Archetypes of Wisdom An Introduction to Philosoph (Paperbound with InfoTrac)

by Soccio, Douglas J.

• ISBN13: 9780534566555
• ISBN10: 0534566553
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-19
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Philosophy and the Search for Wisdom	1	(24)
What to Expect from This Book	3	(1)
Areas of Philosophy	4	(1)
Philosophical Archetypes	5	(2)
Are Philosophers Always Men?	7	(1)
Philosophy and the Search for Truth	8	(2)
``Isn't All This Just a Matter of Opinion?''	10	(2)
Wisdom, Knowledge, and Belief	12	(2)
Knowledge	12	(1)
Belief	13	(1)
Willed Ignorance	14	(1)
A Note about the Spirit of Philosophy	14	(7)
Summary of Main Points	17	(1)
Reflections	18	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	18	(1)
Overview of Classical Themes	19	(2)
Nature and Convention	21	(1)
Contemporary Lessons from the Past	22	(1)
The Search for Excellence	23	(1)
The Search for Happiness	24	(1)
The Asian Sage: Lao-tzu and Buddha	25	(36)
The Taoist Sage: Lao-tzu	27	(3)
The Way	30	(2)
People Cannot Stop Talking About It	31	(1)
The Way of Reversal	32	(2)
Prefer Yin to Yang	34	(2)
The Union of Relative Opposites	35	(1)
The Doctrine of Inaction	36	(4)
Doing Nothing	37	(3)
The Buddha	40	(2)
Siddhartha the Seeker	40	(1)
The Long Search	41	(1)
The Bodhisattva	42	(4)
The Death of the Buddha	44	(2)
Buddha's Philosophy Lab	46	(1)
Unsatisfactoriness	46	(2)
Karma	48	(1)
The Four Noble Truths	48	(1)
The Eightfold Path	49	(2)
Buddha Now	51	(1)
Buddha's Dharma Family	52	(1)
The Buddha's Legacy	52	(3)
Five Precepts	54	(1)
What The Buddha Did Not Explain	55	(1)
Commentary	56	(5)
Summary of Main Points	59	(1)
Reflections	59	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	60	(1)
The Presocratic Sophos	61	(21)
From Sophos to Philosopher	64	(1)
The Search for a Common Principle	64	(1)
Thales	65	(1)
Rational Discourse	65	(1)
The Problem of Change	66	(1)
Quality and Quantity	67	(1)
The One	67	(3)
Being and Change	69	(1)
The Many	70	(2)
Mind	71	(1)
Atoms and the Void	72	(3)
Reason and Necessity	74	(1)
Nature and Convention	75	(1)
The Logos	75	(2)
Appearance and Reality	77	(2)
War and Strife	78	(1)
Commentary	79	(3)
Summary of Main Points	80	(1)
Reflections	81	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	81	(1)
The Sophist: Protagoras	82	(20)
The Advent of Professional Educators	85	(1)
The Sophists	86	(3)
Power and Education	88	(1)
Relativism	89	(1)
Protagoras the Pragmatist	90	(4)
Moral Realism: Might Makes Right	94	(2)
The Doctrine of the Superior Individual	96	(1)
Commentary	97	(5)
Summary of Main Points	100	(1)
Reflections	100	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	101	(1)
The Wise Man: Socrates	102	(35)
The General Character of Socrates	104	(8)
The Ugliest Man in Athens	105	(2)
Barefoot in Athens	107	(1)
A Most Unusual Father and Husband	108	(1)
The Archetypal Individual	109	(3)
The Teacher and His Teachings	112	(1)
The Dialectic	113	(1)
Socratic Irony	113	(1)
Socrates at Work	114	(5)
Sophos versus Sophist	116	(3)
The Unexamined Life	119	(5)
Socratic Ignorance	120	(2)
The Power of Human Wisdom	122	(2)
The Physician of the Soul	124	(4)
No One Knowingly Does Evil	125	(1)
Virtue Is Wisdom	126	(2)
The Trial and Death of Socrates	128	(5)
The Death of Socrates	130	(3)
Commentary	133	(4)
Summary of Main Points	135	(1)
Reflections	135	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	136	(1)
The Philosopher-King: Plato	137	(35)
Plato's Life and Work	139	(5)
The Decline of the Aristocracy	140	(2)
Plato's Disillusionment	142	(1)
The Academy	143	(1)
Plato's Epistemology	144	(1)
Plato's Dualistic Solution	145	(1)
