. Andrews (By-23)	244	(1)
Pearl Bayou midden (By-24)	244	(1)
Mound near Pearl Bayou (By-25)	244	(1)
Strange's Landing (By-26)	245	(1)
Laughton's Bayou, mound A (By-27)	246	(1)
Laughton's Bayou, mound B (By-28)	247	(1)
Baker's Landing (By-29)	247	(1)
Hare Hammock, larger mound (By-30)	248	(1)
Hare Hammock, smaller mound (By-31)	248	(1)
Farmdale (By-32)	249	(1)
Jackson County	249	(2)
Sampson's Landing (Ja-1)	249	(2)
Kemp's Landing (Ja-2)	251	(1)
Florida Caverns State Park (Ja-3)	251	(1)
Calhoun County	251	(1)
Davis' Field (Ca-1)	251	(1)
OK Landing (Ca-2)	252	(1)
Other sites in Calhoun County	252	(1)
Gulf County	252	(5)
Indian Pass Point (Gu-1)	252	(1)
Gotier Hammock (Gu-2)	253	(1)
Burgess Landing (Gu-3)	254	(1)
Isabel Landing (Gu-4)	254	(1)
Chipola Cut-off (Gu-5)	254	(2)
St. Josephs Bay (Gu-6)	256	(1)
Gadsden County	257	(1)
Aspalaga (Gd-1)	257	(1)
Other sites in Gadsden County	258	(1)
Houston County, Ala	258	(1)
McLaney place (Hn-1)	258	(1)
Fullmore's Upper Landing (Hn-2)	258	(1)
Decatur County, Ga	259	(2)
Hare's Landing (Dr-1)	259	(1)
Munnerlyn's Landing (Dr-2)	259	(1)
Kerr's Landing (Dr-3)	260	(1)
Hardnut Landing (Dr-4)	260	(1)
Early County, Ga	261	(1)
Shoemake Landing (Ey-1)	261	(1)
Liberty County	261	(4)
West Bristol midden (Li-1)	261	(1)
Yon mound (Li-2)	262	(1)
Mound below Bristol (Li-3)	263	(1)
Mound at Bristol (Li-4)	263	(1)
Rock Bluff Landing (Li-5)	264	(1)
Michaux Log Landing (Li-6)	264	(1)
Estiffanulga (Li-7)	264	(1)
Other sites in Liberty County	265	(1)
Franklin County	265	(19)
Porter's Bar (Fr-1)	265	(2)
Carrabelle (Fr-2)	267	(1)
Midden west of Carrabelle (Fr-3)	268	(1)
Tucker (Fr-4)	269	(2)
Yent mound (Fr-5)	271	(1)
Ocklockonee Bay midden (Fr-6)	272	(1)
Topsail Bluff (Fr-7)	273	(1)
Brickyard Creek (Fr-8)	273	(1)
Nine-Mile Point (Fr-9)	274	(1)
Eleven-Mile Point (Fr-10)	274	(2)
Green Point (Fr-11)	276	(1)
Huckleberry Landing (Fr-12)	277	(1)
Five-Mile Point (Fr-13)	278	(1)
Pierce mounds and middens (Fr-14)	278	(4)
Jackson mound (Fr-15)	282	(2)
Other sites in Franklin County	284	(1)
Leon County	284	(2)
Lake Jackson (Le-1)	284	(1)
Lake Lafayette (Le-2)	284	(1)
Rollins site (Le-3)	285	(1)
San Luis Mission site (Le-4)	285	(1)
Lake Iamonia (Le-5)	286	(1)
Wakulla County	286	(14)
Marsh Island (Wa-1)	286	(2)
Surf (Wa-2)	288	(1)
Nichols (Wa-3)	288	(2)
Hall site (Wa-4)	290	(2)
Spring Creek (Wa-5)	292	(1)
West Goose Creek (Wa-6)	292	(1)
Near St. Marks (Wa-7)	293	(1)
Mound Field (Wa-8)	294	(1)
Bird Hammock, mound A (Wa-9)	294	(1)
Bird Hammock, mound B (Wa-10)	295	(1)
Work place (Wa-11)	296	(1)
St. Marks mound (Wa-12)	296	(1)
Refuge headquarters (Wa-13)	296	(1)
Refuge tower (Wa-14)	297	(1)
Wildlife Refuge cemetery (Wa-15)	298	(1)
Other sites in Wakulla County	299	(1)
Jefferson County	300	(1)
