Architectural Formulas Pocket Reference

by Butler, Robert Brown

• ISBN13: 9780071370363
• ISBN10: 0071370366
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-09-17
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional

Summary

* Provides instant access to more than 1100 architectural equations * No math menus and shortcuts allow any building element to be sized quickly and accurately

Author Biography

Robert Brown Butler is a registered architect and widely respected author. Mr. Butler has more than 40 years' experience in architecture, which includes a degree from Cornell (1964), 14 years’ experience in construction, and many years in architectural offices in Georgia, California, Colorado, and New York. This is Mr. Butler’s fifth book for McGraw-Hill.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: STRUCTURAL BASICS

Dead Loads

Live Load Reduction, Floors

Live Load Reduction, Roofs

Live Load Reduction, Snow

Impact Loads, Equivalent Weight

Impact Loads, Structural Design

Inertial Loads

Torque or Torsion Loads

Wind Velocity vs. Pressure

Wind Velocity vs. Glazing Thickness

Wind Load Amplification

Wind Height Adjustment

Wind Facade Force

Wind Seam Shear

Wind Pier Rigidity

Wind Uplift Force

Wind Overturning Force

Structural Systems

Beam Vertical and Horizontal Shear

Beam Bending Moment

Maximum Beam Moment, Multiple Loads

Beam Deflection

Beam Camber Design

Moment of Inertia

Moment of Inertia of Built-Up Sections

Beam Bearing Area, Allowable Load

Columns

Column Eccentric Loads

P-Delta Effect

Structural Bracing

Structural Bracing Design, Braced Frames

Structural Bracing Design, Rigid Frames

Structural Bracing Design, Infilled Frames

Horizontal Thrust of Oblique Load

Vectors

Tie Rod Design

Flat Plate Design

CHAPTER 2: WOOD

Wood Moisture Content vs. Dimensions

Vertical Shear

Horizontal Shear

Notched Column Design

Bending Moment Design, Single Loads

Bending Moment Design, Multiple Loads

Depth Reduction Factor

Deflection Design, Beams & Girders

Deflection Design, Decking

Bearing Area

Lateral Support

Lateral Bracing Design

Single-Tapered Beam Design

Double-Tapered Beam Design

Two-Hinged Timber Arch Design

Three-Hinged Arch Design

Lightweight Wood i-Joist Design

Gluelam Design

Timber Dome Design

Wood Hypar Design

Wood Column Design

Tapered Wood Column Design

Spaced Wood Column Design

Bracketed Column Design

Pole Frame Structure Design

Wood Bracing Design

Wood Shear Wall Design

Safe Spacing of Nails in Wood Framing

Withdrawal strength of Nails in Framing

Screw and Lag Bolt Design

Screw Holding or Tensile Strength

Corbel Design

Sheet Metal Fastener Design

Hinge Design

Oblique Loads

CHAPTER 3: STEEL

Beam Shear

Bending Moment

Deflection

Lateral Bracing Design

Width-Thickness Ratios of Steel Members

Lateral Bracing Design, Eccentric Loads

Bearing Plate Design

Beam Web Stiffener Design

Column Web Stiffener Design

Built-Up Beam Design

Flange Stiffener Design

Pratt or Warren Truss Design

Truss Chord Design

Metal Decking Design

Composite Design

Open-Web Steel Joist Design

Steel Staircase Design

Space Frame Design

Light Metal Framing Design

Light Metal Framing Fastener Design

Steel Column Design

Central Axis of Built-Up Steel Sections

Column Pedestals, Small-Moment Design

Column Pedestals, Bi-Axial Moment Loads

Column Pedestals, Large-Moment Design

Bracing

Connections

Bolt or Rivet Connections, Unit Strength

Bolt or Unit Connection Design

Bolt Plate Design, Block Shear

Bolt Plate Design, Critical Net Section

Bolted Splice Plate Design

Bolted Framed Beam Connection Design

Bolted Seated Beam Connection Design

Bolted Stiffened Beam Connection Design

Bolted One-Sided Beam Connection Design

Brackets, Pedestal Bracket Design

Brackets, True Bracket Design

Hanger Design

Bolted Column Splice Design

Butt or Fillet Weld Design

Welded Framed Beam Connection Design

Welded Seated Beam Connection Design

Welded Stiffened Beam Connection Design

Welded Moment Beam Connection Design

Welded One-Sided Beam Connection Design

Square and Rectangular Knee Design

Curved and Tapered Knee Design

Welded Column Splice Design

Highly Eccentric Plate Loads

Bolted/Welded Moment Beam Connection Design

Bolted/Welded End-Plate Beam Connection Design

Pinned Connection Design

Eyebar Design

Steel Cable Design

CHAPTER 4: CONCRETE

Development Length of Tensile Reinforcement

Beam Bending Moment

Beam Shear

Diagonal Tension

Beam Deflection

Bond Shear

Location of Neutral Axis of Connection Beam

T-Beam Design

Steel Beams Encased in Concrete Design

Ribbed Slab Design

One-Way Slab Design

Two-Way Slab Design

Flat-Slab Floor Design

Flat-Plate Floor Slab Design

Waffle Slab Design

Slab Punching Shear

Reinforced Concrete Staircase Design

Spandrels & Openings in Slabs

Concrete Hypar Design

Reinforced Concrete Columns

Total Column Design Load

Biaxial Bending Moment on Columns

Round Column Design

Rectangular Column Design

Reinforced Concrete Walls

Bearing Wall Design

Basement or Multiloaded Wall Design

Retaining Wall Design

Bracing Design

Reinforced Concrete Dowel Connection Design

Rebar Hook Design

Expansion Bolt Connection Design

Anchor Bolt Connection Design

Reinforced Concrete Shelf Design

Soil-Bearing Capacity Under Footing

Subsoil Stress Below Footing

Lateral Bearing Load on Footing

Footing on Stronger-over-Weaker Soil

Reinforced Concrete Wall Footing Design

Reinforced Concrete Column Footing Design

Combined Footing Design

Grilled Footing Design

Foundations Under Heavy Machinery

Reinforced Concrete Footing Piles

Reinforced Concrete Footing Pile Cap Design

CHAPTER 5: MASONRY

Nonreinforced Masonry Pillar and Pier Design

Nonreinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Design

Nonreinforced Masonry Nonbearing Wall Design

Arch Design

Arches, Height of Masonry Above Crown

Fireplace and Chimney Design

Reinforced Masonry Pillar and Pier Design

Reinforced Masonry Cavity Wall Design

Concrete Block Wall Design

Concrete Block Shear Wall Design

CHAPTER 6: OTHER STRUCTURE

Aluminum

Fabric Structures

Seismic Design

Seismic Anchorage of Mechanical Systems

Chapter 7: CLIMATE CONTROL

Air Density vs. Pressure (in.Hg)

Air Density vs. Pressure (psi)