Knowledge and Being	145	(1)
The Theory of Forms	146	(5)
What Are Forms?	146	(2)
Why Plato Needed the Forms	148	(1)
Knowledge and Opinion	149	(1)
What Happens When We Disagree?	150	(1)
The Divided Line	151	(3)
Levels of Awareness	152	(2)
The Simile of the Sun	154	(1)
The Allegory of the Cave	155	(3)
The Rule of the Wise	158	(1)
The Republic	159	(5)
The Search for Justice	160	(1)
Function and Happiness	161	(1)
The Ideal State	161	(1)
The Parts of the Soul	162	(1)
The Cardinal Virtues	163	(1)
Societies and Individuals	164	(4)
The Origin of Democracy	164	(2)
The Pendulum of Imbalance	166	(2)
The Tyranny of Excess	168	(1)
Commentary	168	(4)
Summary of Main Points	170	(1)
Reflections	171	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	171	(1)
The Naturalist: Aristotle	172	(30)
Works	174	(1)
Aristotle's Life	174	(1)
The Lyceum	175	(2)
The Naturalist	177	(1)
Natural Changes	178	(3)
Form	178	(1)
Matter	179	(1)
Change	180	(1)
Aristotle's Hierarchy of Explanations	181	(1)
The Four Causes	182	(3)
Material Cause	182	(1)
Formal Cause	183	(1)
Efficient Cause	184	(1)
Final Cause	184	(1)
Entelechy	185	(1)
Psyche as Entelechy	185	(2)
The Hierarchy of Souls	186	(1)
Natural Happiness	187	(6)
The Good	188	(1)
Teleological Thinking	188	(2)
The Science of the Good	190	(1)
Eudaimonia	191	(1)
The Good Life Is a Process	192	(1)
Hitting the Mark	193	(5)
The Principle of the Mean	194	(1)
Character and Habit	195	(1)
Application of the Mean	196	(2)
Commentary	198	(4)
Summary of Main Points	200	(1)
Reflections	200	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	201	(1)
The Stoic: Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius	202	(31)
The Cynical Origins of Stoicism	205	(2)
The Slave and the Emperor	207	(2)
Epictetus: From Slave to Sage	208	(1)
Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher-King	209	(1)
The Fated Life	210	(5)
The Stoic Logos	211	(2)
The Disinterested Rational Will	213	(2)
Stoic Wisdom	215	(9)
Control versus Influence	216	(1)
Some Things Are Not in Our Control	217	(1)
Some Things Are in Our Control	218	(1)
Relationships	219	(3)
Everything Has a Price	222	(1)
Suffering and Courage	222	(2)
Stoicism Today	224	(5)
Reality Therapy: William Glasser	225	(1)
Rational-Emotive Therapy: Albert Ellis	225	(1)
Logotherapy: Viktor E. Frankl	226	(1)
Epictetus in Vietnam	227	(2)
Commentary	229	(4)
Summary of Main Points	231	(1)
Reflections	232	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	232	(1)
The Scholar: Thomas Aquinas	233	(34)
The God-Centered Universe	235	(3)
The Seeds of Change	236	(1)
The Need to Reconcile Faith and Reason	237	(1)
The Life of Thomas Aquinas	238	(4)
The Dominican	239	(1)
The University of Paris	239	(1)
Albertus Magnus: The Universal Teacher	240	(2)
The Task of the Scholar	242	(1)
The Wisdom of the Scholar	242	(2)
Why Do People Argue About Spiritual Matters?	244	(1)
God and Natural Reason	244	(1)
Proving the Existence of God	245	(6)
The First Way: Motion	246	(1)
The Second Way: Cause	246	(1)
The Third Way: Necessity	247	(2)
The Fourth Way: Degree	249	(1)
The Fifth Way: Design	250	(1)
Commentary on the Five Ways	251	(3)
Complications for Natural Theology	254	(3)
The Problem of Evil	254	(3)
Commentary	257	(4)
Summary of Main Points	258	(1)
Reflections	259	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	259	(1)
Overview of Modern Themes	260	(1)
Reason, Reformation, and Revolution	261	(6)
The Reformation	261	(2)
The Copernican Revolution	263	(3)
Where Are We, Then?	266	(1)
The Rationalist: Rene Descartes	267	(27)
The Problem of Authority	268	(1)
Rene Descartes: The Solitary Intellect	269	(2)
Rationalism	271	(2)