Pine Tuft (Je-1)	300	(1)
Scott Miller place (Je-2)	301	(1)
Taylor County	301	(3)
Aucilla River mound (Ta-1)	301	(1)
Warrior River, mound A (Ta-2)	302	(1)
Warrior River, mound B (Ta-3)	303	(1)
Other sites in Taylor County	304	(1)
Dixie County	304	(3)
Horseshoe Point (Di-1)	304	(2)
Other sites in Dixie County	306	(1)
Levy County	307	(9)
Fowler's Landing, larger mound (Lv-1)	307	(1)
Seven miles north of Cedar Keys (Lv-2)	308	(1)
Gigger Point (Lv-3)	308	(1)
Note on Cedar Keys	309	(1)
Aboriginal cemetery in Cedar Keys (Lv-4)	309	(1)
Culpepper site (Lv-5)	310	(1)
Way Key (Lv-6)	310	(1)
Palmetto Island (Lv-7)	311	(1)
Hodgeson's Hill (Lv-8)	312	(1)
Piney Point (Lv-9)	313	(1)
Other sites in Cedar Keys	314	(1)
Other sites in Levy County	315	(1)
Citrus County	316	(9)
Crystal River (Ci-1)	316	(7)
Buzzard's Island (Ci-2)	323	(1)
Chassahowitzka River (Ci-3)	324	(1)
Other sites in Citrus County	324	(1)
Hernando County	325	(3)
Bayport (He-1)	325	(1)
Other sites in Hernando County	326	(2)
Pasco County	328	(3)
Wekiwachee River (Pa-1)	328	(1)
Pithlochascootie River (Pa-2)	329	(1)
Other sites in Pasco County	330	(1)
Pinellas County	331	(4)
Weeden Island (Pi-1)	331	(1)
Safety Harbor (Pi-2)	331	(1)
Tarpon Springs or Safford mound (Pi-3)	331	(1)
Johns Pass (Pi-4)	332	(1)
Clearwater (Pi-5)	332	(1)
Boca Ciega Island (Pi-6)	333	(1)
Bayview (Pi-7)	333	(1)
Seven Oaks (Pi-8)	334	(1)
Other sites in Pinellas County	335	(1)
Hillsborough County	335	(5)
Thomas (Hi-1)	335	(1)
Cockroach (Hi-2)	335	(1)
Picknick (Hi-3)	335	(2)
Jones (Hi-4)	337	(1)
Snavely (Hi-5)	337	(1)
Buck Island (Hi-6)	337	(1)
Rocky Point (Hi-7)	338	(1)
Other sites in Hillsborough County	339	(1)
Manatee County	340	(2)
Parrish mounds 1-5 (Ma-1, 2, 3, 4, 5)	340	(1)
Perico Island (Ma-6)	340	(1)
Shaws Point (Ma-7)	340	(2)
Other sites in Manatee County	342	(1)
Sarasota County	342	(2)
Englewood (So-1)	342	(1)
Osprey (So-2)	342	(1)
Pool Hammock (So-3)	343	(1)
Whittaker or Whitfield estate (So-4)	344	(1)
True site (So-5)	344	(1)
Other sites in Sarasota County	344	(1)
Charlotte County	344	(2)
Cayo Palu (Ch-1)	344	(1)
Gasparilla Sound (Ch-2)	345	(1)
Widder Creek (Ch-3)	345	(1)
Punta Gorda (Ch-4)	345	(1)
Hickory Bluff (Ch-5)	346	(1)
De Soto County	346	(1)
Arcadia site (De-1)	346	(1)
Conclusions	346	(5)
VI. The culture periods	351	(166)
The earliest inhabitants	351	(2)
The Deptford Period	353	(8)
Period definition	353	(1)
The sites	353	(1)
Settlement pattern	353	(1)
Economy	353	(1)
Organization of society	353	(1)
Disposal of the dead	354	(1)
Ceramic arts	354	(6)
Other arts and technologies	360	(1)
Speculations on population and period duration	360	(1)
The Perico Island Period	361	(5)
Period definition	361	(1)
The sites	361	(1)
Settlement pattern	361	(1)
Economy	362	(1)