Solar Altitude

Solar Azimuth

Solar Trajectory or Sunpath Formulas

Sun's Angle of Incidence on a Surface

Overhang Design

Hydrostatic Head

Channel Flow (Hydraulic Radius) Formulas

Gutter Design

Vertical Gutter Leader Design

Sloping Leader Design

Foundation Drain Design

Storm Drain Design Formulas

Drywell Design

Thermal Expansion Joint Design

Heat Flow

Cond.-Infiltration Design Heating Load

Cond.-Infiltration Design Cooling Load

Cond.-Infiltration Energy Audit

Auxiliary Heat Gain

Heat Loss or Gain Through Ducting or Piping

Energy Payback Span of Insulation

Pickup Heating Load

Solar Heat Gain

Thermal Mossing Design

Total Solar Energy Savings

Summary of Total Heating Loads

Summary of Total Cooling Loads

Climate Control System Design Parameters

Heat Content Equations

Thermal Energy Storage System Design

Heat Recovery from Building Systems

Electric Heating Unit Design

Electric Baseboard Heating Unit Design

Electric Heat Tracing Cable Design

Electric Heating Cable for Radiant Slabs

Radiant Floor Heating System Design

Hydronic Snow-Melting System Design

Radiant Ceiling Heating System Design

Electric Heating/Cooling System Design

Hot Water Heating System Design

Steam Heating System Design

Air Heating System Design

Air Cooling System Design

Static Air Pressure (s.a.p.) Loss Formulas for HVAC Ducting

Air Heating/Cooling System Design

Low-Velocity Air Ducting Systems

Low-Velocity Systems, Preliminary Design

Low-Velocity HVAC System Design

Structural Weight of Ducting

High-Velocity HVAC System Design

Return Duct Design

Air-Water Heating/Cooling System Design

Heat Pump Design

Water Cooling Systems

Humidification System Design

Dehumidification System Design

Ventilation

Ventilation Through Double-Hung Windows

Ventilation Airflow Through Casement Window

Ventilation Airflow Through Belvedere

Ventilation Airflow Through Solar Chimney'

