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A note from the publisher . . . xi
A note from the AIA . . . xii
Architects’ tributes to Architectural graphic Standards . . . xiii
Introduction . . . xvi
Preface . . . xviii
Section 1: Design Principles & Construction Documentation . . . 1
Chapter 1 Functional planning 3
Human Factors 4
Anthropometrics and Ergonomics 4
Human Behavior 4
Anthropometric Data 4
Universal and Accessible Design 9
Universal Design 9
Accessible Design 12
Technical Criteria 15
Public Restrooms 30
Chapter 2 Environment 31
Environmental Factors 32
Solar Radiation and Building Orientation 32
Solar Constant 32
Orientation and True North 33
Solar Time 34
Solar Path and Solar Angle 35
Solar Angles 35
Solar Path Diagrams 35
Solar Position and Heat Gain 37
Climate Zone 38
Designing for Cold and Underheated Climates 38
Designing for Hot Arid Climates 40
Designing for Humid, Overheated Climates 40
Thermal Comfort 41
Climate Data 41
Daylighting 43
Daylighting Design 43
Acoustics 45
Designing for Sound 45
Chapter 3 Resilience in Buildings 53
Overview 54
Components of Building Resilience 55
The 4Rs 55
Asset (Building) Resilience and Community Resilience 55
Resilience Management–Based Building Designs 56
Community Resilience 57
Hazard-Specific Considerations 58
Overview 58
Durability 58
Long-Term Performance 58
Climate Change 59
Technological Obsolescence 59
Maintainability 59
Safety 59
Gravitational and Lateral Loads 59
Shelter 64
Flood 65
Fire 65
Security 67
Blast Resistance 67
Ballistic Protection 68
Forced Entry/Physical Attack Resistance 69
Cybersecurity 70
Sustainability 71
Energy and Environmental Impact 71
Passive survivability 71
Good Practices 72
Overview 72
Building Function and Tenants 72
Building Siting and Layout 72
Passive Design 72
Active Systems 72
Continued Operations Goals 73
Crime Prevention 73
CPTED Concepts 73
Strategies 74
Subdivisions and Office Parks 74
Multi-Family Dwellings 74
Lifecycle Considerations 75
Overview 75
Short-Term versus Long Term Resilience Planning 75
Chapter 4 Architectural Construction Documentation 77
Procurement Documents 78
Drawings 79
Ideology of Construction Drawings 79
National CAD Standard 79
Organization 79
Drawing Conventions 79
Symbol Classification Structure 82
Construction Specifications 83
Introduction 83
OmniClass Construction Classification System 83
UniFormat 83
MasterFormat 84
SectionFormat 84
Implementing Sustainable Products and Procedures 84
Building Information Modeling (BIM) 85
How BIM Overcomes the Limitations of CAD 85
Section 2: Materials . . . 91
Chapter 5 Concrete 93
Concrete Forming and Accessories 94
General 94
Concrete Formwork 94
Concrete Formwork for Columns and Footings 95
Concrete Formwork for Walls 96
Concrete Formwork for Slabs and Beams 97
Concrete Formwork Accessories 98
Concrete Reinforcing 99
General 99
Reinforcing Steel, Welded Wire Fabric Reinforcing, Stressing Tendons, and Fibrous Reinforcing 99
Placement of Steel Reinforcing 101
Typical Components Applicable to Concrete Work 103
Cast-in-Place Concrete 103
Concrete Admixtures 103
Supplementary Cementitious Materials 104
Concrete Surfaces, Finishes, and Integral Color 104
Concrete Coatings 106
Chapter 6 Masonry 107
Typical Components Applicable to Masonry Work 108
Clay Masonry Units 108
Concrete Masonry Units 109
Glass Unit Masonry 110
Glass Block: Design Data 110
Stone Assemblies 110
Stone Uses and Properties 110
Stone Masonry Patterns and Veneer 112
Stone Details 114
Masonry Mortaring and Grouting 114
Mortar and Grout 114
Masonry Anchorage, Reinforcing, and Accessories 116
Masonry Anchorage and Reinforcing 116
Masonry Ties 117
Masonry Accessories 119
Masonry Movement Joints 119