Against Disorganized Thinking	271	(2)
The Method of Doubt	273	(5)
The Cartesian ``I'' and Methodic Doubt	275	(1)
Standard of Truth	276	(1)
Innate Ideas	277	(1)
The Cartesian Genesis	278	(5)
The Doubting Self	278	(1)
Maybe It's All a Dream?	279	(1)
The Evil Genius	280	(1)
Cogito, ergo sum	281	(2)
The Innate Idea of God	283	(5)
The Perfect Idea of Perfection	283	(2)
Descartes' Ontological Argument	285	(2)
Reconstructing the World	287	(1)
The Cartesian Bridge	288	(3)
Cartesian Dualism	288	(1)
The Mind-Body Problem	289	(2)
Commentary	291	(3)
Summary of Main Points	292	(1)
Reflections	293	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	293	(1)
The Skeptic: David Hume	294	(36)
John Locke	297	(6)
Experience Is the Origin of All Ideas	298	(1)
Locke's Rejection of Innate Ideas	299	(1)
Locke's Dualism	300	(1)
Primary and Secondary Qualities	301	(1)
Locke's Egocentric Predicament	302	(1)
George Berkeley	303	(3)
David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic	306	(4)
The Skeptical Masterpiece	307	(1)
An Honest Man	308	(2)
Hume's Skeptical Empiricism	310	(5)
Impressions and Ideas	311	(1)
The Empirical Criterion of Meaning	311	(1)
The Self	312	(2)
Personal Immortality	314	(1)
The Limits of Reason	315	(1)
The Limits of Science	316	(2)
The Limits of Theology	318	(2)
The Limits of Ethics	320	(5)
The Facts, Just the Facts	322	(1)
Moral Sentiments	323	(1)
Rejection of Egoism	324	(1)
Commentary	325	(5)
Summary of Main Points	328	(1)
Reflections	329	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	329	(1)
The Universalist: Immanuel Kant	330	(29)
The Professor	332	(3)
The Solitary Writer	333	(2)
A Scandal in Philosophy	335	(2)
Kant's Copernican Revolution	337	(7)
Critical Philosophy	339	(1)
Phenomena and Noumena	340	(1)
Transcendental Ideas	340	(2)
The Objectivity of Experience	342	(2)
The Metaphysics of Morals	344	(4)
Practical Reason	344	(1)
The Moral Law Within	345	(1)
The Good Will	346	(1)
Inclinations, Wishes, Acts of Will	347	(1)
Moral Duty	348	(7)
Hypothetical Imperatives	349	(1)
The Categorical Imperative	350	(3)
The Kingdom of Ends	353	(2)
Commentary	355	(4)
Summary of Main Points	357	(1)
Reflections	358	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	358	(1)
The Utilitarian: John Stuart Mill	359	(30)
Unrefined Hedonism	361	(2)
The Meaning of Life Is Pleasure	361	(1)
Knowledge and Pleasure	362	(1)
Epicurean Hedonism	363	(2)
The Garden of Epicurus	364	(1)
Quality versus Quantity	364	(1)
Social Hedonism	365	(2)
Philosophy and Social Reform	367	(1)
The Principle of Utility	368	(3)
The Hedonic Calculus	369	(1)
The Egoistic Foundation of Social Concern	370	(1)
John Stuart Mill	371	(4)
Mill's Crisis	372	(1)
Redemption and Balance	373	(2)
Refined Utilitarianism	375	(4)
Higher Pleasures	377	(1)
Lower Pleasures	377	(2)
Altruism and Happiness	379	(3)
Utilitarian Social Logic	381	(1)
Happiness and Mere Contentment	382	(1)
Mill's Persistent Optimism	382	(2)
Commentary	384	(5)
Summary of Main Points	387	(1)
Reflections	387	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	388	(1)
The Materialist: Karl Marx	389	(33)
The Prophet	391	(5)
Marx's Hegelian Roots	391	(1)
Other Influences	392	(1)
The Wanderer	393	(2)
Friedrich Engels	395	(1)
Vindication	395	(1)
Dialectical Materialism	396	(6)
Mystification and Materialism	398	(2)
Economic Determinism	400	(2)
Critique of Capitalism	402	(6)
The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat	402	(3)
Co-Option	405	(1)
Class Struggle	406	(1)
Seeds of Destruction	407	(1)
Alienation	408	(4)
Psychic Alienation	410	(1)
Species-Life	411	(1)
Commentary	412	(5)
Summary of Main Points	414	(1)