Ventilation Design Formulas

Ventilation Design, Supply Duct Size

Ventilation Design, Exhaust Fan Size

Ventilation Design, Exhaust Duct Size

Required Ventilation Based on CO2 Concentration

Ventilation Design, Indoor Parking Areas

Air Filtration

Air Filter Design

Chapter 8: PLUMBING

Waterflow Rate, Gal/min vs. Diameter

Required Number of Plumbing Fixtures

Plumbing Fixture Unit Requirements

Initial Estimate of Building Water Demands

Pressure of Base of Water Supply Pipe

Contained Weight of Piping

Equivalent Length of Piping Elbows

Equivalent Length of Piping Gate Valves

Supply Piping Design

Pipe Length Change due to Temporary Change

Pipe Chase Size due to Thermal Expansion

Water Hammer Arrester Design

Pump Design, Net Actual Head of System

Pump Design, Required Horsepower

Pressure Relief Valve Design, Cavitation

Water Supply Delivery Rate of Drilled Well

Small Water Supply Tanks

Volume of Cylindrical Tank or Pipe

Water Pressure Tank Design

Large Water Supply Tanks

Gravity Tank Design, Tank Capacity

Gravity Tank Design, Pump Capacity

Suction Tank Design, Tank Volume

Suction Tank Design, Required Pump Capacity

Suction Tank Design, Required Pump Power

Suction or Surge Tank Design

Surge Tank or Emergency Reserve Size

Booster Pump Design, Required Power

Water Softener Design

Water Heater Design

Solar Water Heating Design

Irrigation System Design

Swimming Pool Design

Nonwater Plumbing System Design

Pipe Liquid or Gas Flow, cfm vs. fps

Gas Piping, Storage vs. Outlet Volume

Gas Piping Design, Supply Pipe Diameter

Compressed Air System Design

Gas Piping Pressure, Acfm vs. Scfm

Vacuum Air System Design

Vacuum Air Pump & Compressor Design

Pressure Change of Gas, Vertical Piping

Fuel Gas Piping Design

Waste Plumbing, Sanitary Drain Design

Waste Floor Drain Design

Food Waste Grease Separator Design

Generic Grease Separator Design

Sump Tank & Elector Design

Plumbing Vent Design

Septic Tank Design

Leaching Field Design

Water Reclamation System Design

Fire Suppression Systems

Fire Standpipe System Design

Fire Standpipe Water Pressure vs. Head

Fire Standpipe Diameter

Fire Standpipe Weight

Fire Standpipe Expansion Loop Size

Fire Standpipe Reservoir Design

Fire Sprinkler System Design

Fire Sprinkler Floor Drain Design

Chapter 9: ELECTRICAL

Relation Between Amps, Volts, and Watts

Initial Estimate of Building Electric Load

Electric Convenience Circuit Design

Electric Lighting Circuit Design

Electric Motor Design, Required Horsepower & Circuitry Load

Electric Motor Design, Energy Savings of Compared Units

Electric Motor Design, Required Cooling Airflow

Electric Fan Design, Required Horsepower & Circuitry Load

Electric Conductor Cable Design

Electric Conductor Junction Box Design

Electric Busway Chase Design

Electric Rigid Conduit Enclosure Design

Electric Pull Box Design

Electric Wireway Enclosure Design

Electric Cable Tray Enclosure Design

Electric Manhole Design

Transformer Design, Optimal Capacity

Transformer Design, Amps vs. Volts

Transformer Design, Required Floor Area

Onsite Electric Generator Design, Required Engine Airflow