Installation Guidelines and Construction Tolerances 121
Lintels 121
Unit Masonry 123
Columns and Pilasters 124
Masonry Stairs 124
Chapter 7 Metals 125
Common Characteristics, Standards, and Practices 126
Properties of Metals 126
CNC Machining for Metalwork 128
Finishes on Metals 128
Typical Metal Products 130
Structural Metal Framing 130
Decorative Metal 135
Decorative Metal Detailing 135
Perforated Metals 136
Installation Guidelines and Construction Tolerances 138
Metal Fastenings 138
Chapter 8 Wood 141
Common Characteristics, Standards, and Practices 142
Wood Materials 142
Wood Classification 144
Wood Classification—Softwood and Hardwood 144
Wood Sources 144
Forest Certification 144
Reclaimed Wood 144
Wood Treatment 144
Wood Preservatives 144
Fire-Resistant Construction 146
Typical Wood and Composite Products 148
Plywood Design Data 148
Plywood Panel Types 149
Wall and Roof Sheathing 152
Plywood Subflooring on Wood Framing 153
Plywood Sheathing for Roofs and Soffits 154
Oriented Strand Board 155
Panel Products and Wood Veneers 155
Installation Guidelines and Construction Tolerances 159
Wood Adhesives 159
Nails 161
Shields and Anchors 162
Chapter 9 Glass 165
Common Characteristics, Standards, and Practices 166
Glass Products 166
Thermal Resistance Values of Glazing Materials 168
Solar Gain Through Fenestration Systems 168
Properties of Glazing Materials Used in Manufactured Window Units 170
Installation Guidelines, Details, and Construction Tolerances 172
Section 3: Building Elements . . . 173
Chapter 10 Element A: Substructure 175
Soils and Soils Explorations 176
Soils Definitions: Terms and Classifications 176
Soil Studies and Reports 176
Expansive Soils 180
Radon in Soils 180
Designing for Cold and Permafrost Climates 181
Foundations 183
General 183
Settlement and Differential Settlement 183
Standard Foundations 183
Shallow Foundations 185
Deep Foundations 188
Seismic Base Isolation 191
Cast-in-Place Concrete Slab 192
General 192
Subgrade 192
Types of Slabs-on-Grades 194
Crawl Space Construction 195
Crawl Space Insulation and Ventilation 195
Basement Construction 196
Basement Walls 196
Backfilling Against Basement Walls 198
Chapter 11 Element B: Shell 203
Design Considerations 204
Climate and Energy 204
Exterior Climatic Influence 204
Interior Climatic Influence 205
Considerations for Climate Zones 206
Thermal Movement 206
Sustainability and Energy 209
Superstructure 210
Long-Span and Tensile Structures 210
Floor Assemblies 212
Roof Assemblies 216
Comparison of Systems 220
Selected Floor Loads 221
Concrete 222
Concrete Stairs 227
Structural Metal 228
Space Frames 230
Cold-Formed Metal Framing and Bracing 232
Metal Floor Decking 233
Metal Stairs 236
Wood Framing 238
Shop-Fabricated Structural Wood 245
Heavy Timber Construction 246
Glued-Laminated Construction 249
Wood Decking 250
Framing Details for Roofs 252
Shop-Fabricated Wood Trusses 254
Glued-Laminated Shapes 256
Timber Frame Roof Decking 259
Wood Stairs 259
Composite Systems 260
Glass Flooring 263
Exterior Vertical Enclosures 263
Exterior Walls 263
Exterior Windows 302
Exterior Doors 319
Exterior Horizontal Enclosures 324
Roofing Design Considerations 324
Roof Coverings 327
Roof Openings 356
Chapter 12 Element C: Interiors 363
Interior Construction 364
Interior Partitions 364
Wall Finishes 376
Interior Windows and Glazing 388
Interior Doors 391
Interior Hardware 402
Access Panels 405
Interior Floor Construction 406
Floor and Base Finishes 406
Interior Ceiling Construction 417
Ceiling Finishes 418
Interior Specialties 421
Chapter 13 Element D: Services 427
Conveying 428
Design considerations 428
Elevators 428
Escalators 434
Plumbing 435
Design Considerations 435
Accessibility 435