Reflections	415	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	415	(1)
Overview of Postmodern Themes	416	(1)
What Is Philosophy (continued)?	417	(1)
Of Metaphors and Margins	418	(1)
Is Objectivity Possible?	419	(1)
Is Objectivity Desirable?	420	(2)
The Existentialists: Søren Kierkegaard and Jean-Paul Sartre	422	(33)
Existentialism Was Bound to Happen	424	(1)
Søren Kierkegaard	425	(4)
The Family Curse	425	(1)
The Universal Formula	426	(2)
The Christian	428	(1)
That Individual	429	(1)
Truth as Subjectivity	429	(8)
Objectivity as Untruth	432	(1)
The Present Age	433	(1)
An Age of Virtual Equality	434	(3)
Sartre and the Age of Forlornness	437	(1)
Jean-Paul Sartre	438	(3)
Nausea	439	(1)
Existence Is Absurd	440	(1)
The Celebrity Philosopher	440	(1)
Freedom and Anguish	441	(10)
Forlornness	442	(2)
Condemned to Be Free	444	(2)
Anguish	446	(2)
Despair	448	(2)
Optimistic Toughness	450	(1)
Commentary	451	(4)
Summary of Main Points	453	(1)
Reflections	454	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	454	(1)
The Anti-Philosopher: Friedrich Nietzsche	455	(33)
The Outsider	458	(6)
Beyond the Academy	459	(1)
Tragic Optimism	460	(1)
Zarathustra Speaks	460	(3)
The Last Philosopher	463	(1)
Truth Is a Matter of Perspective	464	(1)
Attack on Objectivity	465	(1)
The Will to Power	466	(1)
The Diseases of Modernity	467	(5)
The Problem of Morality	468	(1)
The Problem of Being Moralistic	469	(1)
The Problem of Utilitarianism	470	(1)
The Problem of Altruism	470	(1)
The Problem of Generalized Accounts	471	(1)
God Is Dead	472	(1)
Nihilism	473	(1)
Overman	474	(1)
Slave Morality	475	(4)
Ressentiment	477	(2)
Master Morality	479	(3)
The Eternal Recurrence	482	(2)
Amor Fati	484	(1)
Commentary	484	(4)
Summary of Main Points	486	(1)
Reflections	487	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	487	(1)
The Pragmatist: William James	488	(31)
An American Original	490	(4)
The Education of a Philosopher	490	(2)
The Philosopher as Hero	492	(1)
The Philosopher as Advocate	493	(1)
Charles Sanders Peirce	494	(2)
Peirce's ``Pragmaticism''	494	(1)
Pragmatic Theory of Meaning	495	(1)
Pragmatism	496	(12)
Pragmatic Method and Philosophy	496	(2)
The Temper of Belief	498	(2)
The Will to Believe	500	(1)
Truth Happens to an Idea	501	(2)
The Dilemma of Determinism	503	(1)
The Inner Sense of Freedom	504	(2)
Morality and the Good	506	(1)
The Heroic Life	507	(1)
Pragmatic Religion	508	(4)
A Religious Dilemma	509	(1)
Ultramarginal Life	510	(2)
Truth Is Always Personal	512	(2)
Danger Signs	513	(1)
Commentary	514	(5)
Summary of Main Points	517	(1)
Reflections	518	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	518	(1)
Philosophy as a Way of Life	519	(30)
Public and Private Philosophy	522	(2)
Can Wisdom Be Generalized?	522	(2)
The Masculinization of Thought	524	(2)
From Cosmos To Machine	524	(2)
A Masculine Theory of Justice	526	(3)
What About Family Justice?	527	(2)
The Reemergence of Other Voices	529	(2)
Philosophizing in a Different Voice	529	(2)
Public Philosophers	531	(1)
Martha C. Nussbaum: ``Lawyer for Humanity''	532	(1)
Martin Luther King, Jr.: Philosophic Activist	533	(5)
Character Is Destiny	535	(1)
The Value of Moral Tension	536	(2)
Peter Singer: ``The Dangerous Philosopher''	538	(3)
The Singer Solution to World Poverty	539	(2)
A Vision for You	541	(1)
Philosophy as a Way of Life	542	(2)
Let Philosophy Touch Your Heart	544	(1)
A Message From Epictetus	545	(1)
Commentary	545	(4)
Summary of Main Points	546	(1)
Reflections	547	(1)
Philosophy Internet Resources	547	(2)
Notes	549	(12)
Glossary	561	(10)
Bibliography of Interesting Sources	571	(6)
Credits	577	(2)
Index of Margin Quotes	579	(2)
Index	581