Organization of society	363	(1)
Disposal of the dead	363	(1)
Ceramic arts	363	(2)
Other arts and technologies	365	(1)
Speculations on population and period duration	366	(1)
The Santa Rosa-Swift Creek Period	366	(30)
Period definition	366	(1)
The sites	367	(1)
Settlement pattern	368	(1)
Economy	368	(1)
Organization of society	368	(1)
Disposal of the dead	369	(2)
Ceramic arts	371	(22)
Other arts and technologies	393	(2)
Speculations on population and period duration	395	(1)
The Weeden Island Periods	396	(56)
Period definition	396	(1)
The sites	397	(5)
Settlement pattern	402	(1)
Economy	403	(1)
Organization of society	403	(1)
Disposal of the dead	404	(2)
Ceramic arts	406	(43)
Other arts and technologies	449	(1)
Speculations on population and period duration	450	(2)
The Fort Walton Period	452	(18)
Period definition	452	(1)
The sites	452	(1)
Settlement pattern	453	(1)
Economy	454	(1)
Organization of society	455	(1)
Disposal of the dead	456	(1)
Ceramic arts	457	(9)
Other arts and technologies	466	(2)
Speculations on population and period duration	468	(2)
The Englewood Period	470	(5)
Period definition	470	(1)
The sites	470	(1)
Settlement pattern	471	(1)
Economy	471	(1)
Organization of society	471	(1)
Disposal of the dead	471	(1)
Ceramic arts	471	(4)
Other arts and technologies	475	(1)
Speculations on population and period duration	475	(1)
The Safety Harbor Period	475	(13)
Period definition	475	(1)
The sites	475	(1)
Settlement pattern	476	(1)
Economy	477	(1)
Organization of society	477	(1)
Disposal of the dead	477	(1)
Ceramic arts	478	(8)
Other arts and technologies	486	(1)
Speculations on population and period duration	487	(1)
The Leon-Jefferson Period	488	(8)
Period definition	488	(1)
The sites	488	(1)
Settlement pattern	489	(1)
Economy	489	(1)
Organization of society	489	(1)
Disposal of the dead	489	(1)
Ceramic arts	489	(6)
Other arts and technologies	495	(1)
Speculations on population and period duration	495	(1)
Appendix A: Classification of Florida Gulf Coast vessel forms	496	(11)
Appendix B: Trait list of Florida Gulf Coast cultures	507	(10)
VII. A summary of the ethnohistory	517	(20)
History of European explorations	517	(5)
Tribes	522	(11)
The Apalachee	522	(3)
Other tribes of northwest Florida	525	(1)
The Timucua	526	(7)
Population estimates	533	(4)
VIII. Conclusions	537	(48)
Culture continuities	537	(12)
Settlements	537	(2)
Economy	539	(1)
Society	540	(2)
Technology	542	(7)
Peoples (by Marshall T. Newman)	549	(4)
Extra-areal contacts and affiliations	553	(21)
The south	553	(2)
The east	555	(4)
The north	559	(3)
The west and the north	562	(8)
The West Indies	570	(4)
Time-space integration	574	(3)
Summary reconstruction	577	(5)
Trends	582	(3)
Bibliography	585	(10)
Explanation of plates	595