Sustainability 435
Domestic Water Distribution 435
Sanitary Waste 438
Plumbing Fixtures 445
Rainwater Drainage 450
Graywater Systems 454
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) 456
Design Considerations 456
Industry Standards 457
Sustainability 457
Climate and HVAC Systems 457
Design Process 457
Design Coordination 458
HVAC System Types 460
Heat Generation 462
Refrigeration 466
HVAC Distribution Arrangements and Components 469
HVAC Delivery Components 478
HVAC Control Systems 481
Other HVAC Systems and Equipment 482
Economizers 482
Fire Protection 484
Design Considerations 484
Sprinkler Occupancy Hazard Classifications 485
Types of Fires 485
Sprinkler Heads 485
Standpipes 489
FDC Connection 489
Fire-Protection Pumping Systems 489
Rated/Nonrated Cabinets 491
Fire-Protection Specialties 491
Locating Pull Stations and Extinguishers 492
Electrical 493
Industry Standards 493
Sustainability 493
Transformers 493
Lighting and Branch Wiring 495
Electrical Panelboards and Circuit Breakers 498
GFCI 499
Lighting Control 505
Light Trespass and Light Pollution 505
Facility Power Generation: PV 505
Other Electrical Systems 507
Communications 510
Design Considerations 510
Telecommunications Systems 510
Local Area Networks 512
Building Management Systems 513
Chapter 14 Element E: Equipment and Furnishings 517
Equipment 518
Vehicular and Pedestrian Equipment 518
Commercial Equipment 521
Institutional Equipment 526
Sight Lines 529
Human Factors and Audiovisual Design 530
Audio Intelligibility 530
Presentation Rooms 531
AV Support Spaces 531
Residential Equipment 531
Entertainment and Recreational Equipment 535
Furnishings 542
Fixed Furnishings 542
Movable Furnishings 551
Chapter 15 Element F: Special Construction 565
Manufactured—Fabricated Rooms 566
Sound-Conditioned Rooms 566
Saunas and Steam Baths 567
Vaults 568
Special Structures 570
Fabric Structures 570
Space Frames 572
Manufactured Engineered Structures 573
Metal Building Systems 573
Special Function Construction 576
Sound and Vibration Control 576
Special Facilities Components 577
Aquatic Facilities 577
Athletic and Recreation Special Construction 580
Chapter 16 Element G: Sitework 581
Site Earthwork 582
Slope Protection and Erosion Control 582
Water Management 583
Dewatering 583
Basement Excavation 584
Open-Cut Excavations 584
Shored Excavation 584
Lateral Support 584
Site Grading 586
Introduction 586
Contours 586
Slopes, Grades, and Spot Elevations 587
Site Improvements 588
Planning Considerations 588
Parking Lots 591
Design Considerations for Parking Lots 591
Porous Pavements 594
Porous Pavement Construction 594
Alternative Porous Paving Materials 595
Unit Paving 596
Paver Selection 596
Paver Preparation 597
Pedestrian Paving 597
Design Considerations 597
Paving System Construction 597
Exterior Stairs and Ramps 600
Regulations 600
Exterior versus Interior Design Standards 600
Ramps 600
Stair and Ramp Handrails 601
Athletic and Recreational Areas 602
Site Development 609
Fountains and Decorative Pools 609
Playgrounds 609
Retaining Walls 611
Landscaping 615
Urban Tree Rooting 615
Irrigation 615
Trees, Plants, and Ground Covers 616
Tree Planting in Urban Areas 619
Selecting Plants for Rooftop Planting 621
Rooftop Planting Details 621
Graywater Wastewater Management 621
Site Civil Utilities 623
Subsurface Drainage Systems 623
Storm Drainage Utilites 624
Design Considerations for Surface Drainage Systems 624
Porous Paving Systems 625
Porous Paving Materials 625
Design Considerations for Porous Paving Systems 625
Site Electrical Utilities 626
Site Lighting 626
Appendices 627
A Classical Architectural Elements 629
B Mathematical Data 635
C Structural Calculations 641
Index . . . 645