Onsite Electric Generator Design, Engine Fuel Tank Capacity

Electric Generation from Natural Sources

Wind Electric Power System Design

Water Electric Power System Design

Photovoltaic Electric System Design

Electric Battery Storage Design

Chapter 10: ILLUMINATION

Basic Lighting Formula

Near vs. Far Field

Ray Concentration

Luminaire Coefficient of Utilization

Light Depreciation

Room Coefficient of Utilization

Surface or Task Reflectance

Occupancy Factors

Lighting Contrast

Daylighting

Comparative Cost of Light Sources

Energy Cost of Light Sources

Energy Efficiency of Light Sources

Programmed Lighting Controls Design

Design of Illuminated Vertical Surfaces

Optimal Floor Area per Light Fixture

Optimal Number of Fixtures in Ceiling Area

Spacing Criteria

Lighting Environments

Lighting Environment Design, Canopies & Soffits

Lighting Environment Design, Ceiling Systems

Lighting Environment Design, Coffers

Lighting Environment Design, Cornices

Lighting Environment Design, Coves

Lighting Environment Design, Fiber Optics

Lighting Environment Design, Fixed Luminaires

Lighting Environment Design, Floods & Spots

Lighting Environment Design, Light Pipes

Lighting Environment Design, Light Ribbons

Lighting Environment Design, Plug-In Buses

Lighting Environment Design, Portable Luminaires

Lighting Environment Design, Sconces

Lighting Environment Design, Valences

Outdoor Lighting Systems

Landmark Outdoor Lighting Design

Landscape Outdoor Lighting Design

Chapter 11: ACOUSTICS

Property of Sound, Velocity

Property of Sound, Frequency

Property of Sound, Intensity

Property of Sound, Adding Intensities

Property of Sound, Relative Intensities

Property of Sound, Diffuse Noise

Loudness of Airborne Sound

Intensity of Electrically Produced Sound

Sound Amplification Design

Sound Reverberation in Enclosed Spaces

Sound Absorption in Enclosed Spaces

Sound Transmission Class

Acoustic Barrier Construction Design

Impact Isolation Class

Loudness Limits

Masking of Unwanted Sound

Sound Leakage Through Openings in Otherwise Solid Construction

Isolation Efficiency of Resilient Mounts for Noise-Producing Machinery

Outdoor Sound Design

Chapter 12: DESIGN

Catchments

Market Potential

Market Penetration Rate

Access Roads, Roadway Design

Access Roads, Length vs. Incline

Parking Area Design

Sidewalk Design

Signage Design

Excavation Cuts & Fills

Slope and Ramp Design

Length of Curved Ramp or Incline

Staircase Design, Risers & Treads

Staircase Design, Total Length

Escalator Design

Moving Walk and Ramp Design

Elevators, General Design

Traction Elevator Design

Bucket Elevator Design

Occupancy Loads

Seating Capacity of Assembly Area

Waste Handling Area Design

Opening Areas in Buildings

Plan Geometry

APPENDIX A: USEFUL FORMULAS

Expontial Relations

Quadratic Equation

Logarithms

Angles

All Triangles

Any Triangle

Right-Angle Triangles

Equilateral Triangles

Isosceles Triangles

Four-Sided Figures (Quadrilaterals)

Squares

Rectangles

Parallelograms

Trapezoids

Regular Polygons

Circles

Ellipses

Rectangular Solids

Pyramids

Cylinders